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| 6657407426 | 'Foundations' Dates | 8000 BCE to 600 BCE | 0 | |
| 6709362021 | Foundations Era | This Era was characterized by the settlement of hunter gatherer peoples who discovered agriculture as a new source of food. Color: Green | 1 | |
| 6738462721 | Pastoralism | The branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. | 2 | |
| 6688643427 | Neolithic Revolution | Also known as the 'First Agricultural Revolution, people from various parts of the world learned purposeful cultivation crops for food instead of Hunting and Gathering. |  | 3 |
| 6699433163 | Civilization | A group of permanent settlements with a defined history and culture. |  | 4 |
| 6688657358 | Characteristics of a Civilization | 1. Record-keeping System 2. Job Specialization 3. Advanced Technology 4. Social Hierarchy 5. Urbanization | 5 | |
| 6670177597 | Social Inequalities in Agricultural Civilizations | Surplus of food and materials in Agricultural societies led to the ability for some people to store up and amass wealth. This led to societies where some people had more than other. (Different from Hunter/Gatherer Societies where there was no surplus, and people only owned what they gathered themselves.) |  | 6 |
| 6671624873 | Patriarchy in Agricultural Civilizations | As Agriculture became the main source of food, men who tended to work for on the fields were begun to be seen to be more important since they were the source of food. With surplus of food, women began having more babies, and were more busy childbearing for leadership roles. (Different from Hunter/Gatherer Societies where women were the main source of food, and tended to have less children, and thus, more time.) |  | 7 |
| 6671631040 | Unbalanced Diets in Agricultural Societies | Although Agricultural Societies created surplus in food, these societies often only farmed one single crop as the main base of food. This led to the unhealthy diet of a mostly grain diet and because of the diet's reliance on one plant, this made them susceptible to famine. (Different from Hunter/Gatherer Societies where diets were made of wild fruits, vegetables, fish and hunted meat. This variety allowed healthier diets and safety from crop failure.) | 8 | |
| 6695078530 | Permanent Settlement in Agricultural Societies | People settled down, as agriculture allowed permanent sources of food in one place. With surplus food, urbanization took place, and societies began building large and permanent settlements. These became the base of the first civilizations. (Different from Hunter/Gatherer Societies where it was require to migrate constantly to new areas find new sources of food. Permanent Settlements without agriculture (or fishing) quickly depleted an area's food sources.) | 9 | |
| 6699546403 | Record Keeping in Agricultural Civilizations | As settlements grew, and wealth amassed, there became a need to keep record of foods, laws, jobs and trading. Every Civilization developed their own way of recording information. | 10 | |
| 6715571619 | Domestication | Process of changing/pacifying plants or animals for human use. | 11 | |
| 6670148779 | Yellow River Civilization | 2000 BCE to 221 BCE. This was the beginnings of Chinese Civilization, which rang along the Yellow River. They were ruled by Heaven-supported dynasties. Their culture had a strong emphasis on family and patriarchal values. |  | 12 |
| 6670090804 | Mandate of Heaven | Chinese Belief System that explained Chinese Dynasties were 'allowed' to rule of China by Heaven. If there were problems, such as earthquakes or famine, it meant 'Heaven' was unhappy with the ruler, and it was the right of the people to revolt and bring up a new dynasty. This is how Dynasties in China changed. |  | 13 |
| 6670090805 | Early Chinese Dynasties | During the Foundations Era, the Chinese Civilization was ruled by dynasties backed by the Mandate of Heaven. Shang: 1600 BCE to 1046 BCE Zhou: 1046 BCE to 221 CE |  | 14 |
| 6670223190 | Oracle Bones (Writing) | The Ancient Chinese wrote on bones, and then cracked them with a hot poker. They often used this to predict the future. |  | 15 |
