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| 6349389781 | NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; France, US, and UK banded together in a system of collective defense and officially became nuclear weapon states | 0 | |
| 6349401615 | Warsaw Pact | brought together the Soviet Union and Eastern European communist states under a military alliance rival to NATO | 1 | |
| 6349403599 | Korean and Vietnamese Wars | North Korean invasion of South Korea (1950) --> Chinese and US involvement in 3 year war (1950-1953) --> ended in standoff that left Korea still divided; perfect example of US "containing communism" (ie not letting it spread) | 2 | |
| 6349424364 | Cuban Missile Crisis | revolutionary Fidel Castro came to power in 1959 (Cuba) --> Cuba nationalized US assets in Cuba --> US hostility and attempts to overthrow Castro --> pushed closer to Soviet Union --> began to think of self/revolution as Marxist --> Soviets are happy and afraid of losing Cuba to US --> Khrushchev (successor to Stalin) secretly gave nuclear missiles to Cuba (in order to discourage US action against Castro) --> discovered by US in Oct 1952 --> compromise negotiated by J.F. Kennedy | 3 | |
| 6349524555 | Non-alignment | Soviet Union and U.S were both trying to acquire allies during the cold war but some countries (India) decided not to align with either side; others "played both sides" and used funding/guidance from both sides (Indonesia, Egypt) | 4 | |
| 6349625350 | Military industrial complex | term coined by US president D. Eisenhower (1953-1961); "a coalition of the armed services, military research laboratories, and private defense industries that both stimulated and benefited from increased military spending and cold war tensions" (Strayer 1058); Soviet Union and US had own versions | 5 | |
| 6358142794 | Indian National Congress (INC) | established 1885; association of English educated Indians drawn mostly from the upper caste families; represented the beginning of a new kind of political protest (not rebellions, banditry, refusal to pay taxes); initially had difficulty gaining peasant followers; with Gandhi's philosophies appealing to a wide range of Indians, became a mass organization | 6 | |
| 6358147999 | Mohandas Gandhi | along with Nehru, considered "father of independent India"; born in India recovering from influenza epidemic and violent and repressive actions by the British; English-educated and not-very-successful lawyer-turned-leader protesting against racial segregation; developed concept of India that included Hindus and Muslims; "political philosophy, known as satyagraha (truth force), was a confrontational, though nonviolent approach to political action" (Strayer 1095); rose up in ranks of INC; drew support from wide spectrum of Indians; opposed modern industrial future |  | 7 |
| 6366814143 | All-Indian Muslim League | established as early as 1906; contradicted the Congress Party's claim to speak for all Indians; demanded separate electorates with a fixed number of seats for Muslims; Muslims are distinct minority → feared that their voices would not be heard, despite Gandhi's policy | 8 | |
| 6366957025 | Muhammad Ali Jinnah | leader of the Muslim League; argued that parts of India that had Muslim majority should have a separate political status, called Pakistan; did not agree with Gandhi, that India was one nation |  | 9 |
| 6367026912 | Afrikaner | politically dominant section of the white community of South Africa; descended from early Dutch settlers (mid-17th century); term reflects image of "white Africans"; unsuccessfully sought independence from Britain (Boer War, 1899-1902) → feeling of hostility towards British | 10 | |
| 6367036772 | Nelson Mandela | considered new and younger leader of ANC; launched nonviolent civil disobedience (boycotts, strikes, demonstrations, burning of hated passes that Africans were required to carry); arrested by South African government; released with compromise between South African nationalists and existing government |  | 11 |
| 6367074213 | Apartheid | attempted to separate blacks from whites in every way possible while retaining Africans' labor power in the white-controlled economy; rigid "pass laws"; social segregation; "Bantustans" (native reserves); surprisingly ended without a racial bloodbath | 12 | |
| 6367151306 | African National Congress (ANC) | established 1912; "appealed to the liberal, humane, and Christian values that white society claimed" (Strayer 1100); 40 years, pursued moderate and peaceful protest; 1948; Afrikaner-lead Nationalist Party came to power and implemented apartheid = peaceful protest wasn't successful; legalized in discussion with African nationalists as an alternative to violent struggle; 1994, won in national elections and came to power | 13 | |
| 6367153065 | Black Consciousness Movement | active opposition by primarily student groups; and effort to foster pride, unity and political awareness among South Africa's African majority (Strayer 1101); emphasized mobilizing women | 14 | |
| 6367169007 | Manchukuo | A puppet state that sections of Japanese military established after seizing Manchuria and acting independently of civilian authorities. This angered the Western powers and Japan withdrew from the League of nations and aligned with Germany and Italy. | 15 | |
| 6367169987 | "Asia for Asians" | when trying to create a Pacific Empire, the Japanese acted as "liberators and modernizers" to free the Asian continent from European dominance (really Japan was to extract the resources) | 16 | |
| 6366852903 | Indian National Congress | (INC) was a Congress Party of english educated Indians like lawyers and teachers from high caste Hindu families. They didn't want to overthrow the British, but wanted more inclusion in political and military life. | 17 | |
| 6366857575 | Afrikaner | (Boers) those who descended from Dutch settlers who were "white africans". They were permanent residents, not colonial intruders. | 18 | |
| 6366863416 | African National Congress | (ANC) Congress led by educated males in middle class Africa who didn't want to overthrow the rule. They wanted to be accepted as civilized people. | 19 | |
| 6366910049 | The Brazilian Miracle | rapid industrial growth in Brazil when the country produced 90% of it's own consumer goods. they took investments from foreign corporations. The economy was fine, but the people still suffered inequality and poverty. | 20 |
