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| 11495449546 | resource management | Practice of harvesting potentially renewable resources in ways that do not deplete them. | 0 | |
| 11612877709 | What influence resource managers? | political, economic, and social factors | 1 | |
| 11495452384 | Vital resources | soil, water, wildlife and fisheries, rangeland | 2 | |
| 11495460600 | maximum sustainable yield | aims to achieve the maximum amount of resource extraction - Without depleting the resource from one harvest to the next - Population grow most rapidly at an intermediate size |  | 3 |
| 11495464155 | ecosystem-based management | managing the harvesting of resources to minimize impact on the ecosystems and ecological processes - Carefully managing ecologically important uses - Considering patterns at the landscape level - Protecting some forested areas (can handle land ONLY if land can handle it) | 4 | |
| 11495466373 | adaptive management | systematically testing different approaches and aiming to improve methods through time - Monitoring results and adjusting methods as needed - A fusion of science and management - Time-consuming and complicated | 5 | |
| 11613010177 | Example of adaptive management | 1954 Northwest Forest Plan = Resolved disputes between loggers and perservations over the remaining old-growth temperate rainforests in the continental US - Allowed limited logging - Protested species and ecosystems - Science-guided management in Oregon, Washington and California | 6 | |
| 11495592912 | forestry | must balance the central importance of forests in ecosystems with children's demand for wood products | 7 | |
| 11613015236 | how much do forests cover the world? | 30% | 8 | |
| 11495597614 | Ecological value of forests | 1. very rich in biodiversity 2. stabilizes erosion and prevents erosion 3. slows runoff, lessens flooding, purifies water 4. stores carbon, releases oxygen, moderates climate | 9 | |
| 11495608082 | Ecosystem value of forests | 1. fuel 2. shelter 3. transportation (boats) 4. paper 5. helped society achieve high standard of living | 10 | |
| 11613019447 | logging | the cutting down of trees to benefit us | 11 | |
| 11495611437 | logging locations | 1. boreal forests: Canada and Russia 2. rainforests: Brazil and Indonesia 3. Conifer Forests/ Pine Plantation: US | 12 | |
| 11613030054 | logging effects | 1. deforestation 2. loss of jobs when all trees are cut in the area | 13 | |
| 11613033557 | logging politics | President George W. Bush weakened wilderness protection - Federal agencies have shiftedpolicies and enforcement - Away from perservation and conservation - Toward recreation and resource extraction | 14 | |
| 11495614649 | deforestation | the clearing and loss of forest | 15 | |
| 11613041459 | what does deforestation do? | 1. Alters landscapes and ecosystems 2. Degrades soil 3. Cause of species decline and extension 4. Ruin civilization (EX:Easter Island) 5. Add to carbon dioxide to the air | 16 | |
| 11613084780 | solutions in developing countries | POLITICO and REDD | 17 | |
| 11613085833 | POLITICO | Palm Oil TImber & Carbon Offsets = aims at reducing deforestation and illegal logging | 18 | |
| 11613086630 | REDD | Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Program = wealthy industrialized nations pay poorer developing nations to conserve forest - Poor nations: income - Rich nations: receive carbon credit to offset emission in an international cap-and-trade program | 19 | |
| 11613095463 | Trends and findings of surveying Earth's surface (UN FAO) | 1. Forests cover 305 of the world's land area 2. Just 10 nations account for ⅔ of all forests 3. 34% forests designed primarily for wood production forests store 283 billion metric tons of carbon 4. Rare trees in danger of vanishing 5. 84% privately owned 6. Forestry employs 10 million people | 20 | |
| 11613106388 | deforestation worldwide | Technology allows for even faster exploitation - Developing countries still have uncut forests BUT they are so desperate for economic development, so they have low logging restrictions Deforestation propelled the Westward expansion and growth of America and Canada - Eastern deciduous forests were the first to be logged for farms into build cities EX: Chicago | 21 | |
| 11495616469 | primary forest | natural forest uncut by people - VERY little remains now | 22 | |
