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| 11589793541 | purple loosestrife | an example of how humans can unintentionally modify the environment by altering a species' natural geography; displaces other native plant species | 0 | |
| 11589808748 | biogeography | refers to large-scale global patters, such as Wallace's realms, biotic provinces, or biomes | 1 | |
| 11589818437 | Wallaces Realms | propose that the world could be divided into 6 biogeographic regions on the basis of fundamental features of the animals common to those areas | 2 | |
| 11589825288 | taxa | groups that all living organisms are classified into based on their evolutionary relationships or similarity or characteristics | 3 | |
| 11589834024 | taxonomy | the science of naming animals | 4 | |
| 11589844144 | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species | taxonomic rank order | 5 | |
| 11589849771 | biotic province | a region inhabited by a characteristic set of taxa, bounded by barriers that inhibit the exchange of species; genetically isolated | 6 | |
| 11589875350 | biomes | major ecosystems that are usually defined by their dominant vegetation and climate | 7 | |
| 11589881293 | climate | temperature and precipitation | 8 | |
| 11589885216 | convergent evolution | similar environmental constraints force similar solutions; organisms evolve certain trains since they ended up in similar climates |  | 9 |
| 11589892161 | divergent evolution | populations become separated, usually by geographical barriers; these group retain some common characteristics, but also evolve new ones to adapt to their different environments (major cause of speciation) |  | 10 |
| 11590072366 | ecological island | a comparatively small habitat separated from a major habitat of the same kind | 11 | |
| 11590078537 | island biogeography | proposes that the number of species found on an ecological island is determined by the size and distance of the island | 12 | |
| 11589937124 | smaller, farther away | the __________ and __________ the island is from a continent, the less biodiversity it will have | 13 | |
| 11589966883 | bigger, closer | the __________ and __________ the island is from a continent, the more biodiversity it will have; | 14 | |
| 11589988552 | adaptive radiation | a new species evolves from a common ancestor (divergent evolution); Darwin suggested that the finches on the Galapagos Islands are closely related and descended from a common ancestor, but each species adapted to its unique island habitat |  | 15 |
| 11590072367 | tundra | location: arctic (high latitudes) or alpine (high elevations-mountains) climate: low precipitation, low temperature and permafrost (permanently frozen ground) other: treeless plains; roots can't penetrate through the solid ice | 16 | |
| 11590345726 | Taiga (Boreal Forest) | location: high latitudes and hight altitudes climate: low precipitation, low temperatures dominant vegetation: conifers | 17 | |
| 11590410868 | temperate (moderate) deciduous forest | climate: moderate precipitation, moderate temperatures dominant vegetation: deciduous trees (loose leaves in the winter); deforestation dominant animal species: small mammals human impacts: hardwood for furniture | 18 | |
| 11590438539 | temperate rain forest | climate: high precipitation (over 250 cm a year), moderate temperature human impacts: lumber; deforestation | 19 | |
| 11590458407 | temperate woodland | other: slightly more arid (dry) than deciduous forests | 20 | |
| 11590503859 | temperate scrubland (chaparral) | dominant vegetation: aromatic vegetation tiger =: miniature woodland dominated by dense stands of shrubs; adapted to fires | 21 | |
| 11590688241 | temperate grassland | location: North American prairies, steppes of Eurasia, plains of eastern and southern Africa, pampas of South America | 22 | |
| 11590700812 | tropical rainforest | climate: high precipitation and high temperatures all year around; rainfall and sunlight other: high species diversity and low nutrient soil (reasons: high rate of decomposition due to high humidity, constant rain washes the nutrients low into the soil - leaching, plants suck up the nutrients) | 23 | |
| 11590829594 | desert | human impact: expanding desertification as global temperatures increase biggest deserts: Gobi, Sahara, Sonoran | 24 | |
| 11590866566 | Wetlands | dominant vegetation: mangrove trees human impacts: coal mining, shellfish industry (coastal levels) other: acts as an ecotone | 25 | |
| 11590872115 | ecotone | transition area between two biomes | 26 | |
| 11590879338 | fresh water | other: estuaries - areas at the mouth of rivers where river water mixes with ocean waters | 27 | |
| 11590904690 | littoral zone | the near shore area where sunlight penetrates all the way to the sediment and allows aquatic plants to grow | 28 | |
| 11590908748 | Limnetic (pelagic) zone | the open water area where light does not penetrate to the bottom | 29 | |
| 11590914436 | euphotic zone | the layer from the surface to the depth at which light levels become too low for photosynthesis | 30 | |
| 11590919609 | benthic zone | the bottom layer of the lake; covered by fine layers of mud in which animals live; there are no rooted plants since the water is too dependent for light to reach them | 31 | |
| 11590927515 | profoundal zone | the deepest part of the ocean; relevant only in deep lakes | 32 | |
| 11590939346 | intertidal | location: areas exposed alternately to air (during low tide) and ocean waters (during high tide) | 33 | |
| 11590944704 | open ocean (pelagic region) | dominant animal species: low productivity and low diversity of species ** productivity as an ECOSYSTEM is high because the region is large | 34 | |
| 11590957393 | benthos | the bottom proportion of oceans (too dark for photosynthesis) | 35 | |
