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| 221503962 | 4 Noble Truths | Core of Buddha's doctrine; all life involves suffering, desire is the cause of suffering, elimination of desire brings the end to suffering, and disciplined life conducted in accordance with the Eightfold Path brings elimination of desire | 0 | |
| 221503963 | 8-Fold Path | To reach Nirvana 1. right views, 2. intention, 3. speech, 4. actions, 5. living, 6. effort, 7. mindfulness, 8. concentration | 1 | |
| 221503964 | Achaemenids | Dynasty ruling in Persia from Cyrus I to Darius III (553-330 BC). | 2 | |
| 221503965 | Alexander of Macedonia | 356-323 B.C.Set out to conquer the world, and established the Hellenic Age (the fusion of Greek culture with the East). | 3 | |
| 221503966 | Analects | a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples | 4 | |
| 221503967 | Anatolia | The peninsula between the Mediterranean and the Black Seas that is now occupied by most of Turkey; also called Asia Minor | 5 | |
| 221503968 | Animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. | 6 | |
| 221503969 | Ashoka | Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. | 7 | |
| 221503970 | Athens | the capital and largest city of Greece | 8 | |
| 221503971 | Bactria | The ancient region stretching from the Hindu Kush mountain range to the ancient Ganhara region of the Indian subcontinent. | 9 | |
| 221503972 | Brahma | the Creator | 10 | |
| 221503973 | Brahmin | a member of the highest of the four Hindu varnas | 11 | |
| 221503974 | Buddha | one who has achieved a state of perfect enlightenment | 12 | |
| 221503975 | Bureaucrat | one who works for a department or agency of the federal government—civil servant | 13 | |
| 221503976 | Carthage | City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107) | 14 | |
| 221503977 | Caste system | a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society | 15 | |
| 221503978 | Conscription | compulsory military service | 16 | |
| 221503979 | Constantine | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) | 17 | |
| 221503980 | Consuls | In the Roman republic, one of the two powerful officials elected each year to command the army and direct the government. | 18 | |
| 221503981 | Cyrus | Persian prince who was defeated in battle by his brother Artaxerxes II (424-401 BC) | 19 | |
| 221503982 | Daoism | philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events | 20 | |
| 221503983 | Darius | The great king of Persia. He was able to become a king after a year of a civil war following the death of the previous king. He is responsible for the expansion of Persia. He made a province in western India and expanded Persia as far north as Macedonia. | 21 | |
| 221503984 | Deforestation | destruction of forests | 22 | |
| 221503985 | Desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. | 23 | |
| 221503986 | Dharma | In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties | 24 | |
| 221503987 | Diaspora | the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel | 25 | |
| 221503988 | Diplomacy | the art and practice of conducting negotiations between nations without arousing hostility | 26 | |
| 221503989 | Eunuch | a man who has been castrated and is incapable of reproduction | 27 | |
| 221503990 | Filial piety | in Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors | 28 | |
| 221503991 | Gaul | an ancient region of western Europe that included what is now northern Italy and France and Belgium and part of Germany and the Netherlands | 29 | |
| 221503992 | Han Wudi | a Chinese emperor; after Zhang Qian came back from his expedition, Zhang suggests trade relations between China and Bactria through India, and Han thought that was a fantabulous idea; China imposed political and military control over vast territories and promoted trade | 30 | |
| 221503993 | Hegemony | the domination of one state or group over its allies | 31 | |
| 221503994 | Huns | Warlike people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome | 32 | |
| 221503995 | Jainism | religion founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism | 33 | |
| 221503996 | Jati | (Hinduism) a Hindu caste or distinctive social group of which there are thousands throughout India | 34 | |
| 221503997 | Jesus | a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth, founder of Christianity. | 35 | |
| 221503998 | Julius Caesar | Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power. | 36 | |
| 221503999 | Legalism | In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. | 37 | |
| 221504000 | Magi | The wise men from the East who brought gifts for the baby Jesus, Zoroastrian priests. | 38 | |
| 221504001 | Monastic | of communal life sequestered from the world under religious vows | 39 | |
| 221504002 | Monsoons | seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia; a primary feature of India's climate | 40 | |
| 221504003 | Octavian Augustus | Caesar's nephew, physically weak/nerdy; after beating Cleopatra and Antony he became 1st emperor of Rome | 41 | |
| 221504004 | Parthians | Persian dynasty. Based in Iran and extended to Mesopotamia. Had very heavy calvary (horses and armored troops). Government followed the example of the Achaemenid administration. | 42 | |
| 221504005 | Patricians | the wealthy class in Roman society; landowners | 43 | |
| 221504006 | Patronage | (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support | 44 | |
| 221504007 | Pax Romana | Roman Peace | 45 | |
| 221504008 | Plebians | Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders | 46 | |
| 221504009 | Polis | Greek city-state | 47 | |
| 221504010 | Punjab | a historical region on northwestern India and northern Pakistan | 48 | |
| 221504011 | Quanat | Underground irrigation tunnels. | 49 | |
| 221504012 | Reincarnation | a second or new birth | 50 | |
| 221504013 | Sanskrit | (Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism) | 51 | |
| 221504014 | Satrapies | the 20 states into which Darius divided the Persian Empire | 52 | |
| 221504015 | Seleucids | They controlled Persia after the death of Alexander. Their king was one of Alexander's generals. | 53 | |
| 221504016 | Senate | In ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrats. | 54 | |
| 221504017 | Shamanism | an animistic religion of northern Asia having the belief that the mediation between the visible and the spirit worlds is effected by shamans | 55 | |
| 221504018 | Siddhartha Gautama | founder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha | 56 | |
| 221504019 | Sparta | an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess | 57 | |
| 221504020 | Stoics | Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery | 58 | |
| 221504021 | Tribune | In ancient Rome, an official elected by the plebeians to protect their rights. | 59 | |
| 221504022 | Varna | (Hinduism) the name for the original social division of Vedic people into four groups (which are subdivided into thousands of jatis) | 60 | |
| 221504023 | Veneration | religious zeal | 61 | |
| 221504024 | Visigoths | The western Goths, invade Italy and Spain after the partitioning of the empire | 62 | |
| 221504025 | Xerxes | son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C. | 63 | |
| 221504026 | Xiongnu | A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168) | 64 |
