Ap environmental science
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| 6718033124 | Coal Formation | peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite | 0 | |
| 6718033051 | Conservation | allowing the use of resources in a responsible manner | 1 | |
| 6718033052 | Preservation | setting aside areas and protecting them from human activities | 2 | |
| 6718033053 | Keystone Species | species whose role in an ecosystem are more important than others | 3 | |
| 6718034727 | Examples of Keystone Species | sea otters, sea stars, beavers, prairie dogs | 4 | |
| 6718033054 | Indicator Species | species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is changing or being damaged | 5 | |
| 6718035731 | Examples of Indicator Species | frogs, lichens, tubifex worms, spotted owls | 6 | |
| 6718033055 | Characteristics of Endangered Species | small range, large territory, or live on an island | 7 | |
| 6718033056 | Endagered Species | a group of organisms in danger of becoming extinct if the situation is not improved--population numbers have dropped below the critical number of organisms | 8 | |
| 6718540968 | Examples of (and Reasons for) Endangered Species | north spotted owl (loss of old growth forest), bald eagle (thinning of eggs caused by DDT), piping plover (nesting areas threatened by development) | 9 | |
| 6718033057 | Invasive Species | non-native species to an area that often thrive and disrupt the ecosystem balance | 10 | |
| 6718572507 | Examples of Invasive Species | garlic mustard, purple loosestrife, African honeybee, water hyacinth, zebra mussel | 11 | |
| 6718033058 | Parts of the Hydrologic Cycle | evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, infiltration | 12 | |
| 6718033059 | Nitrogen Fixing | [NITROGEN CYCLE] atmospheric N2 cannot be used directly by plants, so it must first be converted into ammonia (NH3) by bacteria (rhizobium or cyanobacteria) | 13 | |
| 6718033060 | Ammonification | [NITROGEN CYCLE] nitrogen is converted into ammonia by ammonifying bacteria; may occur when nitrogen in organic wastes in the soil are converted to ammonia or when atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted to NH3 | 14 | |
| 6718033061 | Nitrification | [NITROGEN CYCLE] ammonia (NH3) is converted to nitrate ions (NO3)- | 15 | |
| 6718033062 | Assimilation | [NITROGEN CYCLE] inorganic N2 is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/amino acids & proteins; plants assimilate nitrogen as NH+ or NO- through their roots; animals (herbivores) assimilate organic nitrogen compounds by eating plants | 16 | |
| 6718033063 | Denitrification | [NITROGEN CYCLE] bacteria (typically anaerobic) convert nitrate (NO3)- and nitrite (NO2)- back into N2 gas; bacteria converts ammonia (NH3) back into N2 or N2O | 17 | |
| 6718033064 | Phosphorus does not circulate as easily as nitrogen because... | it does not exist as a gas, but is released by the weathering of phosphate (PO4)3- rocks (this is a SEDIMENTARY cycle) | 18 | |
| 6718033065 | How is excess phosphorus is added to aquatic systems? | runoff of animal wastes, fertilizer, and discharge of sewage | 19 | |
| 6719074692 | Excess phosphorus in freshwater ecosystems is bad because... | it leads to eutrophication | 20 | |
| 6718033066 | Photosynthesis | plants convert atmospheric carbon (CO2) and water into complex carbohydrates (glucose C6H12O6); energy is consumed and oxygen (O2) is released as a waste product | 21 | |
| 6718033067 | Aerobic Respiration | O2-consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO2; energy is released and oxygen is consumed in the process | 22 | |
| 6718033068 | Anaerobic Respiration | break down of carbohydrates without oxygen; products are methane (CH4), alcohols and other organics | 23 | |
| 6718033069 | Transpiration | process where water is absorbed by plant roots, moves up through plants, passes through pores (stomata) in leaves or other parts, and evaporates into the atmosphere as water vapor | 24 | |
| 6718033070 | Largest Reservoirs of Carbon | Carbonate (CO3)^2 rocks, oceans | 25 | |
| 6718033071 | Sustainability | the ability to meet the current needs of humanity without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs | 26 | |
| 6718033072 | The Tragedy of the Commons | "Freedom to breed" is bringing ruin to all. Global commons such as atmosphere & oceans are used by all and owned by none. When no individual has ownership, no one takes responsibility. Examples: overfishing in the oceans, over pumping of the Ogallala Aquifer | 27 | |
| 6719114264 | Author of the Tragedy of the Commons | Garret Hardin | 28 | |