| 6670143774 | Indus Valley Civilization | 2000 BCE to 750 BCE A civilization along the Indus river whose geographic isolation meant it had little contact with other civilizations. Early Mathematics originated here. |  | 16 |
| 6699638985 | Indus Pictographs (Writing) | The system of picture(ish) symbols used by the Indus people to record information. It has yet to be translated. |  | 17 |
| 6675439433 | The Aryans | Nomadic tribes to the north of the Indus River Valley civilization that took over the Indus River Valley civilization. They had a complex social hierarchy which became the basis for Hinduism. |  | 18 |
| 6670143772 | Mesopotamian Civilizations | The series of city-state based Civilizations and (later) empires founded around Mesopotamia. Examples are: Sumer (3500 BCE to 2370 BCE) Babylon (1792 BCE to 1595 BCE) Assyria (1305 BCE to 609 BCE) |  | 19 |
| 6688718839 | Mesopotamia | Also known as the Fertile Crescent, this region is between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern day Iraq and became the breeding ground of many ancient Civilizations. The region was known for its unpredictable flooding, and settlements were often required to rebuild. |  | 20 |
| 6699737963 | City-State | An independent city that controls the immediate area around it. | 21 | |
| 6699768206 | Mesopotamian City-States | Mesopotamia, unlike Egypt or China developed into a series of competing City-States that warred with each other. Famous examples are Babylon, Ur, Sumer and Ninevah. | 22 | |
| 6670183168 | Cuneiform (Writing) | Mesopotamian writing system created in Sumer used to keep track of goods and trade. One of the oldest known examples of record-keeping. | 23 | |
| 6670132171 | Hammurabi Code | Established by King Hammurabi, this ancient Babylonian law code that reinforced social hierarchy. From about 1754 BCE, it is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length. |  | 24 |
| 6670181002 | Ziggurats | Large structures made in Mesopotamian civilization used as temples and storehouses. |  | 25 |
| 6670143773 | Nile River | The Nile River is the longest river in the world and became the home of two distinct civilizations: Egypt and Meroe. The Nile was known for its regular/predictable flooding, which made nearby soil rich for farming. |  | 26 |
| 6695336674 | Ancient Egyptian Civilization | A technologically advanced civilization built along the Nile River, they were ruled by wealthy and 'godly' pharaohs that were blessed by the gods. They are also known for building large monuments of worship for their gods and pharaohs. |  | 27 |
| 6695357310 | Pharaohs | The Kings/Queens of the Ancient Egyptians. They were often said to be blessed, or are the mortal incarnation of the gods. Pharaohs often commissioned large graves for themselves called 'Pyramids' to help them in their transition to the afterlife. |  | 28 |
| 6670183169 | Hieroglyphs (Writing) | The Ancient Egyptian writing system. |  | 29 |
| 6700136550 | Nubian Civilization | 3400 BCE - 660 BCE. Egypt's southern neighbor, this distinct civilization often traded with Egypt, and other times invaded Egypt. They had a separate religion and culture. | 30 | |
| 6675560494 | Bantu-Speaking Peoples | West African nomads that migrated from the Niger and Benue River Valleys to the forests of South Africa due to the harsh Saharan climate. |  | 31 |
| 6677421757 | Bantu Migration | The movement of the Bantu-Speaking Peoples from the Niger and Benue River Valleys to the forests of South Africa due to the harsh Saharan climate. This migration started at about 1000 BCE and ended at about 1700 CE. |  | 32 |
| 6670174327 | Olmec Civilization | 1000 BCE - 400 BCE This mesoamerican civilization developed on maize and beans in Southern Mexico. They most likely would lead to Aztec and Mayan culture. Little else is known about them. |  | 33 |
| 6700177096 | Chico Norte (Caral) Civilization | 3000 BCE to 1800 BCE. This civilization, which would later lead to the Incans. Developed in Southern Peru, they developed Quipus. Little is known about them. |  | 34 |
| 6670137599 | Quipu (Writing(ish)) | A method of record-keeping used by the Carans (and later Incans) and other ancient Andean civilizations, consisting of a system of knots. |  | 35 |
