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| 8309425497 | lead | -combustion of leaded gasoline -smelters/metal processing plants -incinerators -old paint dust -health effects: neurotoxin (brain/nervous system damage), kidney/liver damage -Environmental impacts: health of wildlife | 0 | |
| 8300070710 | components of air | nitrogen: 78% Oxygen: 21% water vapor: .01% at poles, 4% at tropics Argon: less than 1% CO2: .038% | 1 | |
| 8300091415 | layers of the atmosphere | 1. Troposphere 2. Stratosphere 3. Mesosphere 4. Thermosphere | 2 | |
| 8300109055 | Troposphere | air we breathe, our weather, most of air pollution, greenhouse effects happen, most air pressure | 3 | |
| 8300120261 | Stratosphere | location of ozone, where planes fly | 4 | |
| 8300124963 | Mesosphere | very thin layer, meteor showers | 5 | |
| 8300131439 | Thermosphere | astronauts orbit, thinnest layer of molecules | 6 | |
| 8300146833 | Primary air pollutant | any pollutant that comes from a direct source -pollutant not formed as a combination | 7 | |
| 8300159983 | common outdoor primary pollutants | CO, NOx, SO2, PM, VOC's, Lead | 8 | |
| 8309282616 | NOx | -combustion of fossil fuels for: motor vehicles, electrical power generation, -combustion of materials with N in them -health effects: respiratory problems, eye irritation, aggravates asthma -Environmental impacts: health of wildlife, part of photo-chemical smog, forms acid rain, reduces plant growth -monitored by EPA | 9 | |
| 8309282617 | SO2 | -combustion of fossil fuels for: motor vehicles, electrical power generation (main source is coal burning), -combustion of materials with S in them -health effects: respiratory problems, eye irritation, aggravates asthma -Environmental impacts: health of wildlife, part of industrial smog, forms acid rain -Monitored by the EPA | 10 | |
| 8309285256 | VOC's | -combustion of fossil fuels for: motor vehicles, electrical power generation, -chemicals/solvents -cleaning products -Paint -health effects: respiratory problems, eye irritation, aggravates asthma, brain/nervous system damage, carcinogenic, kidney/liver damage -Environmental impacts: health of wildlife, part of photo-chemical smog | 11 | |
| 8309285257 | CO | Incomplete combustion of organic materials like: fossil fuel combustion in vehicles, forest fires, incinerators, industrial processes -health effects: binds to hemoglobin in blood- prevents oxygen holding in the blood Environmental effects: health of wildlife, can be part of smog | 12 | |
| 8309285258 | PM | -combustion of fossil fuels for: motor vehicles, electrical power generation, -industrial processes -wind based soil erosion -forest fires -wood burning stoves -incinerators -health effects: respiratory problems, eye irritation, aggravates asthma -Environmental impacts: health of wildlife, part of industrial smog, reduced visibility-less plant productivity or photosynthesis | 13 | |
| 8300173261 | Secondary air pollutant | any pollutant made when pollutants are chemically combined | 14 | |
| 8300184289 | common secondary pollutants | O3 (ground-level ozone), photochemical smog, industrial smog | 15 | |
| 8300194217 | O3 | ground-level Ozone -made when VOC's and NOx interact in sunlight | 16 | |
| 8300210841 | Photochemical smog vs industrial smog | both a hazy mix mostly ozone, some other things too vs mostly reactions of SO2 and PM | 17 | |
| 8300232167 | Factors increasing Outdoor pollution | lack of wind, urban buildings (slow winds), mountains (block wind), higher temps. (chem. reactions occur), low precip., low humidity and others | 18 | |
| 8300289590 | grasshopper effect | pollutants from tropical areas get pushed to plar areas by wind/water -how pollution gets to low population areas | 19 | |
| 8300305545 | thermal inversion | cold air settles at surface and is capped by a warm air mass, air pollution stays lower and reduces air quality especially around cities |  | 20 |
| 8300335380 | Factors reducing Outdoor Pollution | particulates can settle over time, precip. brings particles to ground, ocean spray brings particles to ground, wind, chemical reactions change pollutants, more fuel-efficient machines/vehicles, clean energy | 21 | |
| 8300363628 | I am | falling asleep | 22 | |
| 8300379849 | tall smokestacks | pollutants get placed high in the air for dispersal | 23 | |
