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| 13821450457 | Earth Science | -Earth made of core (solid inner, molten outer, iron), mantle (mostly solid rock, asthenosphere flowing), lithosphere (contains crust) - Lithosphere broken into tectonic plates, largest is Pacific Plate | 0 | |
| 13821462177 | Plate Boundaries | - where 2 plates touch - Convergent boundary- pushed toward each other - Divergent boundary- moving away from each other - Transform fault boundary- slide from side to side | 1 | |
| 13821472053 | Volcanoes | -Volcano- mountains formed by magma from Earth's interior - Active volcanoes- currently erupting or have erupted in recorded history - Dormant volcanoes- never known to erupt - Extinct volcanoes- never erupt again - Rift volcanoes- plates move away from each other - Subduction volcanoes- plates collide and slide over each other - Hot spot volcanoes- found at areas where magma rises to surface, Hawaiian islands | 2 | |
| 13821482040 | Earthquakes | -From vibrations of plate movements deep in Earth - Focus- location where earthquake begins inside Earth - Epicenter- spot on surface of earth directly above focus - Seismograph- measures size or magnitude | 3 | |
| 13821487028 | Rock Cycle | - Sedimentary- sediments build up and compress, limestone - Metamorphic- pressure and heat applied to rock inside Earth's mantle, slate - Igneous- rock melts and resolidifies, magma comes to surface, emerges as lava, cools to make rock, basalt | 4 | |
| 13821499370 | Atmosphere | Layer of gases covering Earth = troposphere (weather, clouds), tropopause (temp increases), stratosphere (greenhouse effect from ozone), mesosphere (meteors burn up), thermosphere (aka ionosphere, absorbs solar wind from Sun) | 5 | |
| 13821511562 | Climate | -Weather- day to day temperature, pressure, sunlight, wind speed, humidity - Climate- constant patterns of an area - Tilt on Earth's axis causes seasons - Convection currents- vertical currents that rise from warm gases expanding and becoming less dense - Dew point- temperature water vapor condenses into liquid - Precipitation- fallen condensation (frozen or liquid) | 6 | |
| 13821523452 | Weather | - Monsoon- hot air rises from hot land, creates low-pressure system, rising air cools and moisture falls, MASSIVE RAINFALL - Rain shadow effect- air from body of water moves inland and runs into mountain, rises and on other side, no moisture left - Hurricane- intense tropical storms (typhoon or cyclone in Pacific Ocean) | 7 | |
| 13821527905 | Water | - Watershed- where water from a particular stream collects and drains into - Delta- where rivers meet ocean, made of deposited sediments - Estuary- freshwater and saltwater mix, rich with species - Wetlands- marshes, swamps, bogs, prairie potholes, flood plains, ecologically diverse - Groundwater- water below ground, can be from wells or aquifers (layers of Earth or gravel with water) | 8 | |
| 13821537617 | Freshwater Layers | - Littoral- shallow water at shoreline - Limnetic- open water, sunlight can penetrate - Profundal- no sunlight (aphotic) - Benthic zone- low temp and low oxygen | 9 | |
| 13821545358 | Ozone Layers | - Coastal zone- between shore and end of continental shelf - Euphotic zone- upper layers of water - Bathyal- no photosynthesis, middle region - Abyssal zone- deep ocean, very cold, little dissolved oxygen, high nutrients | 10 | |
| 13821551300 | Soil | 11 | ||
| 13821559073 | Horizons | - O horizon- surface and plant litter, lots organic matter, fungi, freshly fallen - A horizon- topsoil, lots of organic matter, mineral material, humus, partially decomposed - E horizon- zone of leaching, contains less organic material and little inorganic coloring material - B horizon- subsoil, iron, aluminum, clay , humus, zone of accumulation - (K horizon- calcium carbonate fills pore spaces) - C horizon- regolith, partially broken down inorganic materials, parent material - R horizon- bedrock, unaltered parent material | 12 | |
| 13821576043 | vocabulary | - Humus- sticky, brown, insoluble residue from partially decomposed organisms - Topsoil- A horizon, mineral particles mixed with organic material, under surface litter - Subsoil- B horizon, accumulated clays and nutrients, sometimes develops hardpan layer - Sheet erosion- thin layer taken off land surface - Rill erosion- little rivulets of running water cut small channels in soil - Gully erosion- bigger channels of water that erode - Waterlogging- soil saturated with water, kills plants from lack of oxygen - Salinization- mineral salts accumulate in soil, saline irrigation - Soil Fertility- capacity to supply nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) for plant growth - Soil Porosity/Infiltration- pore spaces filled with water= saturated, otherwise it is unsaturated - Infiltration- water through soil - Soil porosity- space between pores | 13 | |
