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| 13789415286 | Nitrogen | Produces green color of healthy plant. Nitrates are easily leached from soil. | 0 | |
| 13789415287 | Phosphorus | Stimulates root, seed and flower development. DNA synthesis. | 1 | |
| 13789415288 | Potassium | Adds vigor and disease resistance and to plants | 2 | |
| 13789415289 | Three Numbers of Fertilizers | 15:15:15 20:4:2 5:20:20 | 3 | |
| 13789415290 | soil texture | Relative percent of sand, silt, clay | 4 | |
| 13789415291 | Three particles listed in biggest to smallest | Sand silt clay | 5 | |
| 13789415292 | high permeability | Bigger particles | 6 | |
| 13789415293 | Good water infiltration | Sand soil texture | 7 | |
| 13789415294 | Poor water holding capacity | Sand soil texture | 8 | |
| 13789415295 | Poor Nutrient Holding capacity | Sand soil texture | 9 | |
| 13789415296 | Good aeration | Sand soil texture | 10 | |
| 13789415297 | Good Workability | Sand soil texture | 11 | |
| 13789415298 | Med water infiltration | Silt soil texture | 12 | |
| 13789415299 | Med water holding capacity | Silt soil texture | 13 | |
| 13789415300 | Med Nutrient Holding capacity | Silt soil texture | 14 | |
| 13789415301 | Med aeration | Silt soil texture | 15 | |
| 13789415302 | Med Workability | Silt soil texture | 16 | |
| 13789415303 | Poor water infiltration | Clay soil texture | 17 | |
| 13789415304 | Good water holding capacity | Clay soil texture | 18 | |
| 13789415305 | Good Nutrient Holding capacity | Clay soil texture | 19 | |
| 13789415306 | Poor aeration | Clay soil texture | 20 | |
| 13789415307 | Poor Workability | Clay soil texture | 21 | |
| 13789415308 | Med water infiltration | Loam Soil Texture | 22 | |
| 13789415309 | Med water holding capacity | Loam Soil Texture | 23 | |
| 13789415310 | Med Nutrient Holding capacity | Loam Soil Texture | 24 | |
| 13789415311 | Med aeration | Loam Soil Texture | 25 | |
| 13789415312 | Med Workability | Loam Soil Texture | 26 | |
| 13789415313 | What is the best soil texture | One with all medium attributes/where attributes are balanced | 27 | |
| 13789415314 | What kind of culture does GR primarily use | Monoculture | 28 | |
| 13789415315 | Change of intensity and freq with GrR | Increase in intensity and freq | 29 | |
| 13789415316 | How much was harvest index raised | 50% | 30 | |
| 13789415317 | How much is harvest index's physiological limit | 60% | 31 | |
| 13789415318 | Results of GR | 4 fold increase in energy use, 8% of the oil; 10 fold increase in pesticide use; 2.5 fold increase in irrigated land | 32 | |
| 13789415319 | How has GR impacted global diet | Increase in process foods has contributed to rise in obesity and related diseases; in 2012 US spent $11 billion on corn & soy, $1.6 on fruits and vegetables; Cost of fresh food has risen 24%; sodas sweetened by corn syrup have decreased by 27% | 33 | |
| 13789415320 | Last 40 years... | Food production has doubled | 34 | |
| 13789415321 | How many people in developed countries consume half the worlds grain supply | 1.2 billion | 35 | |
| 13789415322 | Amount of Ag land going out of production each year due to soil erosion | 20 million hectares | 36 | |
| 13789415323 | How much of worlds cropland is degraded | 40% | 37 | |
| 13789415324 | How much of worlds topsoil has been lost | 14% | 38 | |
| 13789415325 | pesticide treadmill | Application, resistance, resurgence; caused by over application of pesticides; must break cycle to fix problem | 39 | |
| 13789415326 | IPM | Integrated Pest Management | 40 | |
| 13789415327 | Benefits of IPM | Can reduce pesticide use by 50-90% Utilizes combo of methods and looks at each case individually as part of ecosystem Aim to reduce crop damage to economically tolerable level | 41 | |
| 13789415328 | Theory of Island Biogeography | Habitat fragmentation can create a large "edge" effect and isolate a gene pool, this preventing offspring from dispersing and colonizing new areas. Closer the island—>higher biodiversity | 42 | |
| 13789415329 | Negative Externalities | a cost imposed without compensation on third parties by the production or consumption of sellers or buyers. Example: a manufacturer dumps toxic chemicals into a river, killing the fish sought by sports fishers; an external cost or a spillover cost | 43 | |
| 13789415330 | Types of Logging: Selective cutting | Intermediate-aged or mature trees in an uneven-aged forests are cut singly or in a small group, creating gaps no larger than the height of standing trees. | 44 | |
