Terms : Hide Images
| 5683219466 | ecosystem diversity | the measure of the variety of ecosystems within a region | 0 | |
| 5683219467 | species diversity | the measure of the variety of species within an ecosystem | 1 | |
| 5683219468 | genetic diversity | the measure of the variety of genes within a species | 2 | |
| 5683219469 | species richness | the number of species in a given area | 3 | |
| 5683219470 | species eveness | tells us whether a particular ecosystem is numerically dominated by one species or whether all of its species have similar abundances | 4 | |
| 5683219471 | phylogeny | the branching patterns of evolutionary relationships | 5 | |
| 5683219472 | evolution | a change in the genetic composition of a population over time | 6 | |
| 5683219473 | microevolution | the evolution below the species level, such as the evolution of different varieties of apples or potatoes | 7 | |
| 5683219474 | macroevolution | the process in which genetic changes give rise to a new species, genera, family, class, or phyla | 8 | |
| 5683219475 | genes | are physical locations on chromosomes within each cell of an organism; determines the range of possible traits that it can pass down to its offspring | 9 | |
| 5683219476 | genotype | the complete set of genes in an individual | 10 | |
| 5683219477 | mutation | an occasional mistake in the copying process of DNA produces a random change in the genetic code | 11 | |
| 5683219478 | recombination | occurs as chromosomes are duplicated during reproductive cell division and a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome | 12 | |
| 5683219479 | phenotype | the actual set of traits expressed in that individual | 13 | |
| 5683219480 | artificial selection | when humans determine which individuals breed, typically with a preconceived set of traits in mind | 14 | |
| 5683219481 | natural selection | the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce | 15 | |
| 5683219482 | fitness | an individual's ability to survive and reproduce | 16 | |
| 5683219483 | adaptations | traits that improve an individual's fitness | 17 | |
| 5683219484 | genetic drift | a change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating | 18 | |
| 5683219485 | bottleneck effect | a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size | 19 | |
| 5683219486 | founder effect | a change in a population descended from a small number of colonizing individuals | 20 | |
| 5683219487 | geographic isolation | when a subset of individuals from a larger population may colonize a new area of habitat that is physically separated from that of the rest of the population | 21 | |
| 5683219488 | reproductive isolation | when the geographically separated population becomes so different that even if the physical barrier were removed, they could no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring | 22 | |
| 5683219489 | allopatric speciation | a process of speciation that requires geographic isolation | 23 | |
| 5683219490 | sympatric speciation | the evolution of one species into two species in the absence of geographic isolation | 24 | |
| 5683219491 | genetic engineering | techniques in which scientists can now copy genes form a species with some desirable trait and insert these genes into other species | 25 | |
| 5683219492 | genetically modified organisms | organisms that have had their genetic makeup modified by genetic engineering | 26 | |
| 5683219493 | range of tolerance | limits to the abiotic conditions they can tolerate | 27 | |
| 5683219494 | fundamental niche | the suite of ideal conditions | 28 | |
| 5683219495 | realized niche | the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives | 29 | |
| 5683219496 | species distribution | the areas of the world in which the species lives | 30 | |
| 5683219497 | niche generalists | organisms that can live in a variety of habitats or feed on a variety of species | 31 | |
| 5683219498 | niche specialists | organisms that are specialized to lie in a specific habitat of feed on a small group of species | 32 | |
| 5683219499 | fossils | the remains of organisms that have been preserved in rock | 33 | |
| 5683219500 | mass extinction | events in which large number of species when extinct over relatively short periods of time | 34 | |
| 5683219501 | sixth mass extinction | scientists have predicted/identified a new mass extinction is underway and an estimated 2-25 percent of species will go extinct; it is caused by humans | 35 | |
| 5683219502 | population | composed of all individuals that belong to the same species and live in a given area at a particular time |  | 36 |
| 5683219503 | community | incorporates all of the populations of organisms within a given area; how species interact within; all biotic and abiotic components in a location |  | 37 |
| 5683219504 | population ecology | the study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease |  | 38 |
| 5683219505 | population size | the total number of individuals within a defined area at a given time; |  | 39 |
| 5683219506 | population density | the number of individuals per unit area (or volume for aquatic organisms) at a given time; help science estimate if species is rare/abundant- wild life managers for hunting |  | 40 |
| 5683219507 | population distriution | a description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another; random=trees in forrest; uniform distribution=evenly spread like terrestrial animal; clumped: schooling fish, groups protect them from predators | 41 | |
| 5683219508 | sex ratio | the ratio of males to females helps estimate # of offspring to produce in next generation | 42 | |
| 5683219509 | age structure | a description of how many individuals fit into particular age categories; predict how rapidly a pop can grow | 43 | |
| 5683219510 | density-dependent factors | influences an individual's probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that DEPENDS on the SIZE of the population |  | 44 |
| 5683219511 | density-independent factors | have the same effect on an individuals probability of survival and amount of reproduction at ANY POPULATION SIZE | | 45 |
| 5683219512 | limiting resource | a resource that a population cannot live without and which occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size |  | 46 |
| 5683219513 | carrying capacity; k | population growth slowed as population size increased because there was a limit to how many individuals the food supply could sustain |  | 47 |
| 5683219514 | population growth rate | the number of offspring an individual can produce in a given time period, minus the deaths of the individual or offspring during the same period | 48 | |