| 11495619211 | secondary forest | grown to partial maturity after old-growth timber has been cut - humans have touched then regrown ` | 23 | |
| 11495629472 | national forest system | a system of forest reserves and public lands | 24 | |
| 11495630532 | US forest Service | (1905): manage forests for the greatest good od the greatest number in the long run, including logging | 25 | |
| 11495634634 | even-aged trees | all trees are the same age | 26 | |
| 11495635977 | uneven-aged trees | mixed ages of trees and species tree stands | 27 | |
| 11613121369 | 4 types of tree harvesting | clear cutting seed-tree cutting shelterwood cutting selection system | 28 | |
| 11613117397 | clear cutting | = all trees in the area | 29 | |
| 11613120421 | What does clear cutting do? | - Most cost-efficient - Greatest impact on forest ecosystems - May mimic some natural forms of disturbance - Destroy entire communities - Soil erosion - Public is outraged over this type of harvesting | 30 | |
| 11495637266 | seed-tree cutting | a small number of seed- producing trees are left standing to reseed the area | 31 | |
| 11495640534 | shelterwood cutting | a small number of trees are left to provide shelter for the seedlings | 32 | |
| 11495641288 | selection system | only some of the trees in a forest are cut at once - Single tree selection: widely spaced trees are cut - Group tree selection: small patches of trees are cut | 33 | |
| 11613171567 | plantation forestry | The timber industry focuses on timber plantations - Fast growing species - Monocultures - Even aged trees Trees are cut at the end of the rotation time and replanted Plantations are crops, not functional forests Some methods produce uneven aged trees | 34 | |
| 11613128337 | what does harvesting trees do? | All methods disturb habitat Change forest structure and composition Increase erosion, siltation, runoff, flooding, landslides | 35 | |
| 11613174498 | history and facts about fires | For 100 years fire service suppressed all fires BUT many ecosystems depend on fires - Fire suppression allows wood accumulation, which produces kindling for future fires - Housing development near forests and climate change will increase fire risks | 36 | |
| 11613197559 | PROS about fires | 1. new life 2. replenishes nutrients into soil= when trees die all the organic nutrients go into the soil | 37 | |
| 11613201703 | CONS about fires | 1. decreases biodiversity 2. hurt humans, homes, animals, shelters 3. pollution to air and water 4. increase CO2 levels | 38 | |
| 11495641971 | multiple use policy | national forests were to be managed for recreation, habitat, minerals and other uses | 39 | |
| 11495643415 | National Forest Management Act | (1976): mandated that plans for renewable resource management had to be drawn up for every national forest DONT LOG OR DAMAGE FOREST | 40 | |
| 11495648022 | National Forest Act GUIDELINES | 1. consideration of both economic and environmental factors 2. provision for specie diversity 3. ensuring research and monitoring 4. permitting only sustainable harvests 5. protection of soils and wetlands 6. assessing all impacts before logging to protect resources | 41 | |
| 11495659039 | Prescribed (controlled) burns | burning areas of forests under carefully controlled conditions - Effective - May get out of control - Impeded by public misunderstanding and political influence | 42 | |
| 11495660615 | Healthy Forests Restoration Act | promotes removal of small trees and dead trees - passed in response to forest fires | 43 | |
| 11495664623 | Salvage logging | removal of dead trees following a natural disturbance | 44 | |
| 11613182269 | Drawbacks to salvage logging | - SEEMS logical BUT is really destructive - Some trees provide nesting cavities for countless animals - Removing timber from recently burned areas increases erosion and soil damage - Promotes future fires - Increases commercial logging in national forests - Decreases oversight and public participation | 45 | |
| 11495667264 | sustainable forestry certification | only products produced sustainably can be certified - International organization for standardized (ISO), Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) have different standards - Consumers look for logos to buy sustainably provided timber - Companies such as Home Depot sell sustainable wood - Encourages better logging practices | 46 | |
