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| 83629584 | Cyrus the Great | Famous Persian emperor, who controlled land and peoples across the northern Middle East and into northwestern India. | 0 | |
| 83629585 | Pericles | Famous Greek politician who dominated Athenian government in the 5th century B.C.E. Even he was not able to prevent war between Athens and Sparta (Peloponnesian War), ultimately won by Sparta | 1 | |
| 83629586 | Alexander the Great | Extended the Greek Empire begun by his father into the Persian Empire, all the way to India. He died shortly after his conquest, but he brought Greek culture to the area. | 2 | |
| 83629587 | Hellenistic Period | After Alexander's death, Greek art, education, and culture merged with those in the Middle East. Trade and important scientific centers were established, such as Alexandria, Egypt. | 3 | |
| 83629588 | Punic Wars | Series of wars (264-146 B.C.E.) between the Roman Republic and the Phoenician colony of Carthage over dominance of the Mediterranean. Carthage's great general Hannibal was ultimately unable to stop the Romans, who conquered Greece and North Africa, including Egypt. | 4 | |
| 83629589 | Julius Caesar | Dictator of the Roman Republic who effectively ended the republic and, with his successor Augustus, transformed it into an empire. | 5 | |
| 83629590 | Diocletian and Constantine | Strong emperors toward the end of the Roman Empire who tried with some success to reverse the tide of its ultimate fall. The latter moved the capital to Constantinople (modern Istanbul) and allowed freedom of worship for Christians. | 6 | |
| 83629591 | Greek City-States | Though united in language and religion, the Greeks held differing forms of government, from monarchies to oligarchies to aristocratically controlled democracies. | 7 | |
| 83629592 | Senate | The most important legislative body in the Roman republic, composed mainly of aristocrats. | 8 | |
| 83629593 | Consuls | The two men who shared executive power in the Roman republic, but in times of crisis the Senate could choose a dictator with emergency powers. | 9 | |
| 83629594 | Cicero | Roman writer and senator who expounded on the value of oratory in political discourse. | 10 | |
| 83629595 | Socrates | A leading figure in the development of classical Mediterranean philosophy. He encouraged his students to question conventional wisdom. His work symbolized the Greco-Roman emphasis on the power of human thought. | 11 | |
| 83629596 | Plato | Socrates' greatest pupil, who suggested that humans could approach an understanding of the perfect forms of truth, good, and beauty that he thought underlay nature. | 12 | |
| 83629597 | Aristotle | Student of Plato who developed logic and scientific reasoning in the Western sense. He stressed the value of moderation in all things. | 13 | |
| 83629598 | Stoics | Adherents of this Greek philosophy emphasized an inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline and personal bravery. | 14 | |
| 83629599 | Sophocles | Athenian dramatist who specialized in psychological tragedies, such as Oedipus Rex. | 15 | |
| 83629600 | The Illiad | Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos. | 16 | |
| 83629601 | Doric, Ionic, Corinthian | Three forms of Greek columns that represent what is still known as classical architecture. Doric is the simplest; Corinthian is the most elaborate. | 17 | |
| 83629602 | Battle of Marathon | Battle where the Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army. | 18 | |
| 83629603 | Xerxes | (486 - 465 B.C.E.) Persian king who invaded Greece in retribution for earlier Persian defeats by the Greeks; his forces were defeated by the Greeks in the battles of Salamis and Plataea. | 19 | |
| 83629604 | Themistocles | Athenian leader who helped lead the Athenian navy during the Persian Wars; this led to the defeat of the Persian fleet at the Battle of Salamis. | 20 | |
| 83629605 | Battle of Thermopylae | (480 B.C.E.) Battle in which Spartan king Leonidas and his army of 300 Spartans and other Greeks refused to surrender to the numerically superior Persian army at the pass of Thermopylae; they were annihilated to the man but allowed the other Greek forces to prepare for the Persian invasion. | 21 | |
| 83629606 | Zoroastrianism | Persian religion developed by the prophet Zoroaster around 600 B.C.E. in which is taught that life is a battle between the opposing forces of good and evil, with humans having to choose between the two. | 22 | |
| 83629607 | Olympic Games | Festival and athletic contests held at Olympia in honor of Zeus in which all Greek city-states sent representatives. | 23 | |
| 83629608 | Peloponnesian Wars | War which involved Athens and its allies against Sparta and its allies; Sparta ultimately won the war but a majority of the Greek city-states were weakened considerably by the fighting. | 24 | |
| 83629609 | Phillip II of Macedon | King of Macedon who defeated a combined army of Thebes and Athens to become the ruler of the Greek city-states; father of Alexander the Great. | 25 | |