| 6719118717 | Examples of the Tragedy of the Commons | over-fishing in the oceans, over-pumping of the Ogallala Aquifer | 29 | |
| 6718033073 | Natural Selection | organisms possessing favorable adaptations survive and pass them onto the next generation | 30 | |
| 6718033074 | Energy flow in food webs or chains, through trophic systems | Approximately 10% of the usable energy is transferred because usable energy lost as heat (second law), not all biomass is digested and absorbed, and predators expend energy to catch prey. | 31 | |
| 6718033075 | Biotic | living components of an ecosystem | 32 | |
| 6719152480 | Abiotic | nonliving components of an ecosystem | 33 | |
| 6718033076 | Competition | a type of population interaction, usually over a limited resource | 34 | |
| 6719725180 | Intraspecific Competition | attempts by two or more organisms of a single species to use the same limited resources in an ecosystem | 35 | |
| 6719725181 | Interspecific Competition | attempts by members of two or more species to use the same limited resources in an ecosystem | 36 | |
| 6718033077 | Producer/Autotroph | photosynthetic or chemosynthetic life at the bottom of the food chain | 37 | |
| 6719858444 | Chemotroph | organism undergoing chemosynthesis, usually carried out by sulfur bacteria in aphotic zones in the ocean | 38 | |
| 6718033078 | Primary Sucession | development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life or those in which the soil profile is totally destroyed; no soil substrate present; begins with lichen action | 39 | |
| 6718033079 | Secondary Sucession | life progresses where soil remains (clear-cut forest, fire, disturbed areas) | 40 | |
| 6718033080 | Mutualism | symbiotic relationship where both partners benefit and both participate | 41 | |
| 6719901189 | Example of Mutualism | bees pollinating flowers | 42 | |
| 6718033081 | Commensalism | symbiotic relationship where one partner benefits & the other is unaffected | 43 | |
| 6719895854 | Example of Commensalism | remoras attaching to a shark | 44 | |
| 6718033082 | Parasitism | relationship in which one partner benefits at the expense of the host | 45 | |
| 6719910090 | Example of Parasitism | mosquitoes sucking blood from humans | 46 | |
| 6719921259 | Amensalism | relationship in which one species suffers and the other species is not affected | 47 | |
| 6719923871 | Example of Amensalism | black walnut tree releasing a chemical that kills nearby plants | 48 | |
| 6718033083 | Biome | large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants, and animals; determining factors are temperature and precipitation | 49 | |
| 6718033084 | Carrying Capacity | the number of individuals that can be supported by available resources in a specific environment | 50 | |
| 6718033085 | R-strategist | species that reproduces early in life; many small unprotected offspring; tend to be generalists, short lifespan | 51 | |
| 6718033086 | K-strategist | species that reproduces late in life; few offspring that are cared for; tend to be specialists, longer lifespan | 52 | |
| 6718033087 | Positive Feedback | when a change in some condition triggers a response that intensifies the changing condition | 53 | |
| 6720028329 | Example of Positive Feedback | A warmer Earth leads to snow melting, leading to less sunlight being reflected, leading to more being absorbed, leading to an even warmer Earth | 54 | |
| 6718033088 | Negative Feedback | when a changing in some condition triggers a response that counteracts the changed condition | 55 | |
| 6720039107 | Example of Negative Feedback | A warmer Earth leads to more ocean evaporation, leading to more stratus clouds, leading to less sunlight reaching the ground, leading to a cooler Earth. | 56 | |
| 6718033089 | Thomas Malthus | said human population increases exponentially, while food supplies increase arithmetically; factors that keep the population in check include war, famine & disease | 57 | |
| 6718033090 | Doubling Time | rule of 70--70 divided by the percent growth rate | 58 | |
| 6718033091 | Replacement Level Fertility | the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves | 59 | |
| 6718033092 | World Population | 7.3 billion | 60 | |
| 6718033093 | U.S. Population | 324 million | 61 | |
| 6718033094 | Preindustrial Stage | demographic transition in which birth & death rates are high, population grows slowly, and infant mortality is high | 62 | |
| 6718033095 | Transitional Stage | demographic transition in which death rate is lower, better health care is available, and population grows fast | 63 | |
