Terms : Hide Images
| 162275850 | Perestroika | Policy of Mikhail Gorbachev calling for economic restructuring in the USSR in the late 1980s; more leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture | 0 | |
| 162275851 | Harry Truman | American president from 1945 to 1952; less eager for smooth relations with the Soviet Union than Franklin Roosevelt; authorized use of atomic bomb during World War II; architect of American diplomacy that initiated the cold war | 1 | |
| 162275852 | Neocolonial Economy | Industrialized nations' continued dominance of the world economy; ability of the industrialized nations to maintain economic colonialism without political colonialism | 2 | |
| 162275853 | PRI (Party of the Institutionalized Revolution) | Dominant political party in Mexico; developed during the 1920s and 1930s; incorporated labor, peasant, military, and middle-class sectors; controlled other political organizations in Mexico | 3 | |
| 162275854 | Viet Minh | Communist dominated Vietnamese nationalist movement; operated out of base in southern China during World War II; employed guerrilla tactics similar to the Maoists in China | 4 | |
| 162275855 | Indira Gandhi | Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru (no relation to Mahatma Gandhi); installed as a figurehead prime minister by the Congress party bosses in 1966; a strong-willed and astute politician, she soon became the central figure in India politics, a position she maintained through the 1970s and passed on to her sons | 5 | |
| 162275856 | Red Guard | Student brigades utilized by Mao Zedong and his political allies during the Cultural Revolution to discredit Mao's political enemies | 6 | |
| 162275857 | Boris Yeltsin | Began to move up the ladder of the Communist party in Soviet Union in 1968, becoming First Secretary of the Moscow City Party Committee in 1985; initially a loyal backer of Gorbachev but increasingly criticized him for slow pace of reform; stood up to a coup attempt in 1991 but then managed to displace Gorbachev; in his position as president of the Russian republic, sponsored several subsequent constitutional provisions and weathered battles with opponents in parliament | 7 | |
| 162275858 | Liberal Democratic Party | Monopolized Japanese government from its formation in 1955 into the 1990s; largely responsible for the economic reconstruction of Japan | 8 | |
| 162275859 | Eastern Bloc | Nations favorable to the Soviet Union in eastern Europe during the cold war- particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and East German | 9 | |
| 162275860 | Good Neighbor Policy | Established by Franklin D. Roosevelt for dealing with Latin America in 1933; intended to halt direct intervention in Latin American politics | 10 | |
| 162275861 | Sandinista Party | Nicaraguan socialist movement named after Augusto Sandino; successfully carried out a socialist revolution in Nicaragua during the 1980s | 11 | |
| 162275862 | Liberation Theology | Combined Catholic theology and socialist principles in effort to bring about improved conditions for the poor in Latin America in 20th century | 12 | |
| 162275863 | Third World | Also known as developing nations; nations outside the capitalist industrial nations of the first world and the industrialized communist nations of the second world; generally less economically powerful, but with varied economies | 13 | |
| 162275864 | Iron Curtain | Phrase coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between free and communist societies taking shape in Europe after 1946 | 14 | |
| 162275865 | Great Leap Forward | Economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed industrialization of small-scale projects integrated into peasant communes; led to economic disaster, ended in 1960 | 15 | |
| 162275866 | Gang of Four | Jiang Qing and four political allies who attempted to seize control of Communist government in China from the pragmatists; arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1976 following Mao Zedong's death | 16 | |
| 162275867 | Berlin Wall | Built in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics; torn down at end of cold war in 1991 | 17 | |
| 162275868 | Green Revolution | Introduction of improved seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation as a means of producing higher yields in crops such as rice, wheat, and corn; particularly important in the densely populated countries of Asia | 18 | |
| 162275869 | Globalization | The increasing interconnectedness of all parts of the world, particularly in communication and commerce but also in culture and politics | 19 | |
| 162275870 | New Feminism | New wave of women's rights agitation dating from 1949; emphasized more literal equality that would play down domestic roles and qualities for women; promoted specific reforms and redefinition of what it meant to be female | 20 | |
| 162275871 | Ayatollah Khomeini | Religious ruler of Iran following revolution of 1979 to expel the Pahlavi shah of Iran; emphasized religious purification; tried to eliminate Western influences and establish purely Islamic government | 21 | |
| 162275872 | Party Cadres | Basis of China's communist government organization; cadre advisors were attached to military contingents at all levels | 22 | |
