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| 20078889 | the location of kidneys | left is higher than right, upper back | 0 | |
| 20078890 | nephron | the functional unit | 1 | |
| 20078891 | medulla | mostly made of loop of henle | 2 | |
| 20078892 | loop of henle | counter-current mechanism; vertical osmolarity gradient | 3 | |
| 20078893 | vertical osmolarity gradient | functions to pull water out of tabules for conservation of water | 4 | |
| 20078894 | urinary system consists of | urine forming organs (kidneys) | 5 | |
| 20078895 | urinary system consists of | structures that carry urine from the kidneys to the outside for elimination from the body (ureters, urinary bladder, urethra) | 6 | |
| 20078896 | kidneys | lie in back of abdominal cavity | 7 | |
| 20078897 | what is each kidney supplied with? | a renal artery and renal vein | 8 | |
| 20078898 | kidney acts on what to produce urine | plasma flowing through it | 9 | |
| 20078899 | kidney forms | urine drains into the renal pelvis | 10 | |
| 20078900 | renal pelvis | located at medial inner core of each kidney | 11 | |
| 20078901 | main kidney functions (3) | maintain stability of ECF volume, electrolyte composition, and osmolarity | 12 | |
| 20078902 | main kidney functions (3) | main route for eliminating potentially toxic metabolic wastes and foreign compounds from the body | 13 | |
| 20078903 | main kidney functions (3) | prime target for environmental toxins | 14 | |
| 20078904 | isotonic levels of kidney | 300 mOsm | 15 | |
| 20078905 | kidneys respond easier to excesses or deficits? | excesses (i.e. more water than less) | 16 | |
| 20078906 | kidney function (conservation vs elimination) | filterered 180-190 liters/day; 120mL/min | 17 | |
| 20078907 | kidney function (conservation vs elimination) | 50 gallons | 18 | |
| 20078908 | kidney function (conservation vs elimination) | all is conserved except for 1-2 liters/day | 19 | |
| 20078909 | kidney function (conservation vs elimination) | filter plasma content about 60 times a day | 20 | |
| 20078910 | kidneys | maintain water balance in the body | 21 | |
| 20078911 | kidneys | maintain proper osmolarity | 22 | |
| 20078912 | kidneys | regulate the quantity and concentration of most ECF ions | 23 | |
| 20078913 | kidneys | maintain proper plasma volume | 24 | |
| 20078914 | kidneys | help maintain proper acid-base balance im the body | 25 | |
| 20078915 | kidneys | excreting (eliminating) the end products (wastes) of bodily metabolism | 26 | |
| 20078916 | kidneys | excreting many foreign compounds | 27 | |
| 20078917 | kidneys | producing erythropoietin | 28 | |
| 20078918 | kidneys | producing renin | 29 | |
| 20078919 | kidneys | converting vitamin D into active form | 30 | |
| 20078920 | kidneys | reasborbing Na+ which dictates the osmotic gradients | 31 | |
| 20078921 | reniin | enzymatic hormone | 32 | |
| 20078922 | funcitonal unit (nephron) | smallest unit that perform all the functions of the kindey | 33 | |
| 20078923 | funcitonal unit (nephron) | 1 million nephrons/kidney | 34 | |
| 20078924 | each nephron has two components: | vascular component and tubular component | 35 | |
| 20078925 | functional unit(nephron) | arrangement of nephrons wihtin kidney gives rise to two distinct regions | 36 | |
| 20078926 | two distinct regions | outer region | 37 | |
| 20078927 | two distinct regions | inner region | 38 | |
| 20078928 | outer region | renal cortex (granular in apearance) | 39 | |
| 20078929 | inner region | renal medulla made up of striated traingles(renal pyramids) | 40 | |
| 20078930 | vascular component | dominant part: glomerulus | 41 | |
| 20078931 | glomerulus | ball-like tuft of capillaries | 42 | |
| 20078932 | glomerulus | water and solutes are filtured through glomerulus as blood passes through it | 43 | |
| 20078933 | water and ions (not protein) | pass glomerulus membrane | 44 | |
| 20078934 | after water/solutes pass through glomerulus | filtered fluid then passes through nephron's tubular component | 45 | |
| 20078935 | after passing through nephron's tubular component | from renal artery, inflowing blood passes through afferent aterioles which deliver blood to glomerulus | 46 | |
| 20078936 | then after afferent aterioules | efferent arteriole transports blood from glomerulus | 47 | |
| 20078937 | after efferent arteriole transport | efferent arteriole breaks down into peritubular capillaries which surround tubular part of nephron | 48 | |
| 20078938 | after the break down from efferent arteriole | peritubular capillaries join into venules which transport blood into the renal vein | 49 | |
