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| 146085467 | Enlightenment | a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions | 0 | |
| 146085468 | Declaration of Independence | the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain | 1 | |
| 146085469 | Maximilien Robespierre | "The incorruptable;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue. | 2 | |
| 146085470 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. (p. 591) | 3 | |
| 146085471 | The three estates | 1: Clergy. anyone who takes religious orders. .5% POP. pay no taxes. priviledges-wealth and property. 2: Nobility. anbody with a hereditary title (Duke). 1% POP. pay no taxes. own 20% of productive land in entire kingdom. 3: everybody else. commoners. | 4 | |
| 146085472 | Bourgeoisie | educated, middle class of france; provided force behind the Revolution | 5 | |
| 146085473 | Estates General | France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 585) | 6 | |
| 146085474 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | Document written by Lafayette and Thomas Jefferson. Stated very well that political sovereignty did not rest in the hands of a monarch but rather with the nation at large. All citizens were equal before the law and in enjoyment of rights and responsibilities of society. Freedom of religion, freedom of the press, freedom to engage in economic activity of their choice. Property was inviolable and sacred. | 7 | |
| 146085475 | Toussaint l'ouverture | was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator. | 8 | |
| 146085476 | Reign of Terror | the period, from mid-1793 to mid-1794, when Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed | 9 | |
| 146085477 | Industrial Revolution | begun about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments. | 10 | |
| 146085478 | Mass production | The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright. (602) | 11 | |
| 146085479 | Mechanization | The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England. (p. 603) | 12 | |
| 146085480 | Crystal Palace | In 1851 Great Exposition, held in the Crystal Palace, reflected the growth of industry and population in Britain and confirmed that Britain was the "workshop of the world." The Crystal Palace, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron, both of which were cheap and abundant. Companies and countries displayed their products and juries awarded prizes in the strikingly modern Crystal Palace. | 13 | |
| 146085481 | Steam engine | A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery. (607) | 14 | |
| 146085482 | James Watt | A Scottish engineer who created the steam engine that worked faster and more efficiently than earlier engines, this man continued improving the engine, inventing a new type of governor to control steam pressure and attaching a flywheel. | 15 | |
| 146085483 | Railroads | Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. First railroads were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused a railroad building boom lasting into the 20th Century (704) | 16 | |
| 146085484 | Electric Telegraph | A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores. (609) | 17 | |
| 146085485 | Interchangeable parts | identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing | 18 | |
| 146085486 | Laissez Faire | the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs | 19 | |
| 146085487 | Utopian socialism | Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively (616 | 20 | |
| 146085488 | Simon Bolivar | South American revolutionary leader who defeated the Spanish in 1819, was made president of Greater Colombia (now Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador), and helped liberate (1823-1834) Peru and Bolivia. | 21 | |
| 146085489 | Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla | Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war by calling the "el Grito de Dolores" (the cry of Dolores). He marched towards Mexico city to revolt against slavery and improve conditions. He was captured and executed. | 22 | |
| 146085490 | Tecumseh | a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement | 23 | |
| 146085491 | Abolishionists | the people who believed slavery should end immediately | 24 | |
| 146085492 | Acculturation | the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture | 25 | |
| 146085493 | Indian Removal act | Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West. | 26 | |
| 146085494 | Fredrick Douglass | Born into slavery. He escaped from slavery and eventually became renowned for eloquent lectures and writings for the causes of abolition and liberty. | 27 | |
| 146085495 | Abraham Lincoln | 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865) | 28 | |
| 146085496 | Chinese Exclusion Act | Pased in 1882; banned Chinese immigration in US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease. | 29 | |
| 146085497 | Women's rights convention | Convention for women advocates at Seneca Falls to rewrite the Declaration of Independence to include women. "All men and women are created equal" -Declaration of Sentiments | 30 | |