| 162275873 | Primary Products | Food or industrial crops for which there is a high demand in industrialized economies; prices of such products tend to fluctuate widely; typically the primary exports of Third World economies | 23 | |
| 162275874 | Jawaharal Nehru | One of Gandhi's disciples; governed India after independence (1947); committed to program of social reform and economic development; preserved civil rights and democracy | 24 | |
| 162275875 | Green Movement | Political parties, especially in Europe, focusing on environmental issues and control over economic growth | 25 | |
| 162275876 | Technocrat | New type of bureaucrat; intensely trained in engineering or economics and devoted to the power of national planning; came to fore in offices of governments following World War II | 26 | |
| 162275877 | Religious Revivalism | An approach to religious belief and practice that stresses the literal interpretation of texts sacred to the religion in question and the application of their precepts to all aspects of social life; increasingly associated with revivalist movements in a number of world religions, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism | 27 | |
| 162275878 | Welfare State | New activism of the west European state in economic policy and welfare issues after World War II; introduced programs to reduce the impact of economic inequality; typically included medical programs and economic planning | 28 | |
| 162275879 | North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | Agreement that created an essentially free trade zone among Mexico, Canada, and the United States, in hopes of encouraging economic growth in all three nations; after difficult negotiations went into effect January 1, 1994 | 29 | |
| 162275880 | Pacific Rim | Region inculding Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan; typified by rapid growth rates, expanding exports, and industrilization; either Chinese or strongly influenced by Confucian values; considerable reliance on government planning and direction, and limitations on dissent and instability | 30 | |
| 162275881 | African National Congress | Black political organization within South Africa; pressed for end of policies of apartheid; sought open democracy leading to black majority rule; until the 1990s declared illegal in South Africa. | 31 | |
| 162275882 | Hosni Mubarak | President of Egypt since 1981, succeeding Anwar Sadat and continuing his policies of cooperation with the West | 32 | |
| 162275883 | Free Officers Movement | Military nationalist movement in Egypt founded in the 1930s; often allied with the Muslim Brotherhood; led coup to seize Egyptian government from khedive in July 1952. | 33 | |
| 162275884 | Jiang Qing | Wife of Mao Zedong; one of Gang of Four; opposed pragmatists and supported Cultural Revolution of 1965; arrested and imprisoned for life in 1976. | 34 | |
| 162275885 | Homelands | Under apartheid, areas in South Africa designated for ethnolinguistic groups within the black African population; such areas tend to be overpopulated and poverty-stricken. | 35 | |
| 162275886 | Glasnost | Policy of openness or political liberation in Soviet Union put forward by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s | 36 | |
| 162275887 | NATO | Created in 1949 under United States leadership to group most of the western European powers plus Canada in a defensive alliance against possible Soviet aggression | 37 | |
| 162275888 | Marshall Plan | Program of substantial loans initiated by the United States in 1947; designed to aid Western nations in rebuilding from the war's devastation; vehicle for American economic dominance | 38 | |
| 162275889 | Zapatistas | Guerilla movement named in honor of Emiliano Zapata; originated in 1994 in Mexico's southern state of Chiapas; government responded with a combination of repression and negotiation | 39 | |
| 162275890 | Warsaw Pact | Alliance organized by Soviet Union with its eastern European satellites to balance formation of NATO by Western powers in 1949 | 40 | |
| 162275891 | European Union | Began as European Economic Community (or Common Market), an alliance of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, to create a single economic entity across national boundaries in 1958; later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Austria, Finland, and other nations for further European economic integration | 41 | |
| 162275892 | Pragmatists | Chinese Communist politicians such as Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and Liu Shaoqui; determined to restore state direction and market incentives at the local level; opposed Great Leap Forward. | 42 | |
| 162275893 | United Fruit Company | Most important foreign economic concern in Guatemala during the 20th century; attempted land reform aimed at United Fruit caused U.S. intervention in Guatemalan politics leading to ouster of reform government in 1954 | 43 | |
| 162275894 | Cultural Revolution | Movement initiated in 1965 by Mao Zedong to restore his dominance over pragmatists; used mobs to ridicule Mao's political rivals; campaign was called off in 1968. | 44 | |
| 162275895 | Musim Brotherhood | Egyptian nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; committed to fundamentalist movement in Islam; fostered strikes and urban riots against the khedival government | 45 | |