| 6718033096 | Postindustrial Stage | demographic transition in which there are low birth & death rates | 64 | |
| 6720154203 | What does a broad base in an age structure diagram indicate? | rapid growth | 65 | |
| 6720155783 | What does a narrow base in an age structure diagram indicate? | negative growth | 66 | |
| 6720158308 | What does a uniform shape in an age structure diagram indicate? | zero growth | 67 | |
| 6718033098 | What are the first and second most populated countries? | China and India | 68 | |
| 6718033099 | What is the most important thing affecting population growth? | low status of women | 69 | |
| 6718033102 | What are some ways to decrease birth rate? | family planning, contraception, economic rewards and penalties | 70 | |
| 6718033103 | True Cost/External Cost | harmful environmental side effects that are not reflected in a product's price | 71 | |
| 6718033100 | Cogeneration | using waste heat to produce electricity | 72 | |
| 6718033101 | How is electricity generated by fossil fuels, biomass or nuclear power? | Heat is produced, which creates steam. Steam turns a turbine and the mechanical energy from the turbine is converted to electrical energy in a generator; that energy is transmitted to homes through power lines. | 73 | |
| 6718033104 | How is electricity generated from hydroelectric power? | Potential energy of stored water is used to turn a turbine, and the mechanical energy from the turbine is converted to electrical energy in a generator; that energy is transmitted to homes through power lines | 74 | |
| 6718033105 | Thermal Gradient | spontaneous flow of heat from warmer to cooler bodies | 75 | |
| 6718033106 | Ionizing Radiation | enough energy to dislodge electrons from atoms, forming ions; capable of causing cancer (gamma, X- rays, UV) | 76 | |
| 6718033107 | High-Quality Energy | energy that is organized, concentrated, and can perform useful work | 77 | |
| 6720239954 | Examples of High-Quality Energy | fossil fuel and nuclear | 78 | |
| 6718033108 | Low-Quality Energy | energy that is disorganized and dispersed | 79 | |
| 6720244967 | Examples of Low-Quality Energy | wind, solar, heat in the ocean | 80 | |
| 6718033109 | First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another. | 81 | |
| 6718033110 | Second Law of Thermodynamics | When energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (often heat). | 82 | |
| 6718033111 | What are the best solutions to energy shortages? | conservation, increased efficiency, and exploration of alternative energy options | 83 | |
| 6718033112 | Examples of Alternate Energy Sources | wind, solar, waves, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells | 84 | |
| 6718033113 | Natural Radioactive Decay | the decay of unstable radioisotopes, resulting in the release of gamma rays, alpha particles, and beta particles | 85 | |
| 6718033114 | Half-Life | the time it takes for half the mass of a radioisotope to decay | 86 | |
| 6718033115 | What is the estimate of how long a radioactive isotope must be stored until it decays to a safe level? | Approximatively 10 half lives | 87 | |
| 6718033116 | Nuclear Fission | nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons | 88 | |
| 6718033117 | Nuclear Fusion | two isotopes of light elements (H) forced together at high temperatures till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus | 89 | |
| 6718033118 | Mass Deficit | matter that is not converted into matter in a fusion reaction, and instead becomes energy | 90 | |
| 6718033119 | Major Parts of a Nuclear Reactor | core, control rods, steam generator, turbine, containment building | 91 | |
| 6720325462 | Chernobyl, Ukraine | (1986) An explosion in the nuclear power plant sent highly radioactive debris throughout northern Europe. Estimates of the death count run as high as 32,000, and 62,000 square miles remain contaminated. About 500,000 people were exposed to dangerous radiation. This was the world's worst nuclear power plant accident. | 92 | |
| 6720355700 | Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania (1979) | One of the two reactors at the nuclear power plant lost its coolant water, and the intensely radioactive core melted and fell to the bottom of the reactor. The containment building kept most of it from escaping, and there were no immediate human casualties, but unknown amounts of radioactivity escaped into the atmosphere. | 93 | |
| 6718033121 | Petroleum Formation | microscopic aquatic organisms in sediments converted by heat and pressure into a mixture of hydrocarbons | 94 | |
| 6718033122 | Pros of Petroleum | relatively cheap, easily transported, high-quality energy | 95 | |
