Terms : Hide Images
| 9840969237 | intraspecific | organisms of the same species (intra=within) | 0 | |
| 9840971719 | interspecific | populations of different species (inter=between) | 1 | |
| 9840978940 | groups of organisms, least specific to most specific | biosphere -> ecosystems -> communities -> populations -> species -> organisms | 2 | |
| 9840985701 | ways members of a population can be dispersed in an area (3) | - clumped - random - uniform | 3 | |
| 9840988645 | clumped spacing | - some parts dense, some not - found in areas w/ patchy resources - most common found in nature because animals need certain resources to survive and when they become sparse during certain parts of the year, animals clump around those resources e.g elephants clumping around water holes in dry season - or because of family groups ex. wildebeests - or animals that are often prey clump for safety eg. ducks - or because young offspring are immobile and dependent on parents eg. chimpanzees - threatened or endangered species are more likely to be clumped |  | 4 |
| 9841018100 | random spacing | - occurs in areas where environmental conditions and resources are consistent - lack of any strong social interactions between species eg. dandelion seeds dispersed by wind |  | 5 |
| 9841061092 | uniform spacing | - found in populations in which distance b/w neighboring individuals is maximized; - usually b/c of competition for a resource like moisture, nutrients - or because of social interactions like territoriality eg penguins aggressively defend their territory so the pop is uniformly spaced | 6 | |
| 9841078749 | allelopathy | eg. creosote bushes release chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants around them causes uniform spacing | 7 | |
| 9841104102 | ecological niche | particular area within a habitat occupied by an organism, includes the function of than organism within an ecological community; also takes into account and types and amts of resources a species uses, and its interactions with biotic and abiotic factors in its habitat | 8 | |
| 9841120347 | generalists | - live in broad niches - can withstand wide range of environmental conditions - cockroaches, mice, humans |  | 9 |
| 9841123402 | specialists | - narrow niches - sensitive to environmental changes - t/f more prone to extinction - giant panda (only eats a certain type of bamboo) |  | 10 |
| 9841134327 | specialists vs generalists: who would win | - when environmental conditions are stable, specialists have an advantage because there are few competitors (because each species occupies its own unique niche (competitive exclusion principle)) - when habitats are subject to rapid changes, generalists are more adaptable so usually do better | 11 | |
| 9841139008 | Law of Tolerance | - the existence, abundance, and distribution of species depends on the tolerance level of each species to physical and chemical factors | 12 | |
| 9841163126 | limiting factor | - any abiotic factor that limits growth of a pop; ex. level of soil in nutrients, amount of water, light, temp (on land); in sea, pH, amt of dissolved oxygen in water, salinity | 13 | |
| 9841170462 | temporal partitioning | two species eliminating direct competition by utilizing the same resource at different times; ex. one species of mouse feeds on insect during the day, a different species of mouse feeds during night |  | 14 |
| 9841180169 | spatial partitioning | - when competing species use the same resource by occupying different areas or habitats within the range of occurrence of the resource ex. difference species of fish feeding at different levels of a lake ex. different species of monkey feeding at different heights in a tree |  | 15 |
| 9841193820 | morphological partitioning | - two species share the same resource but have evolved slightly different structures to utilize it eg. two different species of bees have evolved different proboscis to utilize various sized flowers of the same species |  | 16 |
| 9841203986 | types of resource partitioning (3) | - temporal partitioning - spatial partitioning - morphological partitioning | 17 | |
| 9841214528 | amensalism | :( & :| - one suffers and the other is not affected - ex. one organism releases a chemical compound that is detrimental to another organism (allelopathy) | 18 | |
| 9841222011 | commensalism | :D & :| - one benefits and the other is not affected eg. one uses the other for transportation (remora on a shark) eg. one uses the other for housing (birds living in the holes of trees) eg. one using something that the other created (hermit crabs using the shells of marine snails for protection) | 19 | |