| 13821585282 | Soil Properties | - Plasticity- high > soil likely to have excessively expand and contract on wetting and drying - Strength- ability of a soil to resist deformation - Cohesion- measure of the ability of soil particles to stick together - Friction- high in sand, strength of forcing particles together - Sensitivity- changes in soil strength resulting form disturbances such as vibrations or excavations - Compressibility- tendency to consolidate, decrease in volume, coarse > low comp. - Erodibility- ease with which soil materials are removed by wind or water - Permeability- ease with which water moves through a material - Corrosion- slow weathering or chemical decomposition that proceeds from surface into ground - Ease of excavation- procedures required to remove soil during construction - Shrink-swell potential- tendency of soil to gain or lose water | 14 | |
| 13821615824 | Soil Conservation Techniques | contour and strip plowing, terracing, planting perennial species, plant ground cover and use mulch, reduced tillage systems, vegetarian or locavore, join community-supported agriculture program, add legumes (nitrogen) to the soil | 15 | |
| 13821626715 | Ecosystem/Biomes | 16 | ||
| 13821630228 | Deserts | Less than 25 cm rain per year, sandy soil Lots of cacti b/c water-adapted 30 degrees north and south of equator | 17 | |
| 13821635375 | Chaparral | 50-75 cm rain, shallow infertile soil Small trees w/ big leaves, shrubs Western North America, Mediterranean | 18 | |
| 13821649340 | Tundra | Less than 25 cm rain, permafrost for soil Small herbaceous plants Northern parts of North America, Europe, and Russia | 19 | |
| 13821649341 | Grasslands | 10-60 cm rain, rich soil Many types of grasses N. America prairies, S. African velds, Russian steppes, Argentinean pampas | 20 | |
| 13821657099 | Deciduous Forest | 75-250 cm, high rainfall, rich soil Hardwood trees N. America, E. Asia, Europe, Australia | 21 | |
| 13821670364 | Tropical Rainforest | 200-400 cm, high rainfall, poor soil Tall trees, vines S. America, W. Africa, Southeast Asia | 22 | |
| 13821685624 | Taiga (Carboniferous Forest) | 20-60 cm rainfall, acidic soil Coniferous trees Northern parts of N. America and Eurasia | 23 | |
| 13821688687 | Energy Flow | 24 | ||
| 13821704567 | Producers | Convert sun energy or chemical energy into carbohydrates, photosynthesis or chemosynthesis | 25 | |
| 13821712426 | Consumers | - Primary consumer- herbivores, only eat producers - Secondary consumer- eat primary consumer - Tertiary consumer- eat secondary consumer - Detritivore- eat dead animals or fallen leaves - Decomposer- bacteria and fungi, break plant material, waste, and dead bodies into inorganic forms | 26 | |
| 13821719157 | Food Chain | contains trophic levels of producers and consumers and decomposers, 10% energy passes on | 27 | |
| 13821726702 | Food Web | multiple food chains in one, more realistic depiction | 28 | |
| 13821730979 | Ecosystem Diversity | 29 | ||
| 13821730980 | Biodiversity | -number and variety of organisms in ecosystem, also variability between species - Gives species greater chance of survival - Aesthetic appeal - Human health and pharmaceuticals - More types of agriculture | 30 | |
| 13821743805 | Natural ecosystem changes | - Keystone species- very important, extinction would lead to extinction of many other species - Indicator species- used to measure health of ecosystem, sensitive - Indigenous species- occur naturally in an area - Invasive species- alien, exotic, introduced species | 31 | |
| 13821749022 | Succession | - Primary succession- lichens grow in lifeless area - Secondary succession- grasses, existing community has been cleared with soil leftover - Pioneer species- species in first stages of primary or secondary succession - Climax community- final stage of succession | 32 | |
| 13821756493 | Population | 33 | ||
| 13821766429 | Carrying Capacity | (K) is max population size that can be supported with resources available in particular region | 34 | |