| 20078939 | tubular component | hollow fluid filled tube formed by a single layer of epithelial cells | 50 | |
| 20078940 | components | bowman capsule, proximal tubule, loop of henle | 51 | |
| 20078941 | bowman's capsule | where the intial fluid enters the tubule | 52 | |
| 20078942 | proximal tubule | workhorse-65-80% of all water/solutes reabsorbed | 53 | |
| 20078943 | loop of henle | important for setting up osmotic gradient | 54 | |
| 20078944 | loop of henle consists of | descending limb and ascending limb | 55 | |
| 20078945 | descending limb | down into medulla | 56 | |
| 20078946 | juxtaglomerular appartus | detects solute uptake at glomerulus | 57 | |
| 20078947 | what does fine tuning of water reabsorption? | distal tubule and collecting duct | 58 | |
| 20078948 | two types of nephron | juxtamedullary nephrons (20%) and cortical nephrons (80%) | 59 | |
| 20078949 | how are these two types distinguished? | location of the glomerulus and length of their structures | 60 | |
| 20078950 | juxtamedullary nephrons | large loops of henle, and create osmotic gradient | 61 | |
| 20078951 | glomerular filtrationj | passive, non discriminative; 20% of plasma is filtered | 62 | |
| 20078952 | tubular reabsorption | selective and active; tubule to capillaries | 63 | |
| 20078953 | tubular secretion | selective, sometimes active, move from capillaries to tubule | 64 | |
| 20078954 | urine results from what | glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion | 65 | |
| 20078955 | peritubular capillary | tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsoprtion and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron | 66 | |
| 20078956 | 3 layers of the glomerular membrane | glomerrular capillary wall, basement membrane, and inner layer of bowman's capsule | 67 | |
| 20078957 | glomerular capillary wall | single layer of endothelial cells; more permeable to water and solutes than elsewhere | 68 | |
| 20078958 | basement membrane | acellular gelatinous layer; composed of collagen and glycoproteins | 69 | |
| 20078959 | inner layer of Bowman's capsule | consists of podocytes that encircle the glomerulus tuft(capillaries) | 70 | |
| 20078960 | endothelial cells | form capillary pores | 71 | |
| 20078961 | podocyte foot process | can be retracted or extended across the slit | 72 | |
| 20078962 | forces involved in glomerular filtration | glomerular capillary blood pressure, plasma-colloid osmotic pressure, bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure | 73 | |
| 20078963 | glomerular capillary blood pressure | forces plasma into Bowman's capsule | 74 | |
| 20078964 | Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure | draw liquid back up | 75 | |
| 20078965 | bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure | force liquid back | 76 | |
| 20078966 | sterling forces | the balance between trans-capillary hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure | 77 | |
| 20078967 | oncotic pressure | a form of osmotic pressure(plasma colloid) exterted by proteins in blood plasma | 78 | |
| 20078968 | oncotic pressure | tends to pull fluid into capillaries | 79 | |
| 20078969 | hydrostatic pressure | pressure exerted by liquid at rest | 80 | |
| 20078970 | glomerular capillary blood pressure | fluid pressure exerted by blood within glomerular capillaries | 81 | |
| 20078971 | glomerular capillary blood pressure depends on | contraction of heart and resistance to blood flow offered by afferent and efferent arterioles | 82 | |
| 20078972 | what is the major force producing glomerular filtration? | glomerular capillary blood pressure | 83 | |
| 20078973 | what is the pressure of glomerular capillary blood pressure | 55 mmHg | 84 | |
| 20078974 | plasma-colloid osmotic pressure | caused by unequal distribution of plasma proteins across glomerular membrane | 85 | |
| 20078975 | plasma-colloid osmotic pressure | opposes filtration | 86 | |
| 20078976 | plasma-colloid osmotic pressure | 30 mmHg | 87 | |
| 20078977 | bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure | pressure exerted by fluid in initial part of tubule | 88 | |
| 20078978 | bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure | tends to push fluid of Bowman's capsule | 89 | |
| 20078979 | bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure | opposes filtration | 90 | |
| 20078980 | bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure | 15 mmHg | 91 | |
| 20078981 | net filtration pressure | net filtration = glomerular capillary blood pressure - (plasma-colloid osmotic pressure + Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure) | 92 | |