| 13789415331 | Types of Logging: Shelterwood Cutting | Removes all mature trees in two or three cuttings over a period of 10 years | 45 | |
| 13789415332 | Types of Logging: Seed-tree Cutting | Harvests nearly all of the trees in one cutting and leave a few uniformly distributed trees to regenerate stand. | 46 | |
| 13789415333 | Types of Logging: Clear-cutting | Removal of all trees in a single cutting, can be a whole strand, a strip, or a series of patches | 47 | |
| 13789415334 | Types of Logging: Strip Cutting | A variation of clear cutting that can allow sustainable timber yield to without widespread destruction | 48 | |
| 13789415335 | Causes of Species Extinction | Hunting-23%, Habitat Destruction-36%, Species Introduction-39%, Other-2% | 49 | |
| 13789415336 | Healthy Forest Initiative | Legislation passed in 2003, created as a result of 100 years suppression. Increases removal of medium and large trees/brush | 50 | |
| 13789415337 | Rangeland | A dry open grassland. Often used for grazing. | 51 | |
| 13789415338 | Red List-Endangered Species | 13% Birds species, 25% of Mammal species, 41% Amphibian species (2012) | 52 | |
| 13789415339 | Biosphere Reserve: core area | Legally constituted for long term protection. Legally protected for conservation. | 53 | |
| 13789415340 | Biosphere Reserve: Buffer zone | Clearly identified for activities compatible with conservation. Research, monitoring, education, training | 54 | |
| 13789415341 | Biosphere Reserve: Transition Area | Sustainable resource management practices. Sustainable development. | 55 | |
| 13789415342 | Biogeography | past and present distribution of organisms | 56 | |
| 13789415343 | Gap Analysis | 1.) map existing vegetation and vertebrate species. 2.) create a computer generated model. 3.) compare land management programs to see if alterations are necessary. | 57 | |
| 13789415344 | maximum sustainable yield (MSY) | the maximum amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without compromising the future availability of that resource | 58 | |
| 13789415345 | Percent of world's forests are old growth | 22% | 59 | |
| 13789415346 | Biological Hotspot | An area in the biosphere where there is at least 1500 endemic species and at least 70% of habitat has been destroyed. | 60 | |
| 13789415347 | Biodiversity | Earth's natural capital | 61 | |
| 13789415348 | Types of ecosystem services | provisioning, regulating, cultural, supporting | 62 | |
| 13789415349 | Example of Provisioning Ecosystem service | food, fresh water, fuelwood | 63 | |
| 13789415350 | Example of Regulating Ecosystem service | climate regulation, disease regulation, water regulation, water purification, pollination. | 64 | |
| 13789415351 | Example of Cultural Ecosystem service | spiritual/religious, recreational, ecotourism, inspirational, educational, cultural exchange | 65 | |
| 13789415352 | Example of Supporting Ecosystem service | Soil formation, nutrient recycling, primary production | 66 | |
| 13789415353 | intrinsic value | value independent of any benefit to humans - environment, ethics, leads to ecotourism | 67 | |
| 13789415354 | instrumental value | species existence benefits some other entity, all considered anthropocentric. Humans get use out of it. | 68 | |
| 13789415355 | Instrumental value of biodiversity | agriculture, medicine, scientific research, recreational | 69 | |
| 13789415356 | What percent of native plant species in CA can't be found anywhere else | 60% | 70 | |
| 13789415357 | Why are forests important? | used as fuelwood, 66% of paper produced from wood-siviculture, 50-80% of moisture in tropic comes from transpiration, climate change | 71 | |
| 13789415358 | Kenaf | an annual now grown for paper, produces more paper pulp and requires less pesticides and herbicides. | 72 | |
| 13789415359 | How many people depend on seas for their primary resource of food | 3.5 billion people | 73 | |
| 13789415360 | Four Fire Dependent Biomes | Temperate grassland, savanna, taiga, and chaparral. | 74 | |
| 13789415361 | Biome with richest soil | Grassland and Deciduous Forest | 75 | |
| 13789415362 | Biome with poorest soil | Coniferous Forest | 76 | |
| 13789415363 | Determines climate | Altitude and Latitude | 77 | |
| 13789415364 | Climate describes | Temperature and Precipitation | 78 | |