| 8300461983 | Electrostatic precipitators | -particle-filled exhaust is fed thru a negative charge plate to negatively charge particles -exhaust goes thru positively charged collection area -particles stick to collection area, exhaust comes out less PM | 24 | |
| 8300498142 | Scrubbers | exhaust is fed thru scrubber, sprayed with water/chemicals, liquids grab/neutralize exhaust pollutants, waste materials collect at the bottom of scrubber, can remove SO2, PM, Mercury | 25 | |
| 8300525386 | Fluidized-bed combustion | fuel is burned in hot bed of bubbling ash/sand, hot air blown thru ash (ash acts like a fluid), all this causes fuel to burn at lower temps., results in lower emissions, removes NOx, SO2, PM | 26 | |
| 8300565719 | indoor air pollution | often considered a bigger health risk than outdoor pollution | 27 | |
| 8300579034 | Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) | buildings in which people get sick after spending time there -1 in 5 buildings (in US) are "sick" | 28 | |
| 8300598046 | 4 biggest indoor pollutants in developed countries | tobacco smoke, formaldehyde, radon, PM | 29 | |
| 8300610515 | biggest indoor pollutant in developing countries | indoor stoves | 30 | |
| 8300616655 | Radon | colorless, odorless, radioactive gas -from natural decay of uranium in soil, enter home via cracks in basement, inert but decays into carcinogens like polonium, long-term exposure: lung cancer | 31 | |
| 8300655758 | Formaldehyde | colorless, flammable gas, found in variety of furniture, household products, glues, paints, irritates respiratory linings, eyes, skin, continually high doses can lead to cancer | 32 | |
| 8300683744 | Asbestos | mineral used in insulation, fibers are sharp at microscopic level, cause lung damage when inhaled, can ultimately lead to mesothelioma | 33 | |
| 8300702422 | mesothelioma | form of lung cancer | 34 | |
| 8300705031 | Days till winter break | too many | 35 | |
| 8341842921 | ph - normal rain vs acid rain | 5 vs lower than 5 (damaging at 3) | 36 | |
| 8341853406 | wet vs dry acid deposition | 4-14 days after pollution of chemicals, ex. rain, fog, sleet, snow vs 2-3 days after pollution, chemicals in dust/smoke, fall to ground as particles | 37 | |
| 8341858154 | causes of acid rain | -volcanoes (small, natural amount) -humans (SO2, NOx) | 38 | |
| 8342166498 | formation of acid rain | SO2 + NOx + water in clouds = sulfuric acid + nitric acid - pH of wet precip. is lowered | 39 | |
| 8342205728 | sulfuric acid | H2SO4 | 40 | |
| 8342209229 | Nitric Acid | HNO3 | 41 | |
| 8342220119 | effects of acid rain | washes away nutrients (calcium, magnesium), releases heavy metals (aluminum blocks water uptake by trees), animals cannot survive in low pH levels, acid snow melts fast and quickly changes the Mississippi river pH, aluminum and stuff gets released and washed into streams, buildings/statues get dissolved, burns/irritates human lungs | 42 | |
| 8342397290 | acid shock/episodic acidification | acid snow melts fast and quickly changes water pH's | 43 | |
| 8352155839 | lime/limestone | calcium carbonate, neutralizes the acid | 44 | |
| 8352285665 | location of acid rain | moves from west to east, bad on mountains due to acid fog exposure, | 45 | |
| 8352470890 | possible solutions of acid rain | reduce emissions -NOx, SO2 reduce coal use - hugh content of sulfur create regional pollution plans | 46 | |
| 8352538902 | Stratospheric ozone | -blocks 95% of UV light, measured in dobson units combined when NOx, and VOC's interact in sunlight -health effects: respiratory problems, eye irritation, aggravates asthma -Environmental impacts: health of wildlife, part of photo-chemical smog, forms acid rain, reduces plant growth -monitored by EPA | 47 | |
| 8352864324 | UV radiation | -increased sunburns -increased level of sunburn -increased levels of eye damage (cataracts) | 48 | |
| 8353046059 | dobson units | measurement of stratospheric ozone | 49 | |
| 8353207358 | CFC's/Freons and their sources | Clorofluorocarbons, man-made chemicals: coolants, aerosols -destroys the ozone layer | 50 | |
| 8359946624 | location for ozone thinning | Antarctica and Arctic | 51 | |
| 8360663148 | chemistry of normal ozone layer | ozone (O3) + UV light = O2 + O after time: O2 + O = O3 -Ozone reforms itself | 52 | |
| 8360722241 | ozone layer chemistry with CFC's | in cold weather: CFC (CCl3F) + UV light = Cl + CCl2F otherwise: O3 +UV light = O2 + O + Cl = O2 + ClO + Cl -chlorine prevents ozone from reforming by binding with the single oxygen atom, less ozone is reformed = thinner ozone layer | 53 | |