| 146085498 | Zulu | A South African kingdom; expanded by defeating their rivals and then adding them to their kingdom, all of this fighting led to mass migrations and chaos | 31 | |
| 146085499 | Muhammad Ali | Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849) | 32 | |
| 146085500 | Sepoy Rebellion | The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. (p. 661) | 33 | |
| 146085501 | Indian National Congress | A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. (p. 663) | 34 | |
| 146085502 | Contract of Indenture | A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were European; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians | 35 | |
| 146085503 | Tanzimat | 'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient. (p. 678) | 36 | |
| 146085504 | Crimean war | A war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. RUssia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed | 37 | |
| 146085505 | Extraterritoriality | Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right. (682) | 38 | |
| 146085506 | Young Ottomans | Movement of young intellectuals to institute liberal reforms and build a feeling of national identity in the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the nineteenth century. | 39 | |
| 146085507 | Pan-Slavism | A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877. | 40 | |
| 146085508 | Opium War | War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. (p. 684) | 41 | |
| 146085509 | Treaty of Nanjing/Nanking | treaty negotiated after the Opium War; gave Britain Hong Kong & opened China to foreign domination | 42 | |
| 146085510 | Most-favored-nation status | A clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any later signatories all the privileges previously granted to the original signatories. (p. 686) | 43 | |
| 146085511 | Taiping Rebellion | internal economic problems in China led to a peasant revolt. Lasted for about 10 years. Leader was Hong Xiuquan who was a Christian convert. | 44 | |
| 146085512 | Submarine Telegraph cables | Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866. (pg 704) | 45 | |
| 146085513 | Electricity | A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s. (p. 702) | 46 | |
| 146085514 | Thomas Edison | American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. | 47 | |
| 146085515 | Socialism | a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. | 48 | |
| 146085516 | Karl Marx | German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences. | 49 | |
| 146085517 | Anarchist | person who seeks to overturn the established government; advocate of abolishing authority | 50 | |
| 146085518 | Nationalism | the doctrine that nations should act independently (rather than collectively) to attain their goals | 51 | |
| 146085519 | Victorian Age | Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people (711) | 52 | |
| 146085520 | Otto von Bismark | Prussian Diplomat responsible for the unification of Germany. Cunning politician, fights Danes with Austrians and Germans. Expels Austrians from Zollverein, fights Austrian-Prussian war w/ help of Germans. Gets North Germkan Confederation, led by Prussia. Then fights French, Franco-Prussian war, gets rest of Germany and Alsace-Lorraine. Diplomat under William I of Prussia, and then Wiliam II, who makes the mistake of firing him. | 53 | |
| 146085521 | Empress Dowager Cixi | This Chinese Empress embraced traditional values, but enacted several reforms as such improving the educational system, and attempting to modernize China's military. She also openly supported the cause of the Boxer Rebellion, but she refused to send them military aid. After the rebellion, she sent a delegation to numerous western nations and Japan to study the governmental systems of the world's most advanced nations. | 54 | |
| 146085522 | Boxer Rebellion | The Boxer Rebellion was the final uprising in China adding to the end of the Taipline Rebellion. In this rebellion it was the Boxers which were trained in martial arts and believed that foreign bullets couldn't touch them, against the government and foreign in the end the government prevailed with their weaponry. | 55 | |
| 146085523 | Meiji Restoration | The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. (See also Yamagata Aritomo.) (p. 694) | 56 | |
| 146085524 | Scramble for Africa | Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. (p. 731) | 57 | |
| 146085525 | Henry Morton Stanley | British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. He helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State. | 58 | |
| 146085526 | King Leopold II | King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908). (p. 732) | 59 | |
| 146085527 | Berlin Conference | Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium. (See also Bismarck, Otto von.) (p. 732) | 60 | |
| 146085528 | Cecil Rhodes | British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa made a fortune in gold and diamond mining; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe | 61 | |
| 146085529 | Emilio Aguinaldo | Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. (p. 743) | 62 | |
| 146085530 | Panama Canal | The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal. | 63 |