| 6718033123 | Cons of Petroleum | reserves will be depleted soon, pollution during drilling/transportation/refining, burning produces CO2 | 96 | |
| 6718033125 | Major Insecticide Matter | chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT); organophosphates (malathion); carbamates (aldicarb) | 97 | |
| 6718033126 | Pros of Pesticides | saves lives from insect-transmitted disease, increases food supply, increases profits for farmers | 98 | |
| 6718033127 | Cons of Pesticides | genetic resistance, ecosystem imbalance, pesticide treadmill, persistence, bioaccumulation, biological magnification | 99 | |
| 6718033128 | Examples of Natural Pest Control | better agricultural practices, genetically resistant plants, natural enemies, biopesticides, sex attractants | 100 | |
| 6718033129 | What methods control 50-90% of pests in natural ecosystems? | predators, diseases and parasites | 101 | |
| 6718033130 | Sources of Particulate Matter | Most comes from natural sources such as dust, wildfires, and sea salt. The rest comes from human sources like coal-burning power and industrial plants, motor vehicles, plowed fields, road construction, unpaved roads, and tobacco smoke. | 102 | |
| 6720823869 | Effects of Particulate Matter | irritation of the nose and throat, lung damage, aggravation of asthma and bronchitis, short life spans, reduced visibility | 103 | |
| 6720888720 | Reduction of Particulate Matter | filtering, electrostatic precipitators, alternative energy | 104 | |
| 6721247806 | Sources of Nitrogen Oxides | auto exhaust and industry | 105 | |
| 6721251968 | Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides | selective catalytic reduction unit, more efficient combustion processes like fluidized bed combustion, lower combustion temperatures, alternative energy | 106 | |
| 6720941586 | Effects of Nitrogen Oxides | acidification of lakes, respiratory irritation, photochemical smog & ozone formation | 107 | |
| 6721257947 | Source of Sulfur Oxides | coal burning | 108 | |
| 6721258926 | Effects of Sulfur Oxides | acid deposition, respiratory irritation, damage to plants | 109 | |
| 6721262371 | Reduction of Sulfur Oxides | scrubbers, low sulfur fuel | 110 | |
| 6721265332 | Sources of Carbon Oxides | auto exhaust, incomplete combustion | 111 | |
| 6721281520 | Effects of Carbon Oxides | reduction of blood's ability to carry oxygen (by binding to hemoglobin), global warming | 112 | |
| 6721305503 | Reduction of Carbon Oxides | catalytic converter, emissions testing, oxygenated fuel, mass transit, increased efficiencies, alternative energy | 113 | |
| 6721342720 | Formation of Ozone | secondary pollutant | 114 | |
| 6721345989 | Reduction of Ozone | reduce NO and VOC emissions | 115 | |
| 6721314845 | What ozone is considered good and why? | Stratospheric ozone protects humans from harmful UV radiation. | 116 | |
| 6721327156 | What ozone is considered bad and why? | Tropospheric ozone because it harms plants and irritates the respiratory system. | 117 | |
| 6718033135 | Radon | naturally occurring colorless, odorless, radioactive gas, found in some types of soil and rock, that can seep into homes and buildings; formed from the decay of uranium (U); causes cancer | 118 | |
| 6718033136 | Photochemical Smog | formed by chemical reactions involving UV radiation; associated with automobile traffic | 119 | |
| 6718033137 | Acid Deposition | caused by sulfuric and nitric acids; results in lowered pH of surface waters, soil acidification and destruction of building materials; comes in the form of wet deposition and dry deposition | 120 | |
| 6718033138 | Greenhouse Gases | gases that trap outgoing infrared energy, causing Earth to warm | 121 | |
| 6721369961 | What are the main five greenhouse gases? | H2O, CO2, methane, N2O, CFCs | 122 | |
| 6718033139 | Effects of Global Warming | melting glaciers, rising sea level (thermal expansion), extreme weather, drought, famine, extinctions, loss of biodiversity | 123 | |
| 6718033140 | Causes of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion | caused by ozone-depleting chemicals such as CFCs, halons, and methyl chloroform that attack stratospheric ozone and cause the thinning of this layer | 124 | |
| 6721398438 | Montreal Protocol | (1987) treaty to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out ozone-depleting compounds | 125 | |
| 6718033141 | Effects of Ozone Depletion | increased UV light that results in skin cancer, cataracts, decreased plant growth (inhibits photosynthesis, decline in Antarctic and Arctic phytoplankton population), impaired immune systems | 126 | |