| 8431675362 | effects of ozone thinning | -Health issues more exposure to UV light -Death of plants and algae | 54 | |
| 8431693379 | Montreal protocol | 1987 -meeting of nations to stop ozone thinning -treaty was developed and signed by most nations -ozone thinning has stabilized but not decreased | 55 | |
| 8431711200 | Ocean currents | colder water is denser than warm, saltier water is denser than less salty, -seawater circulation | 56 | |
| 8431809400 | El nino | a year with warmer water temps in eastern/central pacific and less, trade winds weaken - warm water moves east, western pacific is drier, east is moister, generally in North Atlantic Ocean, MN gets warmer | 57 | |
| 8431871746 | la nina | colder, more precip., trade winds get stronger, | 58 | |
| 8431885796 | Earth's seasons | the tilt of the earth, no distance involved at all | 59 | |
| 8431910568 | Ocean conveyor | circulation of seawater - surface water warms at the equator and moves north where it cools and sinks | 60 | |
| 8431925129 | greenhouse effect | natural phenomenon explains how infrared radiation is dealt with on earth -earth's atmosphere traps heat | 61 | |
| 8431961901 | infrared radiation | heat | 62 | |
| 8432089893 | top 6 greenhouse gasses | 1. H2O -evaporation, plant transpiration 2. CO2 -burning organic matter, decomposing organics 3. CH4 -decomp. of animal waste, burning biomass, landfills 4. N2O (nitrous oxide) -released from bacterial action of fertilizer/animal wastes in soil (denitrification) 5. CFC's -refrigeration, coolants 6.Ozone (O3) -NOx and VOC in sunlight | 63 | |
| 8432148814 | CO2 | traps heat and affects temp. -carbon dioxide | 64 | |
| 8432161403 | CH4 | flammable, decomp. of animal waste, burning biomass, from: landfills, sewage, wetlands/rice paddies -methane | 65 | |
| 8432190724 | N2O | -released from bacterial action of fertilizer/animal wastes in soil (denitrification) -nitrous oxide | 66 | |
| 8432391551 | H2O | evaporation -water | 67 | |
| 8432405844 | History of CO2/temps before 1950 | lower and fairly consistent | 68 | |
| 8432418790 | history of CO2/temps after 1950 | sharp incline, no indication of leveling off/plateau | 69 | |
| 8438003996 | reasons for fluctuations of CO2 | Industrial revolution, plant levels | 70 | |
| 8438015499 | Mauna Loa, Hawaii | -first modern measurements -over course of 1 year CO2 levels go up and down | 71 | |
| 8438038207 | Ice cores | primary tool for collecting temp data from before mid 1800's, bubbles in ice, scientists measure the gasses in each bubble | 72 | |
| 8438058725 | O-16 vs O-18 | lighter, found in most ice, evaporates more easily vs rarer, denser, more 18 = higher temps | 73 | |
| 8438074479 | glacial cycle | cold periods, 100,000 years | 74 | |
| 8438086999 | interglacial cycle | warm periods, 10,000 years | 75 | |
| 8438094551 | sediment cores | -analyzing pollen -pollen indicates the types of plants and depending on the plants (their tolerance of warmer/cooler temps.) you can guess at the temp | 76 | |
| 8438109937 | glacial melting | higher temps. result in less ice cover on land 3 places severely affected by Himalayan glaciers: India, Bangladesh, China societal problem: all those people will be displaced due to flooding so other countries will become more crowded economic benefit: trading routes are more easily accessible and with less ice boats can move faster saving time and money. 2 biomes most likely affected: Tundra, Taiga 3 animal species at threat: polar bear, Artic foxes, wolves | 77 | |
| 8438186700 | loss of sea ice and ice shelf areas | 2 biomes most likely affected: Tundra, Taiga 3 animal species at threat: polar bear, Artic foxes, wolves this is y sea levels r rising | 78 | |
| 8438252763 | changes in migration timing | animals that eat the plants have to eat earlier cuz the plants bloom earlier and then the birds don't have their food source when they migrate earlier so they die or learn to fly earlier as well | 79 | |
| 8438286397 | causes of ocean acidification | atmospheric carbon is absorbed by seawater (diffusion), in water carbon is stored as H2CO3 (carbonic acid), this form of carbon lowers the ph of the ocean | 80 | |
| 8438305637 | H2CO3 | carbonic acid | 81 | |
| 8438313330 | making cookies | what would i rather be doing right now? | 82 | |
| 8438320585 | effects of ocean acidification | water is more acidic so their isn't enough carbonate ( H2CO3 becomes bicarbonate and hydrogen) so corals turn white | 83 | |