| 9841235766 | competition | :D & :( - intraspecific (b/w members of the same species) or interspecific (b/w members of different species) - driving force of evolution types of competition: - interference - exploitation - apparent | 20 | |
| 9841255511 | competition - interference | occurs directly between individuals by interfering with foraging, survival, or reproduction by preventing a species from establishing itself within a habitat | 21 | |
| 9841259584 | competition - exploitation | occurs indirectly through a commmon limiting resource that acts as an intermediate - by using the resource it depletes the amt available for others | 22 | |
| 9841262132 | competition - apparent | occurs indirectly between two species, which are both sough after by the same predator | 23 | |
| 9841264031 | mutualism | :D & :D symbiosis! | 24 | |
| 9841270921 | parasitism | :D & :( - if the parasite lives on host it is an ectoparaiste (mosquito, leech) - if it lives in the host it is an endoparasite (tapeworm) - if it feeds on other parasites it is an apiparasite - if it must keep its host alive it is an biotrophic parasite (viruses) - if it must eventually kill its host it is a necrotroph - if it involves behaviors that benefit the parasite and harm the host it is a social parasite (cuckoo birds use other birds to raise their young) - hosts have evolved defenses (immune systems, plant toxins) to diminish parasitism | 25 | |
| 9841297919 | predation | :D & :( - can be opportunistic and eat anything or can be specialists and only eat certain organisms - carnivores and omnivores | 26 | |
| 9841318120 | saprotrophism | :D & X( - saprotrophs obtain nutrients from dead or decaying plants, animals through absorption of organic compounds - fungi, bacteria, protozoa, vultures, dung beetles | 27 | |
| 9841339802 | keystone species | - a species whose very presence contributes to diversity of life; if they were removed other species would go extinct; doesn't have to be a huge part of the ecosystem to have a huge effect - ex. a small predator that prevents a particular herbivorous species from decimating a dominant plant species; since prey numbers are low, the keystone predator numbesr could be even lower and still be effective - EXAMPLES (important) - starfish/ sea stars: prey on sea urchins, mussels, shellfish that have no natural predators, if they were removed the other pops would explore and drive out other species, decimate coral reefs - yellowstone wolf (?) - sea otters in kelp forests: prey on sea urchins; kelp forests serve as anchors; the sea urchins would otherwise destroy kelp forests | 28 | |
| 9841372743 | edge effect | - how the local environment changes along a boundary or edge - when trees are cut sunlight reaches the ground and changes the environment, makes it warmer and drier, less suitable for plants | 29 | |
| 9841430232 | edge species | - survive well in a forest edge since they can find food in the clearing, are able to benefit from the two habitats being close, can hide in trees, or are adapted to humans interfering - deer, elk, white tailed deer, pheasants | 30 | |
| 9841443411 | the opposite of edge species | - don't do well in edges - owls - organisms cannot adapt to the change | 31 | |
| 9841450506 | open community | - if the edge effect is gradual or has indistinct boundaries over which many species cross | 32 | |
| 9841452983 | closed community | - if the edge effect sharply divides a community from its neighbors | 33 | |
| 9841456223 | what determines a biome | - temp and precipitation | 34 | |
| 9841462464 | biomes are classified by | dominant type of plant and animal life (which is determined by climate) | 35 | |
| 9841465343 | species diversity within a biome is directly related to | net productivity, availability of moisture, temp | 36 | |
| 9841478814 | aquatic biomes: | - water is buoyant so species don't have to have support structures like legs - water has a high thermal capacity so species don't have to spend much energy on temp regulation - organisms can get nutrients directly from water - ex filter feeders that consume detritus; barnacles, clams, oysters - water lets eggs disperse - water screens out UV radiation | 37 | |
| 9841491154 | major biomes of the world |  | 38 | |
| 9841497010 | antarctic seas are (not productive, productive) | productive because phytoplankton grow during long ass summer and feeds lots of krill that seas and whales and penguins eat | 39 | |
| 9841513240 | ocean temperatures affect | wind patterns, cloud cover, surface temp | 40 | |