| 5683219515 | intrinsic growth rate; r | under IDEAL conditions, with unlimited resources available, every population has a particular maximum potential for growth | 49 | |
| 5683219516 | exponential growth model | under ideal conditions, the future size of the population depends on the current size of the population, the intrinsic rate of the population, and the amount of time over which the population grows; j-shaped curve; it is density independent |  | 50 |
| 5683219517 | logistic growth model | describes a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment; incorporate environmental limits (like limited resources); accounts for density dependent factors (but not independent, unpredictable, ones); s-shaped curve |  | 51 |
| 5683219518 | overshoot | when the population becomes larger than the spring carrying capacity |  | 52 |
| 5683219519 | die-off | population crash usually experienced after the overshoot of the carrying capacity; rapid decline in population due to death | 53 | |
| 5683219520 | k-selected species | species that have a LOW intrinsic growth rate, which causes their populations to increase slowly until they reach the carrying capacity (k) of the environment; population fluctuation = small (reproductive strategy); typically large and reach reproductive maturity relatively late, produce few large offspring, provide substantial parental care, slow pop growth rate (Ex. large mammals like elephants, birds) |  | 54 |
| 5683219521 | r-selected species | species that have a HIGH intrinsic growth rate because they reproduce often and produce large numbers of offspring; leads to pop overshoots and dies outs; reproduce often, large number of offspring, rapid population growth, little or no parental care, are re productively mature young. Mostly small organisms: small fish, rats, many insects-cockroaches, weedy-plant species-dandelions.(reproductive strategy) | | 55 |
| 5683219522 | survivorship curves | a graph that represents the distinct patterns of species survival as a function of age, over time. (3 types) | 56 | |
| 5683219523 | Type 1 survivorship curves | Pattern of survival over time: high survival during most life, but at old age individual die in large numbers: Ex. k-selected elephants, whales and humans. | 57 | |
| 5683219524 | Type 2 survivorship curves | Constant decline in survivorship throughout life. Ex. corals and squirrels | 58 | |
| 5683219525 | Type 3 survivorship curves | Low survivorship early in life, few reach adulthood. Ex. r-selected species like mosquitos and dandelions | 59 | |
| 5683219526 | corridors | strips of habitat that connect separated populations that the animal travels across |  | 60 |
| 5683219527 | metapopulations | a group of spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals between them; Ex. distinct cougar populations form in different mountain ranges separated by deserts |  | 61 |
| 5683219529 | community ecology | the study of species interactions, which determine the survival of a species in a habitat |  | 62 |
| 5683219530 | competition | the struggle of individuals to obtain a shared-limiting resource; Gause experiments saw only one organism thrive when two put together | 63 | |
| 5683219531 | competitive exclusion principle | states that two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist; when they have same realized niche one will preform better and try the other to extinction |  | 64 |
| 5683219532 | resource partitioning | where two species divide a resource based on differences in the species' behavior or morphology |  | 65 |
| 5683219533 | predation | interactions in which one animal kills and consumes another animal, refers to the use of one species as a resource by another species; predator control of prey population; |  | 66 |
| 5683219534 | predator | an animal that kills and consumes another animal | 67 | |
| 5683219535 | herbivore | animal that consumes plants as prey |  | 68 |
| 5683219536 | herbivory | an interaction in which an animal consumes a producer; typically each only a portion of a producer without killing; |  | 69 |
| 5683219537 | parasites | organisms that live on or in the organisms they consume; a single parasite rarely cause the death of the host; | 70 | |
| 5683219538 | parasitoids | type of predator that lay eggs inside other organisms - referred to as its "host"; when eggs hatch the larvae consume the host; the host dies eventually |  | 71 |
| 5683219539 | parasitism | interaction in which one organism lives on or in another organism- referred to as a "host" | 72 | |
| 5683219540 | mutualism | when two interacting species benefit by increasing both species' chances of survival or reproduction; win-win | 73 | |
| 5683219541 | pathogen | parasite that cause disease in their host, like a virus, protis, bacteria, fungi (Ex. cancer) | 74 | |
| 5683219542 | commensalism | a type of relationship in which one species benefits but the other is neither harmed nor helped; Ex. birds living in a nest in a tree | 75 | |
| 5683219543 | symbiotic relationship | the relationship of two species that live in close association with each other | 76 | |
| 5683219544 | keystone species | a species that play a more important role in its community than its relative abundance might suggest; provide important service. |  | 77 |
| 5683219545 | predator-mediated competition | competition in which a predator is instrumental in reducing the abundance of a superior competitor, allowing inferior competitors to persist | 78 | |
| 5683219546 | ecosystem engineers | keystone species that create or maintain habitat for other species |  | 79 |
| 5683219547 | ecological succession | the predictable replacement of one group of species by another group of species over time |  | 80 |
| 5683219548 | primary succession | a type of ecological succession that occurs on surfaces that are initially devoid of soil |  | 81 |
| 5683219549 | secondary succession | a type of ecological succession that occurs in areas that have been disturbed but have not lost their soil, following forest-fire or hurricane |  | 82 |
| 5683219550 | pioneer species | organisms that have the ability to colonize new areas rapidly and grow well in full sunshine |  | 83 |
| 5683219551 | theory of island biogeography | demonstrates the dual importance of habitat SIZE and DISTANCE from the mainland in determining species richness on an island community. | 84 | |
| 5683219552 | j-shaped curve | the shape of the exponential growth model when graphed; | | 85 |
| 5683219553 | s-shaped curve | the shape of the logistic growth model when graphed | 86 |
