Terms : Hide Images
| 343350818 | Estates general | France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. | |
| 343350819 | Popular sovereignty | rule by the people | |
| 343350820 | Enlightenment idelogies | Human progress, science and rational thought | |
| 343350821 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. | |
| 343350822 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Believed that the human beings are naturally good and free, separation of powers | |
| 343350823 | Quartering Act | a law passed by Parliament in 1765 that required the colonies to house and supply British soldiers | |
| 343350824 | Continental Congress | the legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution; they issued the Declaration of Independence and framed Articles of Confederation | |
| 343350825 | Loyalists | Colonists who were loyal to Britain | |
| 343350826 | Patriots | Colonists who wanted independence from Britain | |
| 343350827 | Clergy | church officials | |
| 343350828 | Bastille | The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Partisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of troops at Versailles | |
| 343350829 | Reign of Terror | The period, from mid-1793 to mid-1794, when Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed | |
| 343350830 | Napoleon | A French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Bonaparte rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia. After his final loss to Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Ocean. | |
| 343350831 | Robespierre | A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial. | |
| 343350832 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. | |
| 343350833 | Guillotine | instrument of execution that consists of a weighted blade between two vertical poles | |
| 343350834 | Concordat | Agreement between Pope and Napoleon: Napoleon recognized Catholicism as the religion of the majority of France, Pope does not ask for any land back seized during the Revolution | |
| 343350835 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives (conservatives) of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon | |
| 343350836 | Hispanola | the first island that was found by Christopher Columbus | |
| 343350837 | Simon Bolivar | The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. | |
| 343350838 | Conservatism | a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes | |
| 343350839 | Liberalism | a political orientation that favors progress and reform | |
| 343350840 | Edmund Burke | A conservative leader who was deeply troubled by the aroused spirit of reform. In 1790, he published Reforms on The Revolution in France, one of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism. He defended inherited priveledges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy. Glorified unrepresentitive Parliament and predicted reform would lead to much chaos/tyranny. | |
| 343350841 | John Stuart Mill | English Philosopher, Benthamite, wrote "On Liberty", Essay that talked about problem of how to protect the rights of individuals and minorities in the emerging age of mass electoral paricipation. Advocated right of workers to organize, equality for women, and universal suffrage | |
| 343350842 | Mary Wollstonecraft | British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women." | |
| 343350843 | Mary Astell | Wrote A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, book addressed that lack of educational opportunities for women; tried to improve the status of women | |
| 343350844 | Anti-Semitism | prejudice against Jews | |
| 343350845 | Zionism | a policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine | |
| 343350846 | Otto von Bismarck | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire | |
| 343350847 | King Wilhelm I | King of Prussia who appointed Otto von Bismarck as his prime minister; led to the unification of Germany | |
| 343350848 | Adam Smith | Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) | |
| 343350849 | Bessemer process | an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities | |
| 343350850 | Capital | assets available for use in the production of further assets | |
| 343350851 | Cartel | a consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service | |
| 343350852 | Communist Manifesto | a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views | |
| 343350853 | Corporation | a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts | |
| 343350854 | Deforestation | the clearing of trees | |
| 343350855 | Ecological | characterized by the interdependence of living organisms in an environment | |
| 343350856 | Eli Whitney | Cotton gin, interchangeable parts | |
| 343350857 | Friedrich Engels | socialist who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx in 1848 (1820-1895) | |
| 343350858 | Henry Ford | United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947) | |
| 343350859 | Karl Marx | founder of modern communism | |
| 343350860 | Luddites | Group of people who fought against the new industrial world | |
| 343350861 | Monopoly | exclusive control or possession of something | |
| 343350862 | New Lanark | a model textile factory cooperative community founded by Robert Owen | |
| 343350863 | Putting out system | system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England | |
| 343350864 | Robert Owen | (1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed | |
| 343350865 | Socialism | a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. | |
| 343350866 | Steam power | the power source that made it possible to build factories away from running water | |
| 343350867 | Thomas Malthus | an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834) | |
| 343350868 | Trust | a combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition | |
| 343350869 | Utopian | founded upon or involving a visionary view of an ideal world; impractical | |
| 343350870 | Caudillos | Military dictator; gained control after independence movements in Latin America | |
| 343350871 | Emancipation Proclamation | issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free | |
| 343350872 | Gauchos | Argentine cowboys | |
| 343350873 | Gran Colombia | Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations. | |
| 343350874 | Louisiana Purchase | territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million | |
| 343350875 | Manifest Destiny | a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God) | |
| 343350876 | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million | |
| 343350877 | Anatolia | a peninsula in southwestern Asia that forms the Asian part of Turkey, original place of ottoman Turks | |
| 343350878 | Bloody Sunday | In Russia 1905 Russian soldiers inadvertently opened fire on demonstrators, turning them against the tsar | |
| 343350879 | Boxer Rebellion | 1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops | |
| 343350880 | Capitulations | Agreements with European powers that gave European bankers and merchants unfair advantages in the Empire | |
| 343350881 | Crimean War | A war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. RUssia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed | |
| 343350882 | Duma | Russian national legislature | |
| 343350883 | Emancipation | freeing someone from the control of another | |
| 343350884 | Extraterritoriality | Right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation. | |
| 343350885 | Gentry | the most powerful members of a society | |
| 343350886 | Intelligentsia | an educated and intellectual elite | |
| 343350887 | Japanese Diet | parliament and House of Concillors whose members were popularly elected by all adults | |
| 343350888 | Meiji | the era in which japan modernized and industrialized | |
| 343350889 | Opium War | War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. | |
| 343350890 | Pogroms | Government supported attacks against Jews in Russia | |
| 343350891 | Russification | the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire | |
| 343350892 | Serf | a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord | |
| 343350893 | Shogun | a hereditary military dictator of Japan | |
| 343350894 | Spheres of Influence | areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China) | |
| 343350895 | Tanzimat | 'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient. | |
| 343350896 | Treaty of Nanjing | 1842 agreement ending the Opium War between China and England and giving England control of Hong Kong and regional ports, as well as awarding British citizens extraterritorality rights. | |
| 343350897 | Tsar | The Russian emperor | |
| 343350898 | Ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. | |
| 343350899 | Zaibatsu | powerful banking and industrial families in Japan |