| 20078982 | glomerular filtration rate depends on: | net filttration pressure, how much glomerular surface area is available for penetration, how permeable the glomerular membrane is | 93 | |
| 20078983 | Unregulated influences on GFR | plasma-colloid osmotic pressure and Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure can change | 94 | |
| 20078984 | Examples of increase in GFR(oncotic pressure) | severly burned patient because of reduction of oncotic pressure; hypotonic environment | 95 | |
| 20078985 | examples of decrease in GFR (oncotic pressure) | hypertonic plasma | 96 | |
| 20078986 | examples of bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure | obstructions(kidney stones/) or enlarged prostate can decrease filtration and elevate capsular hydrostatic pressure | 97 | |
| 20078987 | what can decrease filtration and elevate capsular hydrostatic pressure? | kidney stone or enlarged prostate | 98 | |
| 20078988 | What pressure can be controlled to adjust GFR to suit the body's needs? | glomerular capillary blood pressure | 99 | |
| 20078989 | what are two major control mechanisms | auto regulation, extrinistic sympathetic control | 100 | |
| 20078990 | auto regulation | aimed at preventing spontatneous changes in GFR | 101 | |
| 20078991 | extrinistic symptathetic control | aimed at long term regulation of arterial blood pressure | 102 | |
| 20078992 | auto regulation | myogenic mechanism (mediated by smooth muscle arterioles) and TGF | 103 | |
| 20078993 | extrinistic symptathetic control | mediated by symptathetic nervous system input to _____ arterioles and baroreceptor reflex | 104 | |
| 20078994 | True or False: increase in blood pressure does lead to increase in GFR and affects two opposing forces | FALSE | 105 | |
| 20078995 | vasoconstriction | decrease blood flow into the glomerulus, decrease in G.C.B.P., decrease in net filtration pressure, decrease in GFR | 106 | |
| 20078996 | vasodilation | increase blood flow into glomerular capillary blood pressure, increase in net filtration pressure, increase in GFR | 107 | |
| 20078997 | in baroreceptor reflex, long term regulation of arterial blood pressure, increase in sympathetic activity does what in short term adjustment | increase in cardiac output, increase in a. blood pressure, then adjusted to lower arterial blood pressure. | 108 | |
| 20078998 | in baroreceptor reflex, long term regulation of arterial blood pressure, increase in sympathetic activity leading to generalized arteriolar vaso_______which does what? | increase in total peripheral resistance, increase in arterial blood pressure, then adjusted to lower in arterial blood pressure | 109 | |
| 20078999 | in baroreceptor reflex, long term regulation of arterial blood pressure: what follows after the generalized arteriolar vasoconstriction? | decrease in GCBP, GFR, urine volume, increase in conservation of fluid and salt | 110 | |
| 20079000 | while the GFR draws water back into body during the conservation of fluid and salt which increases _____ ? | arterial blood pressure | 111 | |
| 20079001 | GFR is influenced by changes in ______ ________ | filtration coefficient | 112 | |
| 20079002 | filtration coefficient is subject to what control | physiological (NOT CONSTANT) | 113 | |
| 20079003 | filtration coefficient dpeends on what? | surface area and the permeabillity of the glomerular membranes which can be modified by contractile activity within the membrane | 114 | |
| 20079004 | the kidneys receive ___ to ___ % of cardiac output | 20 to 25% | 115 | |
| 20079005 | the total blood flow thru kidneys | 1140 mL/minute | 116 | |
| 20079006 | normal GFR | GFR = 120-125ml/min (-age adjustment); 85% for women | 117 | |
| 20079007 | markers for GFR | creatinine; inulin | 118 | |
| 20079008 | inulin/creatinine | help determine the GFR | 119 | |
| 20079009 | tubular reabsoprtion | involves the transfer of substances from tubular lumen into peritubular capillaries | 120 | |
| 20079010 | tubular reabsportion | highly selective and variable process | 121 | |
| 20079011 | tubular reabsoprtion | invovles transepithelial transport which means that reasborbed substance must cross ____ barriers | 122 | |
| 20079012 | Reabsorbed substance in tubular reabsportion | must leave tubular fluid by crossing luminal membrane of tubular cell | 123 | |
| 20079013 | Reabsorbed substance in tubular reabsportion | must pass through cytosol from one side of tubular cell to enter interstitial fluid | 124 | |