| 13821769263 | Cultural & Economic | Countries with lower birth rates (and TFR- total fertility rate) generally have higher standard of living and higher gross domestic product per capita | 35 | |
| 13821787624 | Human Population Issues | 36 | ||
| 13821787640 | Population Growth | Factors affecting this: - Birth control - Women's education - Retirement systems - Age of marriage / first baby - Religious beliefs, culture, traditions | 37 | |
| 13821798567 | Hunger | - Malnutrition- poorly balanced diet, poor nutrition - Undernourished- not enough quantity or quality of food - Hunger- insufficient calories | 38 | |
| 13821821127 | Agriculture | 39 | ||
| 13821825410 | Desertification | -conversion of productive land to desert Causes: overgrazing, deforestation, adverse soil erosion, poor drainage of irrigated land, overuse of water supplies Symptoms: declining groundwater table, salinization of soil and near-surface water, reduction in surface water of streams, ponds, and lakes, unnaturally high rates of soil erosion, damage to native vegetation - Traditional subsistence agriculture- just enough food for person's family - Slash and burn- vegetation cut and burned down before being planted - higher use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides now - Salinization- repeated irrigation forces soil salts to the top - GMO's can add nutrients and vitamins to plants, increase crop yield, cause deformities if bred with native species - Monoculture- planting one crop - Plantation farming- uses monoculture cash crops | 40 | |
| 13821839257 | Forestry | - Deforestation- removing trees for agri. or selling as lumber - Old growth forest- never cut, growing for hundreds of years - Second growth forests- cutting has occurred, new forest grew naturally - Clear-cutting- removing all trees - Selective cutting- removing some trees - Agroforestry- trees and crops planted together Fires are necessary for the health of forests (surface fires, not crown or ground fires) | 41 | |
| 13821862427 | Rangelands | - Overgrazing- animals eat grass faster than it grows ^ Tragedy of the Commons ^ Solution: rotate animals on different fields or control herd numbers Animal waste is source of water pollution Grazing animals eat 70% of grain in US | 42 | |
| 13821870154 | Other land Use | - Conservation- management of resource so it can regenerate - Preservation- maintaining species or ecosystem so it can regenerate, no concern for money - Natural resources- ecosystems referred as this - Ecosystem capital- economic value of natural resource - Renewable resource- regenerated fast - Nonrenewable resource- not regenerated during human existence | 43 | |
| 13821877507 | Mining | Excavating earth to extract ore or minerals - Metallic minerals- metals can be extracted through smelting - Nonmetallic minerals- used in natural state - Mineral deposit- area where mineral is concentrated - Gangue- waste material - Tailings- piles of gangues - Strip mining- stripping surface layer of soil and rock to get minerals Zinc has highest production (9.6 million metric tons) | 44 | |
| 13821877508 | Fishing | - Capture fisheries- catch fish in wild - By-catch- untargeted fish caught - Driftnets- nets dragged through water that catch everything - Long lining- lines with baited hooks that take lots of marine organisms - Bottom trawling- ocean floor scraped with destructive nets Tragedy of the Commons (again) 47-50% fish stocks fully exploited | 45 | |
| 13821886901 | Global Economics | - Cost-benefit analysis- weighing benefits to economy against hazards to environment - Marginal costs- additional costs - Marginal benefits- added benefits - Externalities- unwanted or unanticipated consequences of using a resource | 46 | |
| 13821903221 | Types of Pollution | Carbon monoxide, lead, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulates Industrial smog = gray smog Photochemical smog caused by NOx, VOCs and ozone Depletes ozone because of CFCs that release chlorine monoxide | 47 | |
| 13821909734 | Water Pollution | Cuyahoga River caught fire in 1969 because of pollution - Dead zone- oxygen poor water - Eutrophication- warm, nutrient-rich freshwater mixes with cold saltwater and makes plankton populations explode - Hypoxic zone- noting that depends on oxygen can grow here - Wastewater- any water used by humans | 48 | |
| 13821916704 | Thermal Pollution | Urban areas known as heat islands Increased photochemical smog Adding trees can lower temperature | 49 | |