| 83629610 | Alexandria | Seaport in Egypt on the Mediterranean Sea which was founded by Alexander the Great and became the center of Hellenistic culture with a great library. | 26 | |
| 83629611 | Roman Republic | (510 - 47 B.C.E.) The balanced constitution of Rome; featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies. | 27 | |
| 83629612 | Carthage | Ancient city-state in north Africa founded by the Phoenicians and destroyed by the Romans in the Punic Wars in 146 B.C.E. | 28 | |
| 83629613 | Hannibal | Carthaginian general who led troops into Italy during the Second Punic War; he was defeated at the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C.E. by the Roman general Scipio. | 29 | |
| 83629614 | Augustus Caesar | (63 B.C.E. - 14 C.E.) Grandnephew of Caesar who restored order to Rome after a century of political chaos; he assumed the title Augustus and instituted a monarchial government in which the emperor was dictator, chief military general, and chief priest; first emperor of Rome. | 30 | |
| 83629615 | Polis | Greek word for city-state | 31 | |
| 83629616 | Tyrrany | A government based on the rule of an absolute ruler. | 32 | |
| 83629617 | Direct democracy | A government based on the rule of the vote of the people. | 33 | |
| 83629618 | Aristocracy | A government based on the rule of the best of the society. | 34 | |
| 83629619 | The Twelve Tables | (c. 450 B.C.E.) Roman law code developed in response to the democratization of the Roman republic. | 35 | |
| 83629620 | Mystery Religions | Religions often imported from the Middle East which featured secret rituals and fellowship and a greater sense of contact with the divine; competed with early Christianity | 36 | |
| 83629621 | Herodotus | Greek historian called the "Father of History" who wrote an account of the Persian Wars in the Histories. | 37 | |
| 83629622 | Pythagorus | Hellenistic mathematician who developed many basic geometric theorems which are still in use in geometry today. | 38 | |
| 83629623 | Galen | Hellenistic physician and writer who wrote many medical treatises that formed the basis of modern medical practice. | 39 | |
| 83629624 | Euclid | Hellenistic mathematician who produced what was long the world's most widely used compendium of geometry. | 40 | |
| 83629625 | Ptolemy | Hellenistic astronomer who produced an elaborate theory of the sun's motion around the Earth. | 41 | |
| 83629626 | Sappho | (born ca. 612 B.C.E.) One of the great poets of the ancient Greeks; her poetry developed the complexities of the inner workings of human beings and love. | 42 | |
| 83629627 | Vergil | (70 - 19 B.C.E.) One of the greatest of the Roman poets during "Golden Age" of Latin literature; patronized by Augustus; author of the Aeneid. | 43 | |
| 83629628 | Kush | A kingdom flourishing along the upper Nile around 1000 B.C.E. | 44 | |
| 83629629 | Axum and Ethiopia | Axum defeated Kush around 300 B.C.E. Ethiopia in turn defeated Axum. Both African kingdoms had active contacts with the eastern Mediterranean world until after Rome's fall. Became Christian. | 45 | |
| 83629630 | Shintoism | Japanese religion that provided for worship of political rulers and spirits of nature. Basis for worship of the Japanese emperor as a religious figure. | 46 | |
| 83629631 | Olmec | Central America's first civilization (c. 800-400 B.C.E.), which developed agriculture and produced accurate calendars. It powerfully influenced later civilizations in the Americas. | 47 | |
| 83629632 | Teotihuacan | Followed the Olmec. Built the first great city in the Americas and developed the first alphabet (c. 400 B.C.E.-400 C.E.). | 48 | |
| 83629633 | Inca | American culture centered in the Andes mountains (Peru). Domesticated the llama. Had no written language | 49 | |
| 83629634 | Polynesian People | Island civilizations that reached Fiji and Samoa by 1000 B.C.E. and Hawaii by 400 C.E. They adapted local plants, introduced new animals, and imported a caste system led by a local king. | 50 | |
| 83629635 | Yellow Turbans | During the decline of classical China, the Yellow Turbans were a Daoist group that promised a golden age that was to be brought about by divine magic. | 51 | |
| 83629636 | Sui and Tang | Chinese dynasties that followed the fall of the Han. Under Tang leadership, China enjoyed one of the most glorious eras in its history. Confucianism and the bureaucracy were revived. | 52 | |
| 83629637 | Rajput | Regional Indian princes who ruled after the fall of the Guptas. | 53 | |
| 83629638 | Devi | The mother goddess of Hinduism. The worship of this deity encouraged new emotionalism in the religion. | 54 | |
| 83629639 | Islam | World religion that developed in the Middle East after 622 C.E. Initially surpassed Christianity in numbers of adherents and became its greatest rival. | 55 | |
| 83629640 | Allah | Sole deity in the Islamic faith. (Arabic name for "God") | 56 | |
| 83629641 | Constantinople | Center of the Roman Empire after 312 C.E., established by the last strong emperor, Constantine. First Christian Emperor. | 57 | |