| 11590959597 | upwellings | areas where upward flow of deep ocean waters brings nutrients (from dead/decaying organisms) to the surface, allowing abundant growth of algae | 36 | |
| 11590969205 | hydrothermal vents | areas in the deep ocean where plate tectonic processes create vents of hot water with a high concentration of sulfur compounds; provides nutrients for chemosynthetic bacteria | 37 | |
| 11590983342 | areas near the coast and upwellings | 2 places in the ocean where productivity is the highest | 38 | |
| 11591017306 | chapter 9 case study | unsustainable timber production | 39 | |
| 11591019827 | biological production | the capture of usable energy from the environment (via photosynthesis) to produce organic compounds in which that energy is stored | 40 | |
| 11591029105 | biomass | the total amount of weight of organic matter on Earth of in any particular ecosystem or area | 41 | |
| 11591040128 | net production | the change in biomass over a given period of time | 42 | |
| 11591044127 | autotrophs | produce own organic matter from a source of energy and inorganic compounds via the process of primary production | 43 | |
| 11591051211 | Photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O + light -- C6H12O6 + 6O2 | 44 | |
| 11591054784 | Photoautotrophs | Organisms that use light as a source of energy (the sun) | 45 | |
| 11591057906 | chemotrophs/chemoautotrophs | autotrophic bacteria that obtains energy from inorganic sulfur compounds; live in deep ocean vents and muds of marshes, where no oxygen is available | 46 | |
| 11591070213 | heterotrophs | feed on other living things through secondary production; dependent on autotrophs | 47 | |
| 11591075293 | respiration | the use of biomass to release energy (ATP) that can be used o do work; occurs in the mitochondria | 48 | |
| 11591080444 | aerobic respiration | requires oxygen; C6H12O6 (organic compound) + 6O2 -- 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP) | 49 | |
| 11591140679 | energy flow | the movement of energy through an ecosystem | 50 | |
| 11591144453 | entropy | the disorganization of energy (energy is lost as heat) | 51 | |
| 11591146900 | first law of thermodynamics | matter and energy are neither created or destroyed, but merely changed from one form to another | 52 | |
| 11591174117 | second law of thermodynamics | energy always changes from a more useful organized form to a less useful, disorganized form | 53 | |
| 11591195513 | trophic-level efficiency | the ratio of production of one trophic level to the production of the next lower trophic level (output/input) | 54 | |
| 11591215799 | old field | energy flow: vegetation - meadows mice - weasels | 55 | |
| 11591220036 | stream/river | energy flow: algae - insect larvae - trout - detritivores | 56 | |
| 11591225182 | Detritivore | feed on dead, organic material; common in streams | 57 | |
| 11591238498 | ocean | energy flow: phytoplankton - zooplankton -- (both) omnivores - carnivores/detritivores | 58 | |
| 11591251110 | Chemosynthesis in ocean depths | the source of energy is not sunlight, but hot, inorganic, sulfur compounds (bacteria: clams, mussels and crabs) | 59 | |
| 11594897089 | chapter 10 case study | ponderosa pine, a fire-adapted species, need fire to unseal resin on its cones to germinate and replace trees; however, humans suppress fires | 60 | |
| 11594907589 | restoration ecology | to return damages ecosystems to some set of conditions considered functional, sustainable and "natural" | 61 | |
| 11594909338 | Bioremediation | Use of living organisms (fungi) to detoxify polluted ecosystems | 62 | |
| 11594912458 | riparian ecosystem | Ecosystem around a river | 63 | |
| 11594913206 | lightning | a form of natural fire | 64 | |
| 11594964755 | ecological succession | the natural process of establishment or reestablishment (recovery after a storm/fire) or an ecosystem; "nature restoring itself" | 65 | |
| 11594969088 | succession | follows a predictable time course or pattern, depending on the the of ecosystem (climate) | 66 | |
| 11594972885 | primary succession | the initial establishment and development of an ecosystem; the area is initially devoid of any biological community | 67 | |
| 11594981886 | pioneer organisms | the first life forms to move into an area; they die/decompose, adding nutrients to the soil | 68 | |
| 11594997182 | climax community | end/stable community | 69 | |
| 11595001130 | secondary succession | the reestablishment of an ecosystem after a major disturbance | 70 | |
| 11595004123 | fire | causes an increase in availability of inorganic chemicals | 71 | |
| 11595004780 | ash | causes an increase in vegetation | 72 | |
| 11595032169 | gross production, biomass, biodiversity, sold organic content | increases after secondary succession | 73 | |
| 11595034059 | net production | decreases after secondary succession | 74 | |
| 11595011267 | bog | an open body of water with surface nets (small streams) but no surface outlet; has floating mats of vegetation and eventually fills with sediment; becomes a wetland forest | 75 | |
| 11595016797 | pond succession | ponds fills in with sediment | 76 | |
| 11595019255 | oligotrophic pond | the young, nutrient-poor pond; before eutrophication - clear/healthy water | 77 | |
| 11595022660 | eutrophication | an increase in chemical elements of a pond; increase in nutrients - algae bloom - decrease in oxygen - kills fish | 78 | |
| 11595028588 | facilitation | "helping"; makes conditions favorable for the establishment of the next wave of species | 79 | |
| 11595039050 | interference | "prevents"; impeded the establishment of the next wave of species | 80 | |
| 11595040835 | chronic patchiness | succession does not occur; pioneer species are not replaced by others since the species are growing in patches, which often consists of mature individuals with few seedlings | 81 |