| 11613185857 | Agriculture Land use | Agriculture covers 38% of the Earth's surface - 26% supports pastures and 12% supports crops Causes tremendous environmental impacts - The most widespread type of land use | 47 | |
| 11613188996 | Wetlands | Many crop lands grow on farmer wetlands Governments have encouraged wetland draining - Promote settlement and farming - Transferred land to states - Stimulated draining Less than half the wetlands remain | 48 | |
| 11613195714 | perspectives on wetlands | Perspectives on wetlands are changing - Worthless to worthy - They hold valuable ecosystems | 49 | |
| 11613190571 | solution to wetland drainage | Swamp Land Act | 50 | |
| 11495668471 | Conservation Reserve Program | (1985): subsidized farmers to take highly erodable land out of production -Turn it into wildlife habitat | 51 | |
| 11613212134 | BLM | Bureau of Land Movement: owns and manages most US rangeland - Nation's single largest landowner: 106 million ha (261 million acres) across 12 western states - Ranchers can graze cattle on BLM lands for low fees - Low fees encourage overgrazing | 52 | |
| 11613215551 | Reasons for establishing parks & reserves | 1. Monumentalism 2. Offer recreational value to tourists, hikers, fishers, hunters and others 3. Protect areas with with utilitarian benefits, such as clean drinking water 4. Use sites that are otherwise economically not valuable and are therefore easy to protect 5. Revenue from ecosystem preservation of biodiversity | 53 | |
| 11613218883 | Monumentalism | preserving areas with enormous, beautiful, or unusual features, such as the Grand Canyon | 54 | |
| 11495671158 | national parks | public lands protected from resource extraction and development Open to nature appreciation and recreation = EX: Yellowstone National Park established 1872 | 55 | |
| 11613222063 | why did nations make national parks? | - Benefit from ecotourism - Protected areas now cover 9.6% of the world's land area - Parks do not always receive necessary funding | 56 | |
| 11613222664 | national park service | Created in 1916 to administer parks and monuments - 388 sites make 32 million ha (72 million acres) - Includes national historic sites, national recreation areas, national wild & scenic rivers - 273 million visitors in 2006 | 57 | |
| 11613226556 | national wildlife refugee | Created in 19903 by Theodore Roosevelt - 37 million ha (91 million acres) in 541 sites | 58 | |
| 11613227872 | Fish & Wildlife Service | administers refuges - Management ranges from preservation to manipulation - Wildlife havens - Allows hunters, fishing, wildlife observation, photography, education | 59 | |
| 11495674135 | antiquities act of 1906 | The president can declare selected public lands as national monuments | 60 | |
| 11495679095 | wilderness areas | Area is off-limits to development of any kind | 61 | |
| 11495680390 | the wise-use movement | a coalition of individuals and industries that oppose environmental protection | 62 | |
| 11495684994 | land trusts | local or regional organizations that purchase land to protect it - The Nature Conservancy is the world's largest land trust - Trust's protect 4.1 million ha (10.2 million acres) - Jackson hole, Wyoming is protected by a land trust | 63 | |
| 11495685816 | paper parks | areas protected on paper but not in reality | 64 | |
| 11495687838 | World Heritage Site | protected areas that fall under national sovereignty but are the designated or managed by the Unite Nations - 830 sites across 184 countries | 65 | |
| 11495696256 | Transboundary parks | an area of protected land overlapping national borders EX: Waterton-Glacier National Parks in the US and Canada | 66 | |
| 11495703953 | Peace parks | transboundary reserves that help case tensions by acting as buffers between nations | 67 | |
| 11495707456 | biosphere reserves | land with exceptional biodiversity | 68 | |
| 11613239063 | Biosphere zones | - Core area: biodiversity preservation - Buffer zone: local activities and limited development such as research, education, and tourism - Transitional area: sustainable agriculture, human settlements, and other land uses |  | 69 |
| 11613241506 | SLOSS | Which is better to protect? a Single Large Or Several Small reserves? - Depends on the species: tigers vs. insects | 70 | |
| 11495709858 | coridors | protected land that allows animals to travel between islands of protected habitat - Animals get more resources - Enable gene flow between population | 71 |