| 83629642 | Byzantine Empire | Successor to the Roman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean. It was artistically creative and active in trade. Its emperors, especially Justinian, tried to revive the heritage of Rome throughout its previous territory but failed. Many centuries of fighting Muslims led to its demise in 1453. | 58 | |
| 83629643 | Augustine | One of the greatest Christian theologians. Bishop of Alexandria. | 59 | |
| 83629644 | Coptic Christianity | Largest branch of African Christianity, centered in Egypt. | 60 | |
| 83629645 | Syncretism | The blending of cultures. In this chapter, connects most strongly with religions; for example, Christianity's adaptation of some of the features of the Roman religion. | 61 | |
| 83629646 | Bodhisattvas | Buddhist doctrine that held that some people could gain nirvana through meditation. This shows that Buddhism shifted from a system of ethics into a more emotional belief. | 62 | |
| 83629647 | Mahayana | Or the "Greater Vehicle." East Asian form of Buddhism that emphasized its founder as a divine savior. | 63 | |
| 83629648 | Jesus of Nazareth | Jewish teacher who preached reforms in Judaism. His followers believed him to be the Messiah and savior sent by God to redeem humanity. Over time, his disciples spread Jesus' message of compassion and forgiveness throughout the Roman Empire. | 64 | |
| 83629649 | Paul | Early Christian leader who saw the faith in a different light. Instead of a reform of Judaism, Paul helped turn the faith into one that welcomed non-Jews. | 65 | |
| 83629650 | Benedict | Founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire. | 66 | |
| 83629651 | Maya | (300 - 900 C.E.) Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, and highly developed religion. | 67 | |
| 83629652 | Buddhism | The Indian prince Gautama became the Buddha, or "enlightened one," when he questioned the poverty and misery he saw. Generally seen as a reform movement out of Hinduism. Buddhism had its greatest effect outside of India, especially in southeast Asia. | 68 | |
| 83629653 | Animism | a belief in the existence of many spirits and demons which are found in the natural world. | 69 | |
| 83629654 | Bedouin | Nomads of the Arabian Peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats. | 70 | |
| 83629655 | Shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children. | 71 | |
| 83629656 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam. | 72 | |
| 83629657 | Medina | Town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences. Muhammad's flight to Medina, the Hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar. | 73 | |
| 83629658 | Umayyad | Clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty. | 74 | |
| 83629659 | Ka'ba | Revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship. | 75 | |
| 83629660 | Qur'an | The word of God as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam. | 76 | |
| 83629661 | Umma | Community of the faithful within Islam. | 77 | |
| 83629662 | Zakat | Tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims. | 78 | |
| 83629663 | Five Pillars | The obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: profession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). | 79 | |
| 83629664 | Caliph | The successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community. | 80 | |
| 83629665 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of Shi'ism. | 81 | |
| 83629666 | Abu Bakr | Succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph. | 82 | |
| 83629667 | Jihad | Islamic holy war / also means "struggle for the faith" | 83 | |
| 83629668 | Sunni | Followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads. | 84 | |
| 83629669 | Shi'a | Followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam. | 85 | |
| 83629670 | Karbala | Site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali. | 86 | |
| 83629671 | Mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam. | 87 | |
| 83629672 | Jizya | Head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands. | 88 | |
| 83629673 | Dhimmis | "The people of the book," Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus. | 89 | |
| 83629674 | Abbasids | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; capital was Baghdad. | 90 | |
| 83629675 | Wasir | Chief administrative official under the Abbasids. | 91 | |
| 83629676 | Khadijah | First wife of Muhammad who was the widow of a wealthy merchant. | 92 | |
| 83629677 | Hijra | Term used to describe Muhammad's flight to Medina; marks the first year of the Islamic calendar. | 93 | |
| 83629678 | Ramadan | The ninth month of the Islamic year that requires daily fasting from sunrise to sunset. | 94 | |
| 83629679 | Hajj | Pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca; one of the Five Pillars of Islam. | 95 | |
| 83629680 | Damascus | Capital of the Ummayads. | 96 | |
| 83629681 | Baghdad | Ancient Islamic cultural center on Tigris River; capital of present-day Iraq. Capital of the Abbasids. | 97 | |
| 83629682 | Hadiths | Traditions of the prophet Muhammad. | 98 | |
| 83629683 | Dhows | Ship with lateen sails and raised deck at the stern; used along the coasts of east Africa and the Middle East. | 99 |