| 6718033142 | Primary Air Pollutant | produced by humans & nature | 127 | |
| 6721414089 | Examples of Primary Air Pollutants | CO, CO2, SOx, NOx | 128 | |
| 6718033143 | Secondary Air Pollutant | produced as a result of reactions that primary air pollutants undergo | 129 | |
| 6721417402 | Examples of Secondary Air Pollutants | O3, NO2, H2SO4, HNO3 | 130 | |
| 6718033144 | Sources of Mercury | burning coal (25% of atmospheric deposition), compact fluorescent bulbs | 131 | |
| 6718033146 | Point Source Pollution | able to be tracked back to a specific origin | 132 | |
| 6721427313 | Non-Point Source Pollution | unable to be tracked back to a specific origin | 133 | |
| 6721440937 | Why is chlorine good? | It disinfects water. | 134 | |
| 6721443174 | Why is chlorine bad? | It forms trihalomethanes (which cause cancer) when organics are present in the water being disinfected. | 135 | |
| 6718033148 | Why is fecal coliform bad? | It is an indicator of sewage contamination (found in the intestines of all warm blooded mammals). | 136 | |
| 6718033149 | Biological Oxygen Demand | amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials in water | 137 | |
| 6718033150 | Eutrophication | the natural nutrient enrichment of a shallow lake, estuary, or slow-moving stream, resulting in rapid algal growth caused by an excess of nitrates (NO3)- and phosphates (PO4)3- in the water | 138 | |
| 6718033151 | Hypoxia | when aquatic plants die, the BOD rises as aerobic decomposers break down the plants, while the dissolved oxygen drops & the water cannot support life | 139 | |
| 6718033152 | Anoxic | no dissolved oxygen in the water | 140 | |
| 6718033153 | Advantage of Surface Mining | cheaper, can remove more minerals, and less hazardous to workers | 141 | |
| 6718033154 | Ore | a rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine | 142 | |
| 6718033155 | Humus | organic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganism | 143 | |
| 6718033156 | Leaching | removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards | 144 | |
| 6718033157 | Illuviation | deposit of leached materials in lower soil layers | 145 | |
| 6718033158 | Loam | perfect agricultural soil with optimal portions of sand, silt, clay (40%, 40%, 20%) | 146 | |
| 6718033159 | Organic Fertilizer | slow-acting & long-lasting because the organic remains need time to be decomposed | 147 | |
| 6718033160 | Order of Soil Profile Horizons | O-A-E- B-C-R | 148 | |
| 6718033161 | Salinization of Soil | In arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind. | 149 | |
| 6718033162 | Volcano and Earthquake Occurence | at plate boundaries (divergent= spreading, mid-ocean ridges) (convergent= trenches) (transform= sliding, San Andreas) | 150 | |
| 6718033163 | Monoculture | cultivation of a single crop, usually in a large area | 151 | |
| 6718033164 | What food items produce more than half of the calories consumed by the world's people? | Wheat, rice and corn | 152 | |
| 6718033165 | LD50 | the amount of a chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test population within 14 days of the initial dose | 153 | |
| 6718033166 | Threshold Dose | the maximum dose that has no measurable effect on a given population | 154 | |
| 6718033167 | Percent Water on Earth by Type | 97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater | 155 | |
| 6718033168 | Aquifer | porous, water-saturated layer of sand/gravel/bedrock that can yield an economically significant amount of water | 156 | |
| 6718033169 | Subsidience | land sinks as result of over pumping an aquifer | 157 | |
| 6718033170 | Cone of Depression | lowering of the water table around a pumping well | 158 | |
| 6718033171 | Salt Water Intrusion | near the coast, over-pumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer | 159 | |
| 6718033172 | Ways to Conserve Water | drip irrigation, recycling, use of gray water, repair leaks, low flow fixtures, reclaimed water for agriculture and golf courses | 160 | |
| 6721550826 | Effect of Mutagen | causes hereditary changes through mutations | 161 | |
| 6721554467 | Effect of Teratogen | causes fetus deformities | 162 | |
| 6721556095 | Effect of Carcinogen | causes cancer | 163 | |
| 6718033174 | Minamata Bay Disease | (1932-1968, Japan) physical and mental impairments caused by methylmercury (CH3Hg)+ poisoning | 164 | |
| 6718033175 | Love Canal, NY | (1950s+) chemicals buried in old canal; school and homes built over it; caused birth defects and cancer | 165 | |
| 6718033176 | Main Component of Municipal Solid Waste | paper (most is landfilled) | 166 | |
