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| 169070509 | Mikhail Gorbachev | Last soviet communist leader of the USSR (1985-1991); inaugurated major reforms that led to the disintegration of the Communist regime; dictator/president. | 0 | |
| 169070510 | Glasnost | term meaning openness; Gorbachev's policy opening the opportunity to criticize the government; allowing of the press to start printing the truth. | 1 | |
| 169070511 | Perestroika | term meaning economic restructuring; Gorbachev's policy for the economic rebuilding of the USSR by allowing more private ownership (greater stake to what they are doing) and decentralized economic control (allowing people to have a greater say). | 2 | |
| 169070512 | Boris Yeltsin | Successor to Gorbachev; failed to reform the economy; succeeded by Vladimir Putin. not a very good president but was a friend of the USA. | 3 | |
| 169070513 | Vladimir Putin | Presidential Successor to Yeltsin; still powerful but not president; authoritarian type rule-restricted lots of civil rights. | 4 | |
| 169070514 | Dmitry Medvedev | current Russian President as of 2008; Putin was his prime minister. | 5 | |
| 169070515 | Globalization | the increasing interconnectedness of all parts of the world; opposed by many environmental and social justice groups. | 6 | |
| 169070516 | Multinational corporations | business organizations with connections across political borders, makes it hard for any one government to deal with them. examples include: Toyota, Microsoft, coca-cola, Hyundai, Nokia, Wal-mart, McDonald's, Starbucks, etc. | 7 | |
| 169070517 | Persian Gulf War | 1991 war led by the United States and various allies against Iraqi occupation of Kuwait (for oil). The war led to Iraqi withdrawal and a long confrontation with Iraq about armaments and political regime. US using Arab and France as allies against Iraq. they were trying to steal things as they were getting pushed out of Iraq. | 8 | |
| 169070518 | Gulf War II | controversial 2003 US-led war with Iraq; led to ouster and trial of Saddam Hussein. tried to kick out Saddam Hussein and find weapons of mass destruction. | 9 | |
| 169070519 | Global Warming | a controversial theory that suggests that there has been a gradual warming of the Earth's atmosphere which has been caused by the burning of fossil fuels and industrial pollutions. 95% of the world's scientists agree with it. | 10 | |
| 169070520 | Singapore | Part of the British colony of Malaya with a mostly Chinese population; after WWII emerged as a flourishing, independent city-state. | 11 | |
| 169070521 | Douglas MacArthur | American commander during the war against Japan; headed American occupation government of Japan after the war; commanded Untied Nations forces during the Korean War. rewrote Japan's constitution (based off the US's constitution). vowed not to go to useless war-military is strictly self defence; anti-war. commanded American and British forces against Japan. When the war was over, he was in command of the US army in Japan. | 12 | |
| 169070522 | Liberal Democratic Party | Conservative political party that monopolized Japanese governments from 1955 to the 1990s; political party that dominated Japan. Today Japan has a parliamentary democracy. | 13 | |
| 169070523 | Republic of Korea | Southern half of Korea occupied by the United States after WWII; developed parliamentary institutions under authoritarian rulers; underwent major industrial and economic growth after the 1950s. Korea was much like Germany (splitting up into communist (north) and non-communist(south)). | 14 | |
| 169070524 | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | Northern half of Korea dominated by the USSR after WWII (official name of North Korea); formed a communist dictatorship under Kim II-Song who founded it; attacked South Korea to begin the Korean War. | 15 | |
| 169070525 | Korean War | fought between 1950 and 1953 between North Korea and its Soviet and Chinese allies and South Korea and United Nations' forces directed by the United States; ended in stalemate with no long term peace treaty. North Korea attacked the south trying to reunite the country. | 16 | |
| 169070526 | Taiwan | Island off the Chinese mainland that became the refuge for Chiang Kai-shek's Guomindang regime (nationalist society); maintained independence with the United States' support; rapidly industrialized after the 1950s. | 17 | |
| 169140098 | Hong Kong | British colony in China (after opium wars); became a major commercial and industrial center; returned to China in 1997. one of the richest cities in china. the Chinese agreed for 50 years that it would be a democratic capitalist society but then china can take it back and it can be communist again. | 18 | |
| 169140099 | Hyundai | Major Korean industrial giant; typical of firms producing Korea's economic miracle. | 19 | |