| 9841515529 | oceans supply oxygen through | photosynthetic bacteria, marine algae | 41 | |
| 9841517153 | abyssal zone | - deep ocean, cold, lots of oxygen, few nutrients - contains mid ocean ridges which have hydrothermal vents which have chemosynthetic bacteria |  | 42 |
| 9841522368 | benthic zone | - between abyssal and pelagic zone - temp dec with depth since light cannot penetrate further down - nutrient rich - seaweed, bacteria, fungi, sponges, anenomes, worms, sea stars, fishes |  | 43 |
| 9841532231 | coral reefs | - warm shallow waters - barriers along continents (ex. Great Barrier Reef off Australia), fringing islands, or atolls - coral = algae (zooanthellae) and tissues of animal polyp - coral gets nutrients through the algae photosynthesizing and using tentacles to get plankton from water - microogranisms, invertebrates, fshes, sea urchins, octopuses, sea stars |  | 44 |
| 9841543101 | intertidal zone | - where ocean meets land |  | 45 |
| 9841546081 | pelagic zone | - open ocean - thermal stratification |  | 46 |
| 9841555273 | littoral zone | (lake) - shallow, warm, close to shore - diverse community |  | 47 |
| 9841557164 | limnetic zone | (lake) - well lighted - phyto and zoo plankton - freshwater fish | | 48 |
| 9841560914 | profundal zone | (lake) - cold, not lighted a lot | | 49 |
| 9841564871 | rivers and streams | - at beginning (source): clear water, high oxygen lvls, freshwater fish like trout - middle: width inc, diversity inc - end (mouth): murky water from sediments which dec light that can penetrate --> less diverse in flora; less oxygen --> fish that require less oxygen |  | 50 |
| 9841582786 | wetlands | - plants adapted to v moist - hydrophytes - most diverse of all ecosystems |  | 51 |
| 9841587612 | deserts | - defined by rainfall, not temp - succulents (store water, have small surface area and vertical orientation so less exposure to sun, open stomata at night, waxy leaves to min transpiration, deep roots to tap groundwater, shallow roots to collect water quick after short rainfalls) - cacti (succulents): spines to reflect sunlight, create shade, discourage eating, secrete toxins into soil (allelopathy) - plants store biomass in seeds - animals are small, underground burrows, nocturnal, aestivation (summer hibernation) |  | 52 |
| 9841635692 | tropical forests | - near eq, greatest diversity of species - two seasons - rainy and dry - length of sunlight doesn't vary b/c near eq - soil is nutrient poor d/t competition - nutrients stored in plant tissue - rapid decomposition, soil subject to leaching |  | 53 |
| 9841671811 | temperate forests | - u know what these are |  | 54 |
| 9841675174 | taiga aka boreal forests | - largest terrestrial biome - cold, snowy, nutrient poor and acidic soil |  | 55 |
| 9841680793 | grasslands | - g(r)assy - savanna aka tropical grasslands or temperate grasslands | 56 | |
| 9841685002 | savanna aka tropical grasslands | - scattered individual trees - warm climate with a lot of rain and then a drought (Africa, Aus, India, S Am, etc) |  | 57 |
| 9841694894 | temperate grassland | - grasses w/o trees - AFRICAN VELDT! Argentina, steppes, prairies - nutrient rich soil, roots hold it together |  | 58 |
| 9841707315 | tundra | - cold desert - lots of biological fixation (N2 into NH3 (ammonia) for plants) - phosphorus impt, can limit production - two types: arctic and alpine | 59 | |
| 9841717747 | arctic tundra | N Hem - cold desert - permafrost |  | 60 |
| 9841723430 | alpine tundra | - mntns throughout world, high altitude - trees cannot grow - cold - well drained soil unlike arctic tundra |  | 61 |
| 9841735155 | photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 - plants capture light through chlorophyll, contained in organelles called chloroplasts - photoautotrophs | 62 | |
| 9841744840 | cellular respiration | - plants emit CO2 - but they produce less than they absorb so they are net sinks - C6H1206->CO2 + H20+ ENERGY (released) goal is to create ATP occurs in all living things | 63 | |
| 9841750604 | factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis | amt of light, its wavelength, CO2 concentration, availability of water, temp | 64 | |
| 9841755772 | organisms dependent on autotrophs are called | heterotrophs | 65 | |
| 9841764326 | less than __% of sunlight that uses Earth is used for photosynthesis | 3% for land plants, 1% for aqyatic plants | 66 | |
| 9841766143 | the second law of thermodynamics | - any closed system tends spontaneously toward increasing disorder (entropy) - some energy is transferred to its surroundings as heat in any energy conversion - no process can be 100% efficient | 67 | |