| 20079014 | Reabsorbed substance in tubular reabsportion | must cross basolateral membrane of the tubular cell to enter interstitial fluid | 125 | |
| 20079015 | Reabsorbed substance in tubular reabsportion | must diffuse through interstitial fluid | 126 | |
| 20079016 | Reabsorbed substance in tubular reabsportion | must penetrate capillary wall to enter blood plasma | 127 | |
| 20079017 | tubular transport process | basolateral membrane: tight junctions; it passes through apical membrane which contains brush border then through basolateral membrane | 128 | |
| 20079018 | brush border | increase in surface area of substances that come into contact with cells | 129 | |
| 20079019 | brush border | proximal tubule; not distal | 130 | |
| 20079020 | 1st step in transepithelial transport | luminal cell membrane | 131 | |
| 20079021 | 2nd step in transepithelial transport | cytosol | 132 | |
| 20079022 | 3rd step in transepithelial transport | basolateral membrane | 133 | |
| 20079023 | 4th step in transepithelial transport | interstitial fluid | 134 | |
| 20079024 | 5th step in transepithelial transport | capillary wall | 135 | |
| 20079025 | Gross reabsportion | Proximal convoluted tubule + Loop (65% of filtered mass) | 136 | |
| 20079026 | loop of henle | reabsorbs about 25% | 137 | |
| 20079027 | Fine tuning of reabsorption | Distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule | 138 | |
| 20079028 | average percentage of filtered substance reabsorbed for water | 99 | 139 | |
| 20079029 | average percentage of filtered substance reabsorbed for sodium | 99.5 | 140 | |
| 20079030 | average percentage of filtered substance reabsorbed for glucose | 100 | 141 | |
| 20079031 | average percentage of filtered substance reabsorbed for urea | 50 | 142 | |
| 20079032 | average percentage of filtered substance reabsorbed for phenol | 0 | 143 | |
| 20079033 | urea | waste product from breakdown of AA; convert ammonia into urea; small enough to be pulled into interstitial fluid by its concentration gradient | 144 | |
| 20079034 | Transport maximum(Tmax) | if plasma glucose is greater and early tubular concentration is greater than what can be reasborbed, then Tmax is exceeded. | 145 | |
| 20079035 | What happens when Tmax is exceeded? | glucose will be wasted into the urine | 146 | |
| 20079036 | Tmax for glucose | 180-200 mg/dL | 147 | |
| 20079037 | Tmax is used for | diabetes test; fasting blood glucose > 120 mg/dL; use urine sugar | 148 | |
| 20079038 | passive reabsorption in tubular reabsorption | no energy required for net movement of substance, occur down electrochemical or osmotic gradients | 149 | |
| 20079039 | active reabsorption | occurs if any of the steps in transepithelial transport of a substance requires energy; movement occurs against electrochemical gradient | 150 | |
| 20079040 | secondary active transport | convective solute flow (solute drag) and can pull solutes across that may be not lipophilic | 151 | |
| 20079041 | primary active transport | ATPase, ability of substance to pass plasma membrane (lipophilic) | 152 | |
| 20079042 | ATP mediated transport | breaks down ATP to ADP | 153 | |
| 20079043 | antiport | secondary active transport; glucose comes out, A comes out; other process involves proteins coming inside of cell producing H+. | 154 | |
| 20079044 | symport | transports sodium and bicarbonate | 155 | |
| 20079045 | proximal tubular events in reabsportion | set up gradient so cell can pull more sodium into cell (apical membrane) side | 156 | |
| 20079046 | sodium reabsoprtion | an active Na-K atpase pump in basolateral membrane is essential; 80% is used for Na + transport; Na+ is not reabsorbed into descending limb of the loop of Henle | 157 | |
| 20079047 | sodium reabsoprtion | water follows reabsorbed sodium by osmosis which has a main effect on blood volume and blood pressure | 158 | |
| 20079048 | sodium reabsorption for proximal tubule | 67 | 159 | |
| 20079049 | sodium reabsorption for ascending limb of loop of Henle | 25 | 160 | |
| 20079050 | sodium reabsorption for DCT and CT | 8 | 161 | |
| 20079051 | consequence of Na+ reabsorption | osmotic gradient that draws water out of lumen into interstitial fluid | 162 | |
| 20079052 | main point of sodium control in body | control fluid volume in body, hi Na+, hi water, high volume which increases blood pressure | 163 | |
| 20079053 | sodium contributes to what volume? | ECF | 164 | |
| 20079054 | primary active transport in sodium reabsorption | basolateral Na-K atapse carrier; Na+ higher in extra; K higher inside | 165 | |
