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| 7746474167 | demography | study of human populations and population trends; they look at input (birth and immigration) and output (death and emigration) |  | 0 |
| 7746474168 | demographer | a scientist in the field of demography |  | 1 |
| 7746474169 | immigration | the movement of people into a country or region, from another country or region |  | 2 |
| 7746474170 | emigration | the movement of people out of a country or region. |  | 3 |
| 7746474171 | crude birth rate (CBR) | number of births per 1,000 individuals per year |  | 4 |
| 7746474172 | crude death rate (CDR) | number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year |  | 5 |
| 7746474173 | total fertility rate (TFR) | an estimate of average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years between the onset of puberty and menopause |  | 6 |
| 7746474174 | doubling time | number of years it takes for a population to double; rule of 70 |  | 7 |
| 7746474175 | Replacement level fertility | The total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size |  | 8 |
| 7746474176 | Developed countries | countries with relatively high levels of industrialization and income |  | 9 |
| 7746474177 | Developing countries | Relatively low levels of industrialization and incomes of less than three dollars per person per day |  | 10 |
| 7746474178 | Life expectancy | The average number of years in infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live given the current average life span and death rate in the country; women is higher; effected by these factors: availability of health care, access to good nutrition and exposure to pollutants |  | 11 |
| 7746474179 | Infant mortality rate | Number of deaths of children under one year of age per thousand live births |  | 12 |
| 7746474180 | Child mortality rate | Number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1000 live births |  | 13 |
| 7746474181 | Age structure diagram | Visual representation of the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country; usually given for males and females |  | 14 |
| 7746474182 | Population Pyramid | Age structure diagram that is widest at the bottom, smallest at the top, typical of developing countries |  | 15 |
| 7746474183 | Population momentum | Continued population growth after growth reduction measures have been implemented; that does not slow in response to growth reduction measures |  | 16 |
| 7746474184 | Net migration rate | The difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1000 people in a country |  | 17 |
| 7746474185 | Theory of demographic transition | A country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth: Phase 1=slow pop growth; Phase 2: Rapid pop growth; Phase 3= pop growth stable; Phase 4: declining pop growth |  | 18 |
| 7746474186 | Phase 1 demographic transition | slow population growth; high birthrates and high death rates offset each other. Shorter adult life-expectancy due to difficult working conditions, poor sanitation and health care. However they tend to have more children to help with work. Diseases like AIDS deaths have pushed some countries back (Lesotho) to this phase. | 19 | |
| 7746474187 | Phase 2: demographic transition | rapid pop growth; death rates decline while birthrates remain high. As the country modernizes with better sanitation, clean drinking water, increased access to food and goods- deaths decline; but couples continue to have kids because they are used to so many dying. | 20 | |
| 7746474188 | Phase 3: demographic transition | pop growth stable; as economy and educational system improves, and as family income increase people have fewer children. Birthrate fall (US, Canada) because having many may be more of a financial burden now, rather than benefit. Affluence, availability of birth control, more time pursuing education influence mean people to have fewer children. Population growth levels off because birth rates and death rates cancel each other out. | 21 | |
| 7746474189 | Phase 4: demographic transition | we see a declining pop growth when there is a high level of affluence and economic development (Japan, Germany, UK, Russia, Italy); fewer young people and higher proportion of elderly. This ratio can have social effects, with fewer people working and more dependent elderly; there is a shortage of healthcare workers, increased burden on taxes for workers; governments may encourage immigration or encourage families (with incentives in Japan) to have more | 22 | |
| 7746474190 | Family planning | Regulation of the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control |  | 23 |
| 7746474191 | Affluence | Money, goods, or property= wealth |  | 24 |
| 7746474192 | IPAT equation | An equation used to estimate the impact of the human lifestyle on the environment; Impact= population x affluence x technology; factors that influence environmental impact |  | 25 |
| 7746474193 | Urban area | One that contains more than 386 people per square kilometer (1,000 people per square mile); population is growing; they have much more environmental impact than rural areas. |  | 26 |
| 7746474194 | Gross domestic product (GDP) | Value of all products and services produced in a year in that country; made up of 4 economic activities: consumer spending, investments, government spending, exports minus imports |  | 27 |
