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| 67555885 | gunpowder empires | muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals; utilized cannons, guns, gunpowder, etc. to expand their militaries and force and, therefore, to spread their cultures | |
| 67555886 | Father Miguel Hidalgo | priest in Mexico; stood up for poor; assassinated; first started Independence Movement in Mexico | |
| 67555887 | Galileo Galilei | opposed Catholic church's teachings by stating that the Earth revolves around the sun, not the other way around as previously stated; tried for heresy and forced into house arrest; escaped execution because of his ties to the pope; scientist that worked on other things (i.e., gravity, optics, physics) | |
| 67555888 | Thirty Years' War | war between Protestants and Catholics in Europe; no clear winner; huge loss of life; left Germany divided into hundreds of small kingdoms | |
| 67555889 | Tokugawa Ieyasu | first Shogun in Japan (established idea of Shogun) | |
| 67555890 | Opium War of 1840 | fought between Britain and Qing dynasty over the rights to sell British opium in China; Chinese lost; British took over Hong Kong in Treaty of Nanjing; Result: Qing dynasty collapsed | |
| 67555891 | Tanzimat Reforms | efforts to make the Ottoman empire into a modern state; tried to eliminate corruption | |
| 67555892 | the Bourgeoisie | new class of merchants that emerged in the 19th century/ Industrial Revolution | |
| 67555893 | Congress of Vienna | redrew Europe's borders and tried to guard against future French expansionism and revolution; group of European nations that met after the defeat of Napoleon; tried to keep the peace in Europe; conservative | |
| 67555894 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | during the French Revolution; first document produced by National Assembly; claimed that people had the right to liberty, equality, and fraternity | |
| 67555895 | Thomas Paine | wrote "Common Sense" | |
| 67555896 | Francis Bacon | philosopher who founded the scientific method of experimentation and observation | |
| 67555897 | Kabuki Theater | represents the culture of urban artisans and merchants in Japan | |
| 67555898 | Akbar | ruler of Mughal empire; expanded Mughal empire further South; spread Buddhism | |
| 67555899 | Abbas I | ruler of Safavid empire; tolerant of other religions/ groups; ruled during "Golden Age of the Safavids" | |
| 67555900 | Shogun | military ruler of Japan; most important noble; controlled Japan through military methods/ means | |
| 67555901 | Qing dynasty | respect for local customs and traditions; re-implemeted/ expanded civil service exam system; began trading with Europeans for silver | |
| 67555902 | Dutch East India Company | Dutch trading company; traded in Southeast Asia, spice islands; controlled most of European trade throughout 1600s-1700s | |
| 67555903 | Captain James Cook | voyages in the 18th century (explorer); numerous scientists accompanied his voyages in order to better understand the unexplored South Pacific; increased European curiosity about the South Pacific; paved the way for British colonization of Australia; discovered Hawaii and Australia for Europeans | |
| 67555904 | Peninsulars | European-born residents of Spanish and Portuguese American colonies; rulers of Latin America (highest class) | |
| 67555905 | Adam Smith | Scottish philosopher who described universal economic laws; came up with laissez-faire economics (free market; government should not interfere) | |
| 67555906 | Corn Laws | tariffs on imported grain to Britain; implemented to protect British farmers; result: highter prices for grain in Britain and eventually Irish potato famine | |
| 67555907 | Maximillen Robespierre | lawyer in France during French Revolution who initated the Reign of Terror; came to power and ordered th execution of more than 40,000 people because of thier supposed crimes of "treason" against the empire; later executed and Napoleon Bonaparte took over; in charge of Committee of Public Safety (caused Reign of Terror) |