| 20079055 | juxtaglomerular apparatus monitors and controls: | arterial pressure, sodium content, balance between AA and EA and responsible for renin mechanism | 166 | |
| 20079056 | granular cell's baroreceptors function | sense change in pressure; more sodium needed to be retained; secreted renin | 167 | |
| 20079057 | cyclic amp activates adenosine true or false? | TRUE | 168 | |
| 20079058 | macula densa | reasborbs Na+ and using ATPase Na+ pump | 169 | |
| 20079059 | what three factors control renin secretion at the juxtaglomerular apparatus | sodium concentration in distal convulted tubule, glomerular filtration pressure, adrenegic outflow from the CNS | 170 | |
| 20079060 | beta adrenegic receptors | norepinephrine released from post ganglionic symptatethic nerve | 171 | |
| 20079061 | what enhances renin release involving a neurotransmitter? | norepinephrine bound to beta receptors on granular cells | 172 | |
| 20079062 | renin angiotension mechanism | tonic, homeostatic reflex(negative feedback) | 173 | |
| 20079063 | what is an example of a major blood pressure/volume/sodium regulatory mechanism | renin-angiotensin mechanism | 174 | |
| 20079064 | renin-angiotensin mechanism | if renal blood flow decreases, then renin secretion increases to alleviate the low blood pressure; vasoconstriction(fast), increase in sodium retention(slow&buffered) | 175 | |
| 20079065 | renin: angiotensin II | inhibits renin release | 176 | |
| 20079066 | vasopressin in RAAS | ADH; vasopressin that increases water reasborption | 177 | |
| 20079067 | Angiotensin II -> + what | vasopressin, thirst, arteriolar vasoconstriction | 178 | |
| 20079068 | aldosterone | anterior pituitary gland; adrenal cortex | 179 | |
| 20079069 | aldosterone | stimulates kidney to increase in sodium reasborption by kidney tubules | 180 | |
| 20079070 | vasopressor | increase in blood pressure through vasoconstriction | 181 | |
| 20079071 | water conservation relieves low ECF which leads to what change in BP | increase | 182 | |
| 20079072 | atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) | loss of sodium by kidneys to urine which opposes RAAS; inhibits Na+ reabsorption | 183 | |
| 20079073 | ANP | secreted by atria in response to being streched by sodium retention, expansion of ECF volume and increase in arterial pressure; release promotes natiuretic, diuretic, hypotensive effects to help correct the original stimulus that brought about release of ANP | 184 | |
| 20079074 | glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by what transport system | secondary active transport; sodium dependent | 185 | |
| 20079075 | Within what tubule, electrolytes other than Na+ that are reabsorbed which have their own carrier systems | proximal | 186 | |
| 20079076 | the reabsorption of water in what tubule ______(increase or decrease) the concentration of ____ in the tubule. | proximal; increases; urea; this produces a concentration gradient for urea from the tubule into the interstitial fluid | 187 | |
| 20079077 | What happens if urea follows the concentration gradient and get reabsorbed? | helps establish vertical osmotic gradient | 188 | |
| 20079078 | diuretics | increase the rate of urine flow; clinical useful diuretics also increase the rate of Na+ excretion. | 189 | |
| 20079079 | NaCl determines what | ECF volume; most clinical applications of diuretics are directed toward reducing ECF volume by reducing total NACl content | 190 | |
| 20079080 | What disorder kicks in RAAS system | CHF because of higher blood volume due to edema | 191 | |
| 20079081 | continual use of diuretics | diuretic braking over time RAAS systems kicks back and diuretic becomes ineffective | 192 | |
| 20079082 | tubular transport process: bicarbonate conversation | mostly in proximal tubule, symport(NA/HCO3); protons pumped out continously; which establish bicarbonate electrochemical gradient across basolateral membrane | 193 | |
| 20079083 | systemic acidosis | stimulates carbonic anhydrase leading to enhanced bicarbonate recovery | 194 | |
| 20079084 | systemic alkalosis | inhibits carbonic anhydrase leading to bicarbonate wasting | 195 | |
| 20079085 | carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | demolishes Na+ reputake in proximal tubule | 196 | |
| 20079086 | Using carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, what happens to bicarbonate? | bicarbonate in urine increase 35%; metabolic acidosis | 197 | |
| 20079087 | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | sends sodium past loop of Henle | 198 | |