| 9841777399 | the ____ law of ______ explains the rule of 10% | second law of thermodynamics | 68 | |
| 9841779226 | losses of energy in a food pyramid | - only 10% retained as you go up each lvl - losses in: - digestive inefficiency: much plant material not able to be broken down - energy used by predators for cellular respiration - energy req for temp regulation - energy used by predators to obtain food or for reproduction - energy released through the decay of waste products | 69 | |
| 9841790984 | detritus energy pyramids | - smaller organisms, exist in environments rich in nutrients so energy is not needed to obtain good - organisms cannot move on their own - trophic levels more complex and include algae, fungi, baceria, etc. | 70 | |
| 9841801702 | aquatic biomass pyramid | "inverted" - - producers are microscopic algae- even though there's a shit ton of them they have a small biomass |  | 71 |
| 9841820501 | GPP | - Gross Primary production: the rate at which plants capture and fix (store) a given amt of chemical energy as biomass in a given length of time | 72 | |
| 9841824887 | NPP | - Net Primary Production: GPP minus what energy is used for cellular respiration etc; the rate at which all plants in an ecosystem produce net useful chemical energy | 73 | |
| 9841838571 | equation for NPP | NPP = GPP - plant respiration | 74 | |
| 9841839934 | where is the highest NPP found | - overall, oceans because they're huge - but ratio wise, estuaries | 75 | |
| 9841852535 | tropical rain forests cover __% of the earth's surface but hold ___ of all species | 7%; 1/2 | 76 | |
| 9841854455 | natural selection | - on individual and species lvl - u know what this is - stabilizing, directional, and disruptive | 77 | |
| 9841861882 | stabilizing selection | - most common - selection against extremes eg. babies born with high weights or low weights are selected against |  | 78 |
| 9841869249 | directional selection | - selection against one extreme, but for another |  | 79 |
| 9841873415 | disruptive selection | - selection against the average - bimodal: favors individuals at the extremes - population changes, evolution occurs |  | 80 |
| 9841888159 | polygenic effect | when genes at more than one locus contribute to the same trait | 81 | |
| 9841891790 | polyploidy in plants | - when the entire set of chromosomes is multiplied - ex of sympatric speciation: species arise within the same overlapping geographic range, which can occur through hybridization - hybridization: chromosomes from two different species are artificially combined to from a hybrid species OR chromosomes naturally fail to segregate during meiosis, producing diploid gametes - cotton, tobacco, sugarcane, bananas, wheat, potatoes | 82 | |
| 9841927789 | phylogenetic tree |  | 83 | |
| 9841931110 | speciation | - occurs w/ reproductive isolation, when segments of a population become so isolated that they evolve separately | 84 | |
| 9841934788 | adaptive radiation | - rapid speciation to fill ecological niches - driven by mutation or natural selection - general adaptation, environmental change, geographic isolation | 85 | |
| 9841952161 | general adaptation | - type of adaptive radiation - species develop a radical new ability to reach new parts of their environment - ex. bird flight | 86 | |
| 9841960516 | environmental change adaptation | - type of adaptive radiation - due to lg changes in the environment, species branch into new species and occupy new niches - ex. after the dinosaurs went extinct, mammals spread and developed rapidly | 87 | |
| 9841969759 | geographic isolation adaptation | - type of adaptive radiation - isolated ecosystems are colonized by species that undergo rapid divergent evolution - ex. Darwin finches | 88 | |
| 9841974066 | coevolution | when two or more species affect each other's evolution - ex. an evolutionary change in the structure (morphology) of a plant might affect the morphology of a herbivore that eats the plant, which might affect the evolution of the plant, which might affect the evolution of the herbivore - likely to happen when different species have close ecological interactions | 89 | |
| 9841989069 | convergent evolution | - where organisms not closely related to each other independently acquire analogous (similar) characteristics while evolving in separate ecosystems - ex. evolution of wings in birds, insects, and bats | 90 | |
| 9841996145 | divergent evolution | - where two+ related species become more ad more dissimilar | 91 | |