| 162275896 | Corazon Aquino | (b. 1933) First president of the Philippines in the post-Marcos era of late 1980s; served from 1986 to 1992; husband was assassinated by thugs in the pay of the Marcos regime; one of the key leaders in the popular movement that toppled the dictator | 46 | |
| 162275897 | Solidarity | Polish labor movement formed in 1970s under Lech Walesa; challenged USSR-dominated government of Poland | 47 | |
| 162275898 | Viet Cong | Name given by Diem regime to Communist guerrilla movement in southern Vietnam; reorganized with northern Vietnamese assistance as the National Liberation Front in 1958. | 48 | |
| 162275899 | Juan Jose Arevalo | Elected president of Guatemala in 1944; began series of socialist reforms including land reform; nationalist program directed against foreign-owned companies such as United Fruit Company | 49 | |
| 162275900 | People's Republic of China | Communist government of mainland China; proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang. | 50 | |
| 162275901 | Lee Kuan Yew | Ruler of Singapore from independence in 1959 to present; established tightly controlled authoritarian government; ruled through People's Action party to suppress political diversity. | 51 | |
| 162275902 | Taiwan | Island off Chinese mainland; became refuge for Nationalist Chinese regime under Chiang Kai-shek as Republic of China in 1948; successfully retained independence with aid of United States; rapidly industrialized after 1950s. | 52 | |
| 162275903 | Fulgencio Batista | Dictator of Cuba from 1934 to 1944; returned to presidency in 1952; ousted from government by revolution led by Fidel Castro. | 53 | |
| 162275904 | Ho Chi Minh | Also known as Nguyen Ai Quoc; led Vietnamese Communist party in struggle for liberation from French and US dominance and to unify north and south Vietnam | 54 | |
| 162275905 | Hong Kong | British colony on Chinese mainland; major commercial center; agreement reached between Britain and People's Republic of China returned colony to China in 1997. | 55 | |
| 162275906 | Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn | Russian author critical of the Soviet regime but also of Western materialism; published trilogy on the Siberian prison camps, The Gulag Archipelago | 56 | |
| 162275907 | Banana Republics | Term given to governments supported or created by the United States in Central America; believed to be either corrupt or subservient to U.S. interests. | 57 | |
| 162275908 | Persian Gulf War | 1991 war led by US and various European and Middle Easter allies against Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. This led to Iraqi withdrawal and a long confrontation with Iraq about armaments and political regime. | 58 | |
| 162275909 | Nikita Khrushchev | Stalin's successor as head of USSR; attacked Stalinism in 1956 for concentration of power and arbitrary dictatorship; failure of Siberian development program and antagonism of Stalinists led to downfall | 59 | |
| 162275910 | Tayson Rebellion | Peasant revolution in southern Victnam during the late 1770s; succeeded in toppling the Nguyen dynasty; subsequently unseated the Trinh dynasty of northern Vietnam. | 60 | |
| 162275911 | Mass Line | Economic policy of Mao Zedong; led to formation of agricultural cooperatives in 1955; cooperatives became farming collectives in 1956. | 61 | |
| 162275912 | Chiang Ching-Kuo | Son and successor of Chiang Kai-shek as ruler of Taiwanese government in 1978; continued authoritarian government; attempted to lessen the gap between followrs of his father and indigenous islanders | 62 | |
| 162275913 | Bangladesh | Founded as an independent nation in 1972; formerly East Pakistan. | 63 | |
| 162275914 | People's Democratic Republic of Korea | Northern half of Korea dominated by USSR; long headed by Kim II-Sung; attacked south in 1950 and initiated Korean War; retained independence as a communist state after the war. | 64 | |
| 162275915 | People's Liberation Army | Chinese Communist army; administered much of country under People's Republic of China. | 65 | |
| 162275916 | Minh Mang | Second emperor of a united Vietnam; successor of Nguyen Anh; ruled from 1820 to 1841; sponsored emphasis of Confucianism; persecuted Catholics. | 66 | |
| 162275917 | Ernesto "Che" Guevara | Argentine revolutionary; aided Fidel Castro in overthrow of Fulgencio Batista; died while directing guerrilla movement in Bolivia in 1967. | 67 | |
| 162275918 | Boris Yeltsin | Began to move up the ladder of the Communist party in the Soviet Union in 1968, becoming First Secretary of the Moscow City Party Committee in 1985; initially a loyal backer of Gorbachev but increasingly criticized him for slow pace of reform; stood up to a coup attempt in 1991 but then managed to displace Gorbachev; in his position as president of the Russian republic, sponsored several subsequent constitutional provisions and weathered battles with opponents in parliament | 68 | |
| 162275919 | Gamal Abdul Nasser | Took power in Egypt following a military coup in 1952; enacted land reforms and use state resources ti reduce unemployment; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal zone in 1956. | 69 |