| 13789415365 | Characteristics of all Biomes | not uniform, consist of a mosaic of biological communities, communities are formed due to microclimates within biome, different soil and rock within biome can also alter the community that exists. | 79 | |
| 13789415366 | microclimate | environmental conditions within a small area that differs significantly from the climate of the surrounding area (ex. mist off waterfall). | 80 | |
| 13789415367 | ecotone | a region of transition between two biomes. | 81 | |
| 13789415368 | vertical stratification | the layering of an ecosystem into bands based upon depth or elevation | 82 | |
| 13789415369 | Temperate Grasslands | Various grasses and shrubs are the dominant vegetation. Have low diversity of wildlife. High abundance of organisms. Soil is nutrient rich. Low rain and windy conditons. | 83 | |
| 13789415370 | Temperate Deciduous Forest | Dominated by trees that lose their leaves each year. Found in areas with warm moist summers and cool winters. Home to broadleaf trees, shrubs, perennial herbs, and mosses. Most notable for the fact that its trees change with the seasons. Diverse animal life, must adapt to changing seasons | 84 | |
| 13789415371 | Arctic Tundra | Coldest biome. Frozen landscape (large amount permafrost). Few nutrients. Low diversity. | 85 | |
| 13789415372 | Alpine Tundra | Similar to arctic tundra, but slightly warmer on average, greater numbers flora and fauna, and greater diversity. | 86 | |
| 13789415373 | Taiga | Biome below tundra and above temperate forests. Largest land biome in the world. | 87 | |
| 13789415374 | Savanna | A tropical grassland inhabited by different grasses and few shrubs and trees that are randomly distributed. | 88 | |
| 13789415375 | Mangrove | a coastal area of water similar to swamp or estuary, composed mainly of ____ trees and aquatic shrubs. Plants half submerged in water depending on ocean tides or nearby flooding. Dense biome that makes it have relatively high NPP. | 89 | |
| 13789415376 | Rocky Shore | Solid rock along coast. Between high and low tide lines. Conditions range between terrestrial and marine. Distribution of species is influenced by the gradient. | 90 | |
| 13789415377 | Coral Reef | Underwater biome that is home to hard and soft corals, fish, sponges, lobsters, rays, sea turtles, and other sea life. Oldest ecosystem on earth. | 91 | |
| 13789415378 | Estuaries | Bodies of water typically found where river meets the sea. Most nutrient rich biome of earth. | 92 | |
| 13789415379 | Lake | Freshwater biome. | 93 | |
| 13789415380 | Tragedy of the Commons | the tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted because people act from self-interest for short-term gain. Burden is shared among everyone who depends on resource. | 94 | |
| 13789415461 | Logistic Growth Curve |  | 95 | |
| 13789415381 | Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen Fixation | atmospheric Nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds. N2 to NH3 | 96 | |
| 13789415382 | Nitrogen Cycle: Assimilation | the absorption and digestion of food or nutrients by a biological system. | 97 | |
| 13789415383 | Nitrogen Cycle: Ammonification | performed by bacteria to convert organic nitrogen to ammonia. | 98 | |
| 13789415384 | Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrification | ammonia is oxidized to nitrites and then nitrates. | 99 | |
| 13789415385 | Nitrogen: Denitrification | Nitrate turned back into N2 and goes back into atmosphere. | 100 | |
| 13789415386 | Carbon Cycle: Sinks | Oceans, Soil, Plants (photosynthesis) | 101 | |
| 13789415387 | Carbon Cycle: Sources | Emissions from fossil fuels, Forest fires, animal respiration, plants (cellular respiration). | 102 | |
| 13789415388 | r-strategist | reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce early, bear many small, unprotected offspring (ex. insects, mice). | 103 | |
| 13789415389 | k-strategist | reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce late, bear few, cared for offspring (ex. humans, elephants). | 104 | |
| 13789415390 | Selective Pressure | when the environment pushes an individual or population to adapt or evolve | 105 | |
| 13789415391 | type of niches | Fundamental vs. Realized Generalists vs. Specialists Native vs. Non-native | 106 | |
| 13789415392 | Speciation | the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution. | 107 | |
| 13789415393 | Primary Succession | An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed | 108 | |
| 13789415394 | Secondary Succession | Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil | 109 | |