| 9841999660 | parallel evolution | - where two independent species evolve together at the same time in the same ecosystem and acquire similar characteristics - ex. plants evolving to have similar forms of leaves | 92 | |
| 9842007316 | gradualism | - says evolution is a slow, stepwise development of a species over millions of years | 93 | |
| 9842010153 | punctuated equilibrium | - thinks some species arose suddenly in a short period of time after long periods of stability; triggered by changes in physical or biological environment (like a drought or a new predator; ex. the abrupt appearance of the flowering plant without a fossil record) | 94 | |
| 9842020899 | examples of ecosystem services | - the procceses by which the environment produces resources - clean water - timber - habitat for fisheries - pollination of native / agricultural plants - moderating weather extremes and their impacts - dispersing seeds - mitigating droughts and floods - protecting from UV rays - cycling nutrients - protecting shores from erosion - detoxifying and decomposing waste - controlling agricultural pests - maintaining biodiversity - generating and preserving soils, renewing their fertility - contributing to climate stability - purifying air and water - regulating disease-carrying organisms - pollinating crops and natural vegetation | 95 | |
| 9842046202 | passive vs active movement | active = walking, swimming etc passive = the wind carrying seeds, sea currents carrying oyster larvae | 96 | |
| 9842055711 | why do organisms move | - to disperse to new habitats to reduce intraspecific competition - by finding new habitats it increases the range of the species and larger range = better off in terms of evolution | 97 | |
| 9842065204 | geographic ranges change as a result of | - colonization and establishment - localized extinction | 98 | |
| 9842069284 | colonization and establishment | - when populations expand in new areas - initiated by disturbance, abiotic environmental change | 99 | |
| 9842073243 | localized extinction | - results in the elimination of populations from all or part of former range - caused by biotic interactions or abiotic envi change | 100 | |
| 9842080207 | different mechanisms or plants to disperse offspring | - special structures to be carried by wind - special structures to be carried by water - fruit encased seeds to be eaten and pooped - adhesion - physical ejection of seeds | 101 | |
| 9842090690 | succession | the gradual, orderly process of ecosystem development from changes in the community composition and the production of a climax community characteristic of a particular geographic region - describes the changes in an ecosystem through time and disturbance | 102 | |
| 9842099190 | rate of succession is affected by | - facilitation: when one species modifies and envi to the extent it meets the needs of another species - inhibition: the same thing but so it's not suitable for another species - tolerance: when one species is not affected by another species | 103 | |
| 9842107327 | pioneer species | - earlier successional species - generalists - short reproductive time (plants) - animals have low biomass, reproduce quick | 104 | |
| 9842113776 | types of succession (5) | allogenic primary progressive retrogressive secondary | 105 | |
| 9842117883 | allogenic succession | changes in the environmental conditions create conditions beneficial to new plant communities | 106 | |
| 9842119336 | primary succession | the establishment of pioneer plant species in an area of exposed rock that does not have any topsoil (ex lichen on bare rocks) | 107 | |
| 9842126126 | progressive succession | communities become more complex over time by having a higher species diversity and greater biomass | 108 | |
| 9842128027 | retrogressive succession | the environment deteriorates and results in less biodiversity and less biomass | 109 | |
| 9842128028 | secondary succession | succession on a site where an existing community has been disrupted but topsoil remains (ex. after a forest fire) | 110 | |
| 9842131886 | stages of succession example |  | 111 | |
| 9842136034 | r-strategists | mature rapidly, short lived, number of organisms within a species is high, low biodiversity, niche generalists grow exponentially when environmental conditions allow them to reproduce a species that produces large numbers of offspring but provides few resources for their support | 112 | |
| 9842140117 | K-strategists | mature slowly; long lived; lower number of organisms within a species; greater biodiversity; niche specialists A species that produces relatively few young but invests considerable resources into their support | 113 |