| 20079088 | loop of henle/loop diuretics | large majority of sodium already reabsorbed; Lasix inhibits symport of Na/K/Cl(very powerful symporter) | 199 | |
| 20079089 | loop diuretics | distal tubule/collecting duct don't have as much as reasborption activity(moves a substantial amount of solute) | 200 | |
| 20079090 | distal tubular functions | sodium and water fine tuning | 201 | |
| 20079091 | in distal tubular, why is Na's gradient opposite of negative side while K is flowing to - side? | Na+ is being reasborbed, Na+ channels are in apical membrane and basolateral membrane | 202 | |
| 20079092 | content of amount of distal tubular sodium channels is under control of what hormone? | aldosterone from the adrenal cortex | 203 | |
| 20079093 | distal tubule sodium channel availability | regulates sodium retention or loss--as is required for homeostasis | 204 | |
| 20079094 | distal tubule | decreased sodium at the macula densa which increases the secretion of renin which increases aldosterone which increases sodium retention at expense of potassium | 205 | |
| 20079095 | potassium sparing diuretics | in the far distal tubule and CT, aldosterone acts at the molecular level to increase the synthesis of renal sodium channel protein | 206 | |
| 20079096 | potassium sparing diuretics | increases capacity to retain sodium and promotes cation secretion | 207 | |
| 20079097 | attenuation of lumen-negative voltage ... how? | block the sodium channels which decreases the excretion of K+ | 208 | |
| 20079098 | descending tubule | impervious to sodium | 209 | |
| 20079099 | ascending tubule | many Na+ pumps | 210 | |
| 20079100 | ADH | works because countercurrent multiplication | 211 | |
| 20079101 | tubular secretion | transfer of substances from peritubular into the utubular lumen, invovles transepithelial transport (steps are reversed), kindey tubules can selectively add some substances to substances already filtered (20% plasma filtered) | 212 | |
| 20079102 | transepithelial transport in tubular secretion | capillary wall to interstitial fluid to basolateral membrane to cytosol to apical membrane | 213 | |
| 20079103 | most important secretory system for three ions | H (acid-base/proximal), K (maintain normal membrane excitiablity in muscles and nerves & distal/ CT under aldosterone, organic ions(efficient elimination & only PCT) | 214 | |
| 20079104 | potassium ion secretion: K+ channels location and aldosterone | basolateral side and increase in Na excretion(K+ loss) | 215 | |
| 20079105 | OATS | organic acid transport system (anion) | 216 | |
| 20079106 | OCTS | cation organic base transport system | 217 | |
| 20079107 | what happens when histamines are turned off | helps facilitate excretion of organic ions bound to proteins, elimineate foreign particles, toxins, NSAIDs | 218 | |
| 20079108 | what is the flow rate for tubular secretion | renal blood flow; 650mL/min per kidney | 219 | |
| 20079109 | what is the marker for tubular secretion | P.A.H., organic cation which is freely filterable, non asborbable | 220 | |
| 20079110 | plasma clearance is | volume of plasma cleared of a particular substance per minute (not the amount of the substance removed); varies for different substances; inulin | 221 | |
| 20079111 | inulin | carbohydrate produced by artichokes which is freely filtered and not absrobed or secreted; used to determine plasma clearance because all susbtances naturally present in the plasma are reasborbed or secreted to some extent; can be injected and help determine GFR | 222 | |
| 20079112 | inulin clearance formula | Inulin in urine x urine volume / inulin in palsma | 223 | |
| 20079113 | counter current helps | make a hypertonic intersittium; concentrate urine | 224 | |
| 20079114 | urine excretion: hypotonic ECF | too much water | 225 | |
| 20079115 | urine excretion: hypertonic ECF | water deficit | 226 | |
| 20079116 | what increase follows the hairpin loop of Henle deeper and deeper into the medulla | a large vertical osmotic gradient | 227 | |
| 20079117 | osmotic gradient exists where | between the tubular lumen and surrounding interstitial fluid | 228 | |
| 20079118 | PCT | 65% of filtered solutes are reabsorbed; permeable to water which follows passively which means still isotonic at descending loop(no NA) | 229 | |
| 20079119 | descending thin limb of loop | very permable to water; low permeability to NaCl and urea | 230 | |
| 20079120 | DTL | no Na channels, only part of tubule like this | 231 | |
| 20079121 | ATL(ascending thin limb) | not permeable to water; very permeable to NaCl and urea with active transport of sodium out of the tubule; counter current mechanism. | 232 | |