| 13789415395 | Fire Succession | Type of secondary succession. I'd important to help maintain native plant dominance and health. | 110 | |
| 13789415396 | aquatic succession | Aquatic ecosystem become terrestrial | 111 | |
| 13789415397 | Symbiosis | Two organisms working together | 112 | |
| 13789415398 | Symbiosis: Mutualism | both organisms benefit | 113 | |
| 13789415399 | Symbiosis: Commensalism | one organism benefits and the other is unaffected | 114 | |
| 13789415400 | Symbiosis: Parasitism | one organism benefits at the expense of the other | 115 | |
| 13789415401 | indicator species | Indicates if something is wrong in ecosystems | 116 | |
| 13789415402 | keystone species | Impact is more significant than abundance | 117 | |
| 13789415403 | What do communities differ in? | Physical appearance and species diversity | 118 | |
| 13789415404 | Hadley Cells | A convection current in the atmosphere that cycles between the equator and 30° N and 30° S. | 119 | |
| 13789415405 | El Nino | an irregularly occurring and complex series of climatic changes affecting the equatorial Pacific region and beyond every few years, characterized by the appearance of unusually warm, nutrient-poor water off northern Peru and Ecuador, typically in late December. | 120 | |
| 13789415406 | Surface currents | Important for moderating climate | 121 | |
| 13789415407 | Labrador Current | a cold ocean current flowing down from the north | 122 | |
| 13789415408 | Gulf Stream | A warm ocean current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico northward through the Atlantic Ocean | 123 | |
| 13789415409 | Montreal Protocol | meeting in 1987 where a group of nations met in Canada and agreed to take steps to fight against Ozone Depletion-CFC's banned | 124 | |
| 13789415410 | The Greenhouse Effect | Thicker greenhouse gas blanket, the longer that radiation stays in the atmosphere, the warmer the planet gets. | 125 | |
| 13789415411 | Upper 2 meters of ocean | store more solar heat than the entire atmosphere. | 126 | |
| 13789415412 | IPCC | Between 1970 and 2004 there was a 70% increase in GHG's, CO2 grew by 80% Largest growth of CO2 came from power generation and road transportation. Methane rose by 40%, agriculture main source, rice fields. Nitrous oxide N20 rose by 50% due to increased use of inorganic fertilizers. | 127 | |
| 13789415413 | Carbon Dioxide | CO2; 20% of warming. 1kg FF = 3kg CO2 | 128 | |
| 13789415414 | Methane | CH4; over 20 times more efficient than CO2. | 129 | |
| 13789415415 | Nitrous Oxide | 200 times more efficient than CO2. | 130 | |
| 13789415416 | Water Vapor | 60% of warming | 131 | |
| 13789415417 | CFC's | 20,000 times more efficient than CO2. | 132 | |
| 13789415418 | Causes of seasonal fluctuations | Fluctuation due to seasonal changes in northern hemisphere. Majority of land mass is in northern hemisphere. CO2 up in winter due to deciduous behaviors. CO2 down in summer due to increased biomass. | 133 | |
| 13789415419 | tropospheric ozone | ground level ozone; is considered bad because it is closer to the earth making it more likely for someone to breathe it in. It is also more dangerous because it is made up of particulate matter. | 134 | |
| 13789415420 | catalytic converter | a device that reduces carbon monoxide emissions from vehicles. | 135 | |
| 13789415421 | inversion layers | Prevent convective circulation and traps things in this ________. Only way to reversed it with reversed wind directions. | 136 | |
| 13789415422 | Urban Heat Dome | Forms from excess CO2. Forms because of lower water content (no trees no transpiration) and black asphalt absorbs heat (different albedo). | 137 | |
| 13789415423 | acid deposition | Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, enter the atmosphere-where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid-and return to Earth's surface | 138 | |
| 13789415424 | Consequences of acid deposition | Kills forests and lakes. | 139 | |
| 13789415425 | clean air act of 1970 | Mandates the setting of standards for particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, lead, and ozone. Monitors and regulates toxic substances such as arsenic, asbestos, and mercury. | 140 | |
| 13789415426 | Primary pollutant examples | hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides | 141 | |
| 13789415427 | particulate matter | the sum of all solid and liquid particles suspended in air many of which are hazardous. | 142 | |