| 6718033177 | Sanitary Landill Problems and Solution | Problem = leachate; Solution = liner with collection system Problem = methane gas; Solution = collect gas and burn Problem = volume of garbage; Solution = compact and reduce | 167 | |
| 6718033178 | Advantages of Incineration | volume of waste reduced by 90%, waste heat can be used | 168 | |
| 6718033179 | Disadvantages of Incineration | toxic emissions (polyvinyl chloride, dioxins), scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators needed, ash disposal (contains heavy metals) | 169 | |
| 6718033180 | What is the best way to solve the waste issue? | source reduction | 170 | |
| 6718033181 | El Nino Southern Oscillation | see-sawing of air pressure over the S. Pacific | 171 | |
| 6718033182 | What happens during an El Nino year? | trade winds weaken and warm water is sloshed back to SA | 172 | |
| 6718033183 | What happens during a non-El Nino year? | easterly trade winds and ocean currents pull warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the west coast of South America | 173 | |
| 6718033184 | Effects of El Nino | upwelling decreases disrupting food chains, northern U.S. has mild winters, southwestern U.S. has increased rainfall, less Atlantic hurricanes | 174 | |
| 6718033185 | Temperature Inversion | layer of dense, cool air trapped under a layer of dense, warm air, causing pollution in the trapped layer to build to harmful levels; frequent in Los Angeles, California and Mexico City, Mexico | 175 | |
| 6721590402 | Surface Fires | usually burn only under growth and leaf litter on forest floor | 176 | |
| 6721591113 | Crown Fires | extremely hot; may start on ground but eventually leap from treetop to treetop | 177 | |
| 6721601324 | Ground Fires | may smolder for days or weeks, difficult to detect and extinguish (i.e. peat bogs) | 178 | |
| 6718033187 | Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act | (1977) program established for regulating surface coal mining and reclamation activities | 179 | |
| 6718033188 | Madrid Protocol | (1991) suspension of mineral exploration (mining) for 50 years in Antarctica | 180 | |
| 6718033189 | Safe Drinking Water Act | (1974) set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants in drinking water that may have adverse effects on human health | 181 | |
| 6718033190 | Clean Water Act | (1972) set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways; aims to make surface waters swimmable and fishable | 182 | |
| 6718033191 | Ocean Dumping Ban Act | (1988) banned ocean dumping of sewage sludge and industrial waste in the ocean | 183 | |
| 6718033192 | Clean Air Act | (1970) set emission standards for cars and limits for release of air pollutants | 184 | |
| 6718033193 | Kyoto Protocol | (2005) controls global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries | 185 | |
| 6718033195 | Resource Conservation and Recovery Act | (1976) controls hazardous waste with a cradle-to-grave system | 186 | |
| 6718033196 | Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act (CERCLA) | (1980) "Superfund," designed to identify and clean up abandoned hazardous waste dump sites | 187 | |
| 6718033197 | Nuclear Waste Policy Act | (1982) U.S. government must develop a high level nuclear waste site (Yucca Mtn) | 188 | |
| 6718033198 | Food Quality Protection Act | (1996): set pesticide limits in food; all active and inactive ingredients must be screened for estrogenic/endocrine effects | 189 | |
| 6718033199 | Endangered Species Act | (1973) identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations | 190 | |
| 6718033200 | Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species | (1973) lists species that cannot be commercially traded as live specimens or wildlife products | 191 | |
| 6718033201 | Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act | (1976) management of marine fisheries in federal waters; created eight regional fishery management councils | 192 | |
| 6718033202 | Healthy Forest Initiative | (2003) clear away vegetation and trees to create shaded fuel breaks, provide funding and guidance to reduce or eliminate hazardous fuels in national forests, improve forest fire fighting, and research new methods to halt destructive insects | 193 | |
| 6718033203 | National Environmental Policy Act | (1969) Environmental Impact Statements must be done before any project affecting federal lands can be started | 194 | |
| 6718033204 | Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants | (2004) seeks to protect human health from the 12 most toxic chemicals (includes 8 chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides / DDT can be used for malaria control) | 195 |