| 13821919751 | Noise Pollution | Any noise that causes stress or can potentially damage human health | 50 | |
| 13821928480 | Impacts of Pollution | Photochemical smog Climate change Risks to human health Decreased aesthetic appeal of environment Harmful to biodiversity Ozone depletion Acid rain | 51 | |
| 13821934427 | Economic Impacts | United States legislature such as Superfund Act, cleans up hazardous waste sites Pollutants that are human hazard have to be cleaned up, costs money Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle? Not cheap enough yet to be economically viable | 52 | |
| 13821937262 | Energy Concepts | 53 | ||
| 13821943812 | Laws of Thermodynamics | 1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed 2. Entropy increases because energy lost as heat in energy transformations - Energy- capacity to do work - Potential energy- energy at rest - Kinetic energy- energy in motion - Radiant energy- sunlight - Convection- transfer of heat by movement of heated matter - Conduction- transfer of energy through matter | 54 | |
| 13821951512 | Energy Consumption | Fossil fuels provide 64% world's electricity Nuclear energy provides 17% of world's electricity Renewable energy sources provide 19% | 55 | |
| 13821961758 | Fossil Fuels | 56 | ||
| 13821961759 | Coal | Purest- anthracite, then bituminous, then subbituminous, worst is lignite Scrubbers remove sulfur dioxide Fly ash and boiler residue are waste products | 57 | |
| 13821997439 | Oil | Crude oil is what is pumped out Most environmental damage is from transporting thousands of miles | 58 | |
| 13822002637 | Natural Gas | Mostly methane, but also pentane, butane, etc Comes from wetlands and livestock Transported in gas tanks as Liquefied Natural Gas, compressed | 59 | |
| 13822011287 | Nuclear Energy | Nonrenewable, non-fossil fuel Use uranium-238 with a 3% uranium-235 Isotopes are split with fission Two types of reactors- Boiling Water and Pressurized Water | 60 | |
| 13822017456 | hydroelectric power | Moving water turns a turbine which generates elect. Production releases no pollutants %uF04A Does produce thermal pollution and dams rivers, which destroys habitats and changes river flow speed Bad: huge buildup of sediment behind dam Fish can't spawn unless they have fish ladders to go upriver | 61 | |
| 13822021890 | Energy Consumption | Biofuel- fuel made of something other than fossil fuels, such as cooking oil Important to find alternative fuel sources CAFE, Corporate Average Fuel Economy, set standards for mile per gallon for cars Hybrid vehicles run on electricity and gasoline only for starting and stopping car | 62 | |
| 13822028004 | Renewable Energy | Hydroelectric, solar, wind, geothermal, ocean tides, hydrogen cells | 63 | |
| 13822034461 | Solar | - Passive solar energy collection- collect sunlight with windows and building placement - Active collection- solar panels - Photovoltaic cells- collect solar energy, produce electricity to store in batteries | 64 | |
| 13822037605 | Wind | - Turbine- wind turns blades, main part of wind turbine - Nacelle- gearbox and generator to control turbine - Wind farms- wind turbines put in groups | 65 | |
| 13822042188 | Geothermal | Energy from within Earth, take Earth's internal heat from heated water and steam | 66 | |
| 13822047951 | Global Change | 67 | ||
| 13822047952 | Stratosphere Ozone | Ozone in stratosphere protects us against ultraviolet radiation CFC's release chlorine which turns into chlorine monoxide that turns ozone into oxygen, thus depleting ozone layer Layer is thinnest over Antarctica Greatest in spring Chlorine is catalyst, can continuously break down ozone without itself being destroyed Montreal Protocol- end of CFC production | 68 | |
| 13822056318 | Global Warming | Greenhouse gases trap sun's energy in Earth's atmosphere and don't allow it to reradiate out into space like normal Loss of ozone layer exposes us to more ultraviolet radiation = cancer, weak immune system, cataracts Kills animals; can lead to their extinction | 69 | |
| 13822060658 | Loss pf Biodiversity | Increased UV rays kills phytoplankton and primary producers, which destroys the base of food chains This ruins marine and terrestrial ecosystems since there are less fish and crops because they lost their producers (their food source) It can potentially ruin entire food webs, especially as Earth heats up and ruins habitats Melting ice caps kill penguins and polar bears | 70 |