| 169140100 | Mass Line | Economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; led to formation of agricultural cooperatives that then became farming collectives in 1956; peasants lost land gained a few years earlier. tried to grow China agriculturally. | 20 | |
| 169140101 | Great Leap Forward | Economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed small scale industrialization projects integrated into peasant communities; led to economic disaster and ended int 1960. quickly tried to have an industrial revolution, but didn't work at all and resulted in a huge famine for many people. | 21 | |
| 169140102 | Zhou Enlai, Den Xiaping, and Liu Shaoqui | Pragmatists (communist people willing to make changes to capitalism) who, along with Zhou Enlai (assistant to Mao), opposed the Great Leap Forward; wanted to restore state direction and market incentives at the local level | 22 | |
| 169140103 | Jiang Qing | wife of Mao Zedong; one of the Gang of Four; opposed pragmatists and supported the Cultural Revolution; arrested and imprisoned for life in 1976; tried to take over after Mao died; very conservative and people didn't like it. | 23 | |
| 169140104 | Cultural Revolution | Initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 to restore him dominance over the pragmatists (liberals); disgraced and even killed bureaucrats and intellectuals; called off in 1968; really hurt China, tried to get the young people on his side so they could help push everyone else back on his side as well. | 24 | |
| 169140105 | Red Guard | Student brigades active during the Cultural Revolution in supporting Mao Zedong's policies. the groups of young kids that worshiped Mao Zedong and tried to convert everyone to Mao's way. | 25 | |
| 169140106 | Gang of Four | Jiang Qing and her allies who opposed the pragmatists after the death of Mao Zedong; arrested and sentenced to life in prison; strong communists that tried to take over after Mao died. | 26 | |
| 169140107 | Tayson Rebellion | Peasant revolution in southern Vietnam during the 1770s; toppled the Nguyen and the Trinh dynasties. changed dynasties and the French move in. | 27 | |
| 169140108 | Nguyen Anh (Gia Long) | With the French support, unified Vietnam under the Nguyen dynasty in 19802 with the capital at Hue. | 28 | |
| 169140109 | Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD) | Middle-class revolutionary organization during the 1920s; committed to violent overthrow of the French colonialism; crushed by the French. | 29 | |
| 169140110 | Communist Party of Vietnam | The primary nationalist party after the defeat of the VNQDD in 1929; led from 1920s by Ho Chi Minh. where the communists try to move in. | 30 | |
| 169140111 | Ho Chi Minh (Nguyen Ai Quoc) | Shifted to a revolution based on the peasantry in the 1930s; presided over the defeat of France in 1954 and the unsuccessful United States intervention in Vietnam. | 31 | |
| 169140112 | Viet Minh | Communist movement; fought the Japanese during WWII and the French afterward. | 32 | |
| 169140113 | Vo Nguyen Giap | Military commander of the Viet Minh and the victor at Den Bien Phu (site of major French military defeat) in 1954. beat the French, surrounded them and forced them to leave. | 33 | |
| 169140114 | Ngo Dinh Diem | Became president of South Vietnam with United States' support in the 1950s; overthrown by the military, with US approval. | 34 | |
| 169140115 | Viet Cong | The Communist guerrilla movement in the southern Vietnam during the Vietnamese war. | 35 | |
| 169140116 | Pacific Rim | (coastal) regions including Japan, south Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan; typified by rapid growth rates, expanding exports, and industrialization; either Chinese or strongly influenced by Confucian values; considerable reliance on government planning ad direction, and limitations on dissent and instability. | 36 | |
| 169140117 | People's Republic of China | Communist government of mainland China; proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chian Kai-shek and the Guomindang. the official name of communist China. | 37 | |
| 169140118 | People's Liberation Army | Chinese Communist army; administered much of the country under People's Republic of China; Chinese army. | 38 | |
| 169140119 | Pragmatists | Chinese Communist politicians such as Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and Liu Shaoqui; determined to restore state direction and market incentives at the local level; opposed Great Leap Forward. communist people willing to make changes, tried to bring in capitalism. | 39 | |
| 169140120 | Deng Xiaoping | One of the more pragmatic, least ideological of the major Communist leaders of China; joined the party as a young man in the 1920s, survived the legendary Long March and persecuted during the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s, and emerged as China's most influential leader int eh early 1980s. makes china a world economic power house. | 40 | |