| 20079122 | countercurrent multiplication | medullary vertical osmotic gradient. | 233 | |
| 20079123 | _____ limb ____transports ____ out of the tubular lumen into the surrounding interstitial fluid. It is impermeable to water. Water does not follow the salt by osmosis | ascending; Nacl. | 234 | |
| 20079124 | ___ limb produces intesrtitail fluid that becomes ____ to the ascending limb by pumping out ____ ions; interstitial fluid faces against the flow of fluid by attracting water for reabsorption | ascending; hypertonic | 235 | |
| 20079125 | step 1 of countercurrent mechanism | NaCl leaves from ascending tubule, creating 200 mOsm/liter | 236 | |
| 20079126 | step 2 of countercurrent mechanism | fluid enters | 237 | |
| 20079127 | step 3 of countercurrent mechanism | pumps turn on again to establish a gradient of 200 mOsm | 238 | |
| 20079128 | step 4 of countercurrent mechanism | fluid enters | 239 | |
| 20079129 | countercurrent multiplication | as more istonic solution going through tube-> attracted to hypertonic solution in the middle(intesrtistial fluid) which reabsorb more water and hypertonic solution can reach 1200 mOsm/liter | 240 | |
| 20079130 | to medulla tissue from efferent arteriole | it provides perservation of vertical osmotic gradient, exchange "Na for water to isotonic to vein, counter current regulation (3) | 241 | |
| 20079131 | role of vasopressin | vasopressin controlled, variable water reabsorption occurs in final tubular segments | 242 | |
| 20079132 | 65 percent of water reabsorpption is obligatory in where; which tubule is variable based on secretion of ADH? | proximal; distal/collecting tube | 243 | |
| 20079133 | the secretion of vasopressin's effect on permeabliity of the tubule cells to water | increases the permeabilty. An osmotic gradient exists outside the tubules for transport of water by osmosis | 244 | |
| 20079134 | where is vasopressin produced? | hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary; facilitating the reasborption of water in distal tubule/collecting duct | 245 | |
| 20079135 | vasopressin works on tubule cells through what mechanism? | cyclic AMP | 246 | |
| 20079136 | During a water deficit, vasopressin .... | increases, increases water reasborption | 247 | |
| 20079137 | during an excess of water, the secretion of vasopressin... | decreases, less water is reabsorbed. More is eliminated. | 248 | |
| 20079138 | ADH | comes from posterior pituitary | 249 | |
| 20079139 | ADH | paraventricular nuceli of hyothamlalus | 250 | |
| 20079140 | ADH | moves to posterior pituitary via neuron streaming | 251 | |
| 20079141 | ADH | under control of hypothalamic osmoreceptors; >200 mOsm/L; ADH released | 252 | |
| 20079142 | v1 | dispersed, blood vessels, spleen | 253 | |
| 20079143 | v2 | basolateral membrane, distal tubule, ct | 254 | |
| 20079144 | v2 activates | g protein cAMP then.... Activation of phosphokinase C then insertion of aquaporins making more permeable. | 255 | |
| 20079145 | what inhibits ADH | alcohol and cold | 256 | |
| 20079146 | diabetes insipidus | without taste, large volume of water; neurogenic- defect in secretion; nephrogenic-no longer bind to receptors in nephron | 257 | |
| 20079147 | replacement therapy for neurogenic only | vasopressin, semisynthetics by nasal sprays | 258 | |
| 20079148 | sysndrom of inappropriate ADH secretion | oversecretion, treat with demclocycline(ADH inhibitor) | 259 | |
| 20079149 | renal failure causes | infectious organisms (inflammation) | 260 | |
| 20079150 | renal failure causes | toxic agents | 261 | |
| 20079151 | renal failure causes | inappropriate immune responses | 262 | |
| 20079152 | renal failure causes | obstruction of urine flow | 263 | |
| 20079153 | renal failure causes | an insufficient renal blood supply | 264 | |
| 20079154 | ureters | smooth muscle walled duct; eexits each kidney at the mdial border in close proximity to renal artery and vein. | 265 | |
| 20079155 | ureters | carry urine to the urinary bladder | 266 | |
| 20079156 | urinary bladder | temporarily stores urine; receptors detect when full, hollow, distensisble, smooth muscle walled sac; perodiically empties through urethra | 267 | |
| 20079157 | hematocrit | packed cell volume (45% of the test tube) | 268 | |
| 20079158 | plasma proteins | 6-8% of plasma's total weight, 3 groups of plasma proteins: albumins, globulins, fibrinogen | 269 | |
| 20079159 | albumins | most abundnant plasma proteins | 270 | |
| 20079160 | globulins | alpha,beta,gamma | 271 | |
