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| 207482309 | Perciles | Famous Greek politician who dominated Athenian government in the 5th century B.C.E. Even he was not able to prevent war between Athens and Sparta (Peloponnesian War), ultimately won by Sparta | 0 | |
| 207482310 | Punic Wars | Series of wars (264-146 B.C.E.) between the Roman Republic and the Phoenician colony of Carthage over dominance of the Mediterranean. Carthage's great general Hannibal was ultimately unable to stop the Romans, who conquered Greece and North Africa, including Egypt. | 1 | |
| 207482311 | Cicero | Roman writer and senator who expounded on the value of oratory in political discourse. | 2 | |
| 207482312 | Stoics | Adherents of this Greek philosophy emphasized an inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline and personal bravery. | 3 | |
| 207482313 | Sophocles | Athenian dramatist who specialized in psychological tragedies, such as Oedipus Rex. | 4 | |
| 207482314 | Lliad | Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos. | 5 | |
| 207482315 | Doric, Ionic, Corinthian | Three forms of Greek columns that represent what is still known as classical architecture. Doric is the simplest; Corinthian is the most elaborate. | 6 | |
| 207482316 | Battle of Marathon | Battle where the Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army. | 7 | |
| 207482317 | Themistocles | Athenian leader who helped lead the Athenian navy during the Persian Wars; this led to the defeat of the Persian fleet at the Battle of Salamis. | 8 | |
| 207482318 | Battle of Thermopylae | Battle in which Spartan king Leonidas and his army of 300 Spartans and other Greeks refused to surrender to the numerically superior Persian army at the pass of Thermopylae; they were annihilated to the man but allowed the other Greek forces to prepare for the Persian invasion. | 9 | |
| 207482319 | Polis | Greek word for city-state. | 10 | |
| 207482320 | Aristocracy | A government based on the rule of the best of the society. | 11 | |
| 207482321 | Twelve Tables | Roman law code developed in response to the democratization of the Roman republic. | 12 | |
| 207482322 | Galen | Hellenistic physician and writer who wrote many medical treatises that formed the basis of modern medical practice. | 13 | |
| 207482323 | Sappho | One of the great poets of the ancient Greeks; her poetry developed the complexities of the inner workings of human beings and love. | 14 | |
| 207482324 | Vergil | One of the greatest of the Roman poets during "Golden Age" of Latin literature; patronized by Augustus; author of the Aeneid. | 15 | |
| 207482325 | Teotihuacan | Followed the Olmec. Built the first great city in the Americas and developed the first alphabet (c. 400 B.C.E.-400 C.E.). | 16 | |
| 207482326 | Sui and Tang | Chinese dynasties that followed the fall of the Han. Under Tang leadership, China enjoyed one of the most glorious eras in its history. Confucianism and the bureaucracy were revived. | 17 | |
| 207482327 | Rajput | Regional Indian princes who ruled after the fall of the Guptas. | 18 | |
| 207482328 | Devi | The mother goddess of Hinduism. The worship of this deity encouraged new emotionalism in the religion. | 19 | |
| 207482329 | Augustine | One of the greatest Christian theologians. Bishop of Alexandria. | 20 | |
| 207482330 | Bodhisattvas | Buddhist doctrine that held that some people could gain nirvana through meditation. This shows that Buddhism shifted from a system of ethics into a more emotional belief. | 21 | |
| 207482331 | Benedict | Founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire. | 22 | |
| 207482332 | Shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children. | 23 | |
| 207482333 | Umma | Community of the faithful within Islam. | 24 | |
| 207482334 | Zakat | Tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims. | 25 | |
| 207482335 | Karbala | Site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali. | 26 | |
| 207482336 | Jizya | Head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands. | 27 | |
| 207482337 | Dhimmis | "The people of the book," Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus. | 28 | |
| 207482338 | Abbasids | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; capital was Baghdad. | 29 | |
| 207482339 | Hijra | Term used to describe Muhammad's flight to Medina; marks the first year of the Islamic calendar. | 30 | |
| 207482340 | Hajj | Pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca; one of the Five Pillars of Islam. | 31 | |
| 207482341 | Hadiths | Traditions of the prophet Muhammad. | 32 | |
| 207482342 | Dhows | Ship with lateen sails and raised deck at the stern; used along the coasts of east Africa and the Middle East. | 33 |