| 169140121 | Bangladesh | Formerly East Pakistan; after a civil war became independent in 1972. | 41 | |
| 169140122 | Baharatya Janata Party (BIP) | Hindu communalist party winning power in India in 1997. | 42 | |
| 169140123 | Biafra | Eastern Nigerian region inhabited mostly by the Ibo people; in 1967 attempted unsuccessfully to secede/ break away from Nigeria; defeated and reintegrated 1970. still has conflicts between the tribes. | 43 | |
| 169140124 | Saddam Hussein | Military dictator of Iraq; fought a 10-year war with Iran ended with a withdraw; invaded Kuwait in 1990 (first gulf war; he claimed it was a part of Iraq); defeated by American-led coalition in the Gulf War of 1991. | 44 | |
| 169140125 | Indira Gandhi (India), Corazon Aquino (Philippines), and Benazir Bhutto (Pakistan) | Women (of non-western countries) who became leaders of new nations; usually connected to previously powerful men. Gandhi assassinated in 1984, Bhutto assassinated in 2007, and Aquino alive currently and in retirement. | 45 | |
| 169140126 | Primary products | Food or industrial crops with a high demand in industrialized economies; their prices tend to fluctuate widely. coffee-Brazil, bananas-Guatemala, coco-Ghana, oil-Saudi Arabia. | 46 | |
| 169140127 | Neocolonialism | Continued dominance of new nations by their former rulers. some call it economic imperialism- country is at the mercy of the country that buys its products. | 47 | |
| 169140128 | Green Revolution | Agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seed, fertilizers, and irrigation; helped to support rising Asian populations. | 48 | |
| 169140129 | Kwame Nkrumah | Ghanaian leader at independence; his efforts at reform ended with the creation of dictatorial rule. example of what happens in Africa after they gain independence. often later become dictatorships. | 49 | |
| 169140130 | Gamal Abdul Nasser | Member of the Free Officers Movement that seized power in Egypt in a 1952 military coup; became leader of Egypt; formed a state-directed reforming regime; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal in 1956; most reforms were unsuccessful. toppled Egyptian military coup and over threw the rulers of Egypt, got Britain out of Egypt; Britain no longer a super power after they get kicked out of the Suez canal. | 50 | |
| 169140131 | Muslim Brother hood | Egyptian religious and nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; became an example for later fundamentalist movements in the Islamic world. | 51 | |
| 169140132 | Anwar Sadat | Successor of Nasser as Egypt's ruler; dismantled Nasser's costly and failed programs; signed peace with Israel in 1973. most popular leader of Egypt to the US. | 52 | |
| 169140133 | Jawaharial Nehru | First leader of independent India; committed to programs of social reform, economic development, and preservation of civil liberties. tried to make India into a democracy. | 53 | |
| 169140134 | Ayatallah Khomeini | Religious leader of Iran following the 1979 revolution; worked for fundamentalist Islamic religious reform and elimination of Western influences. run by religious leaders; very strict Islamic rule. | 54 | |
| 169140135 | Religious revivalism | An approach to religious belief and practice that stresses the literal interpretation of texts sacred to the religion in question and the application of their precepts to all aspects of social life; increasingly associated with revivalist movements in a number of world religions, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism. | 55 | |
| 169140136 | Free Officers Movement | Military nationalist movement in Egypt founded in the 1930s; often allied with the Muslim Brotherhood; led coup to seize Egyptian government from Khevdive in July 1952. | 56 | |
| 169140137 | Hosni Mubarak | President of Egypt since 1981, succeeding Anwar Sadat and continuing his policies of cooperation with the West. Very friendly to US but he was a dictator. | 57 | |
| 169140138 | Mullahs | Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism. | 58 | |
| 169140139 | Steve Biko | (1946-1977) An organizer of Black consciousness movement in South Africa, in opposition to apartheid; murdered while in police custody. trying to overthrow the white minority government. | 59 | |
| 169140140 | F.W. de Kierk | White South African prime minister int eh late 1980s and early 1990s. Working with Nelson Mandela and the African National congress, de Klerk helped to dismantle the apartheid (segregation) system and opened the way for a democratically elected government that represented all south Africans for the first time. realized that South Africa could not be a white minority country. | 60 |