| 20079161 | fibrinogen | key factor in blood clotting | 272 | |
| 20079162 | constituents of plasma: water (90% of plasma) | transport medium, carries heat | 273 | |
| 20079163 | constituents of plasma: electrolytes | membrane excitability; osmotic distribution of fluid between ECF/ICF; buffer pH changes | 274 | |
| 20079164 | constituents of plasma: nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones | transported in blood; blood gas CO2 plays role in acid-base balance | 275 | |
| 20079165 | constituents of plasma: plasma proteins | in general, exert an osmotic effect important in distribution of ECF and betweeni vascular and interstitial compartments; buffer pH changes | 276 | |
| 20079166 | constituents of plasma: albumins | transport many substances; contribute most to colloid osmotic pressure | 277 | |
| 20079167 | constituents of plasma:alpha/beta globulins | transport many water-insoluble substances; clotting factors; inactive precursor molecules | 278 | |
| 20079168 | constituents of plasma: gamma globulins | antibodies | 279 | |
| 20079169 | constituents of plasma: fibrinogen | inactive precursor for the fibrin meshwork of a clot | 280 | |
| 20079170 | leukocytes | wbcs; mobile units of body immune defense system | 281 | |
| 20079171 | immune system | made up of leukocytes, their derivatives, and variety of plasma proteins; recognize and destory or neturalize materials within body that are foregin to normal self; functions: defense against invading pathogens, identification/destroy cancer cells; cleanup crew that remove worn out cells and tissue debris | 282 | |
| 20079172 | leukocytes lack | hemoglobin | 283 | |
| 20079173 | leukocytes larger than erythocytes (T OR F) | TRUE | 284 | |
| 20079174 | 5 types of circulating leukocytes | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes | 285 | |
| 20079175 | polymorphonuclear granulocytes(many shaped nucelus; granule-containing cells) | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils | 286 | |
| 20079176 | neutrophils | granules are neutral and show no dye preference | 287 | |
| 20079177 | eosinophils | granules affinity for red dye eosin | 288 | |
| 20079178 | basophils | granules for basic blue dye | 289 | |
| 20079179 | mononuclear agranulocytes | single nucleus; cells lacking nucleus; cells lacking granules | 290 | |
| 20079180 | mononuclear agranulocytes | oval or kidney shaped nucleus | 291 | |
| 20079181 | lymphocytes | smallest of the leukocyes; large spherical nucleus that occupies most of the cell | 292 | |
| 20079182 | hematopoiesis | formation and development of red and white blood cells from stem cells. Occur in bone marrow. | 293 | |
| 20079183 | hematopoetic stem cells | pluripotent; generate eryhtocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, mast cells, lympocytes, and megarkaryocytes | 294 | |
| 20079184 | nonhemapoteic cells in the bone marrow known as... | stromal cells; support growth and differentiation of hematopoietic cells | 295 | |
| 20079185 | How does stromal cells influence differentiation | by providing a microenvironment consisting of a cellular matrix and either membrane-bound or diffusible cytokines(growth factors) | 296 | |
| 20079186 | cytokines family( acidic) | acidic glycoproteins known as colony stimulating factors, EPO (erythropoetin), and several interleukins( IL) | 297 | |
| 20079187 | erythocytes | no nucleus, organelles, or ribosomes; maintain function oxygen transport in blood | 298 | |
| 20079188 | biconcave discs | larger S.A. for diffusion of O2 across the membrane, thinness of cell enables O2 to diffuse rapidly between the exterior and innermost regions of the cell | 299 | |
| 20079189 | flexible membrane | allows RBCs to travel through narrow capillaries without rupturing in the process | 300 | |
| 20079190 | pigment containing iron | red-oxy, blue-deoxy | 301 | |
| 20079191 | hemoglobin consists of two parts | globin portion(4 highly folded polypeptide chains); heme groups - 4 iron containing nonprotein groups; each one is bound to one of polypeptides. | 302 | |
| 20079192 | hemoglobin combines with | carbon dioxide, acidic ion portion of ionized carbonic acid, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide | 303 | |
| 20079193 | erythropoeisis | RBCS survive 120 days, removed old erythocytes from circulation, must be replaced at rate of 2 million to 3 million/second | 304 | |
| 20079194 | control of erythopoeisis | less O2 is delivered; kidney secret erythropoeitin into the blood, stimulating bone marow production of erythoctyes which increases O2 capacity | 305 |
