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| 50290275 | absolute monarchy | Rule by a king or queen whose power is not limited by a constitution; arose in France as monarchs stopped convening the Estates-General (medieval parliament); believed in a concept called the "divine right" of kings=monarchs were granted their right to rule by G-d; territorial expansion was a goal of the strong military that absolute monarchies assembled; Louis XIV of France (1643-1715) is most noteworty--adrhered to doctrine of divine right and live etravagantly, spent a lot on military to carry out wars | 0 | |
| 50290276 | boyars | Russian nobility; in 1613, selected Mikhail Romanov as its new tsar, beginning a dynasty that ruled till 1917 | 1 | |
| 50290277 | Cossacks | Russians who conquered and settled Siberia in the 16th and 17th centuries | 2 | |
| 50290278 | criollos (creoles) | A term used in colonial Spanish America to describe a person born in the Americas of European parents; generally well-educated and financially secure, they would eventually become colonial leaders and organizers of colonial independence movements | 3 | |
| 50290279 | devshirme | a practice of the Ottoman Empire to take Christian boys from their home communities to serve as Janissaries | 4 | |
| 50290280 | divine right | the belief of absolute rulers that their right to rule is given by G-d | 5 | |
| 50290281 | Dutch learning | Western learning embraced by some Japanese in the 18th century | 6 | |
| 50290282 | encomienda | grants from the Spanish crown that allowed the holders to exploit the Indians living on the land they controlled | 7 | |
| 50290283 | Enlightenment | involved the application of human reason to improve society; behind the movement was the belief that human beings were basically good and that education and reason could improve their condition even further; childhood was recognized as a separate stage of growth, and children's toys and books appeared for the first time; supported marriages based on love, a concept that raised the status of women in family life; 18th Century Europe | 8 | |
| 50290284 | Estates-General | legislative body of France | 9 | |
| 50290285 | Glorious Revolution | the bloodless overthrow of English King James I and the placement of William and Mary on the English throne | 10 | |
| 50290286 | Hagia Sophia | Christian church built bu Justinian that was converted into an elaborate mosque in 1453 by the Ottomans in Constantinople | 11 | |
| 50290287 | Janissaries | members of the Ottoman army, often slaves, taken from the Christians; usually boys | 12 | |
| 50290288 | Jesuits | members of the Society of jesus, a Roman Catholic missionary and educational order founded by Ignatious of Loyola in 1534 | 13 | |
| 50290289 | Manchus | peoples from Northeastern Asia who founded China's Qing Dynasty | 14 | |
| 50290290 | mercantilism | A European economic policy of the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries that held that there was a limited amount of wealth available, and that each country must adopt policies to obtain as much wealth as possible for itself; key to the attainment of wealth was the acquisition of colonies; encouraged nations to export more than they imported | 15 | |
| 50290291 | mestizos | people of mixed European and Indian ancestry | 16 | |
| 50290292 | Mughal Dynasty | controlled most of India during sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; greatest leader was Abkar (1560-1605)--brought more of N and C India under his control, established bureaucracy, patronized the arts, encouraged cooperation between Hindus and Muslims; Taj Mahal constructed | 17 | |
| 50290293 | Mulatos | people of mixed European and African ancestry; mestizos and these people occupied the lowest political and social positions in Spanish American society | 18 | |
| 50290294 | nation-state | a political unit that governs people who share a common culture, including a common language; has definite geographic boundaries; enjoys sovereignty | 19 | |
| 50290295 | parliamentary monarchy | Developed by the Englished; limited the power of its monarchs with a parliament in which they shared power with the representatives chosen by voters from the elite classes; Glorious Revolution of 1689 put it in effect | 20 | |
| 50290296 | peninsulares | colonists born in Europe; initially held the most powerful positions in colonial society | 21 | |
| 50290297 | purdah | the Hindu custom of excluding women | 22 | |
| 50290298 | Ming dynasty | founded by Zhu Yuanzhang, a warlard who had assisted in expulsion of Mongols; returned to Chinese tradition; lasted from 1368 to 1644; scholar-gentry was restored; civil service exam was reinstated and expanded; corruption was severly punished; gov't censored/controlled documents; neo-confucianism increased influenced; women were still subordinate; Zheng He engaged in major expeditions of explorations of trade; mainly ruled by incompetent rulers | 23 | |
| 50290299 | Reconquista | the recapture of Muslim-held lands in Spain by Christian forces; completed in 1492 | 24 | |
| 50290300 | repartamiento | In the Spanish colonies, a replacement for the encomienda system that limited the number of working hours for laborers and provided for fair wages | 25 | |
| 50290301 | Tokugawa shogunate | brought a degree of centralized authority to Japan; Large estates of many of the daimyo were broken up and taken over by this family; gained prominence in 1603; Christian missionaries were not received well; by 1640's only the Dutch and Chinese could trade through Nagasaki | 26 | |
| 50290302 | Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) | gave Spaniards right to govern their American colonies; divided the newly discovered territores between the Catholic countries of Spain and Portugal by drawing an imaginary line around the globe | 27 | |
| 50290303 | viceroyalty | a political unit ruled by a viceroy that was the basis of organization of the Spanish colonies | 28 | |
| 50290304 | Columbian Exchange | trade network that exchanged crops, livestock, and diseases between the two hemispheres; tobacco was introduced to the Eastern Hemisphere; American food crops such as maize and sweet potatoes spread to China and parts of Africa; white potatoes spread to Europe, and manoic to Africa; boosted population growth in Eastern Hemisphere; coffee, sugarcane, wheat, rice, and bananas went from E. to W. hemisphere; brought livestock to Americas | 29 | |
| 50290305 | factor | an agent with trade privileges in early Russia | 30 | |
| 50290306 | Catholic Reformation | 16th Century. Partly in response to the Protestant Reformation, Roman Catholic authorities undertook an enormous refor effort within their own church. To some extent their efforts represented a reaction to Protestant success. Roman Catholic authorities sought to define points of doctrine so as to clarify the differences between the Roman and Protestant churches. They also attempted to persuade the Protestants to return to the Catholic church. | 31 | |
| 50290307 | commercial revolution | the expansion of trade and commerce in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centures | 32 | |
| 50290308 | Protestant Reformation | This religious moment against the Catholic Church came about as a result of a German monk, Martin Luther, who published his 95 Theses in 1517. The theses protested the Catholic Church and its abuses and promoted the idea that faith was enough to gain salvation. | 33 |