| 8438345965 | melting permafrost | temps go up so ground thaws, consequences: buildings have to be rebuilt w/ different foundations, railroad tracks have to be replaced, people have to take time and fix those things | 84 | |
| 8438710098 | ways to reduce greenhouse gas | use less energy/electricity buy less things/use less things switch to energy sources w/no emissions stop habitat loss sustainable forestry/agriculture slow population growth limit fertilizer use/plowing lands | 85 | |
| 8438748938 | carbon sequestration by plants | plants remove CO2 and hold it as sugar, unfortunately it is only temporary as plants die as the CO2 is released | 86 | |
| 8438798930 | afforestation | ensures more plants are around to hold more carbon (opposite of deforestation) | 87 | |
| 8438810521 | carbon sequestration tech | pumping CO2 to capture from lithosphere, stored in salt caverns/saltwater aquifers, unminable coal beds, depleted oil/gas reservoirs -expensive -still a bit mysterious -not sure how long-term it is | 88 | |
| 8438848875 | PM pollution/impact of greenhouse effect | creates more cloud cover which reflects some of the sun's light so less radiation but also more health effects | 89 | |
| 8438904034 | regulation of carbon emissions | put limits on production of pollutants | 90 | |
| 8439059657 | carbon tax | tax people based on the amount of carbon they make | 91 | |
| 8450161533 | tax incentives/rebates | get money back for installing no emission tech | 92 | |
| 8450183418 | subsidies | increase financial aid for non-emitting industries | 93 | |
| 8450254959 | cap and trade | each company gets a certain amount of "credits" and if they don't use all the credits they can sell them to other polluting industries who produced too much pollution and need to buy credits from others or pay a fine. | 94 | |
| 8450323575 | clean air act | -amended many times since 1960's -EPA sets a standard -EPA makes sure people don't overpollute -greenhouse gasses are not monitored | 95 | |
| 8450387814 | kyoto protocol/treaty | japan, 1997 developed nations agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to below a certain percent by 2012 developing countries did not have to set a goal 191 nations accepted the treaty, US did not, Canada withdrew, Yay Germany and Denmark | 96 | |
| 8450453717 | Coopenhagen conference | 2009 attempt to create a new kyoto treaty since the original was going to expire, nothing was created-total chaos developing nations said developed nations created the problem so they should fix it, developed nations said developing need to help island/coastal argue that it needs to get fixed bc it affects them strongly | 97 | |
| 8450540008 | Paris climate summit/deal | 2015 195 nations committed to address global climate change, limit global temp rise to 2'C above pre-industrial levels by 2100, coming into effect sooner than anticipated, 100 billion for developing countries | 98 | |
| 8450690489 | biggest CO2 producers | total: China per capita: USA | 99 | |
| 8450755286 | reasons for inaction - climate change | everyone says it is someone else's fault, people are concerned about money, development, some don't agree climate change is a thing | 100 | |
| 8450788002 | volcanoes affect climate cooling | increase PM pollution which increases cloud cover and reflects more light away from the earth so it doesn't heat up as much | 101 | |
| 8450836653 | impacts on sea level | rise due to melting ice area from on land, ice shelves | 102 | |
| 8450847343 | impacts on ocean currents | melting ice can change salinity of water and the flow of currents | 103 | |
| 8450851990 | impact on species diversity | temp changes could be too quick for evolution to occur | 104 | |
| 8450854760 | impacts on precip patterns | increased temp can lead to increased evaporation which can lead to increased precip, some places get less precip | 105 | |
| 8450858159 | impacts on food production | incr. temps = soil water loss (desertification) incr. precip = more soil erosion incr. sea levels = salinization of coastal areas | 106 | |
| 8450866021 | impacts on human health | increased temps can increase mosquitoes and disease vectors so diseases spread more easily | 107 | |
| 8450876322 | impacts on artic gas release | thawing permafrost leads to release of greenhouse gasses, carbon based materials decompose, makes CO2 and CH4 | 108 | |
| 8450895167 | amount of CO2 per gallon of gas | 20 gallons | 109 |