| 13789415428 | radon | Naturally occurring radioactive gas found in some types of rocks and soil. Carcinogenic. Long term exposure causes lung cancer. | 143 | |
| 13789415429 | lead | can be found in air, household dust, soil, water, and commercial products. too much exposure bad for health | 144 | |
| 13789415430 | PM 2.5 | Worse for you. Combustion particles, organic compounds, metals, etc. | 145 | |
| 13789415431 | PM 10 | dust, pollen, mold, etc. | 146 | |
| 13789415432 | Dust pollution | Carries industrial pollution from China such as heavy metals mercury and lead. Carries Biological pathogens. Large scale solar projects and urbanization disrupt | 147 | |
| 13789415433 | Noise Pollution | When we use technology/boats/etc with the same sound frequencies animals operate on it interferes with animals' echolocation. | 148 | |
| 13789415462 | Oxygen Sag Curve |  | 149 | |
| 13789415434 | Eutrophication | As nutrients enter water, phytoplankton bloom consuming nutrients, block off light and oxygen flow from surface, benthic plants and animals dies, raises BOD lower DO. | 150 | |
| 13789415435 | Dead Zone | In a body of water, an area with extremely low oxygen concentration and very little life | 151 | |
| 13789415436 | Wastewater Treatment Plant: Primary Treatment | Screen out solid material (sludge) | 152 | |
| 13789415437 | Wastewater Treatment Plant: Secondary Treatment | Aerobic bacteria digest 90% of oxygen demanding organic wastes. | 153 | |
| 13789415438 | Wastewater Treatment Plant: Tertiary Treatment | Used to remove nitrates and phosphates | 154 | |
| 13789415439 | Clean Water Act | Established the basic structure for regulating pollutant discharges into the waters of the United States. | 155 | |
| 13789415440 | Water Quality Act of 1987 | limits non point pollution, one of the main forms is construction. | 156 | |
| 13789415441 | Waste Hierarchy (how to reduce our impact) | Waste prevention, reuse, recycle/compost, energy recovery, disposal. | 157 | |
| 13789415442 | Integrated Waste Management | an approach to waste disposal that employs several waste reduction, management, and disposal strategies in order to reduce the environmental impact of municipal solid waste. | 158 | |
| 13789415443 | Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) | EPA identifies hazardous waste and governs the location, design, construction, operation, and final closure of landfill. All hazardous shipped to landfills must be manifested so that regulators can trace the waste from "cradle to grave." | 159 | |
| 13789415444 | Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) | Defines policies and procedures for release of hazardous substances into the environment. Established the Superfund - cleanup the worst abandoned hazardous-waste sites. | 160 | |
| 13789415463 | Biomagnification vs. Bioaccumulation |  | 161 | |
| 13789415445 | 5 R's | refuse, reduce, reuse, repurpose, recycle | 162 | |
| 13789415446 | Biological Hazards | Plagues, cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, overuse of antibiotics. | 163 | |
| 13789415447 | Tuberculosis | Has a drug-resistant form because of overuse of antibiotics; traveling globe. | 164 | |
| 13789415448 | Maleria | Anophoeles mosquito is at higher latitudes and higher altitudes because of warming of the planet, makes this disease an increased issue. | 165 | |
| 13789415449 | Threshold dose response | When compounds need to build up to be toxic. | 166 | |
| 13789415450 | Non-threshold dose-response | When compounds are so toxic they begin to do damage with the first molecule. | 167 | |
| 13789415451 | OPEC | the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, a group established in 1960 by some oil-producing nations to coordinate policies on selling petroleum products | 168 | |
| 13789415452 | Hybrid cars | vehicles that run on a gasoline / electric motor; often increasing fuel efficiency. Promoted as more eco-friendly because of they don't emit as much gases and don't need as much fuel as regular car but environmental impact of battery is also detrimental. | 169 | |
| 13789415453 | Fuel cells | an electrochemical cell that uses replenishable substances such as hydrogen or oxygen or water to produce electricity |  | 170 |
| 13789415454 | Fracking | The pumping of water at high pressure to break apart rocks in order to release natural gas. Can release toxins into groundwater. Causes random "earthquakes" where there are no fault lines. | 171 | |
| 13789415455 | Half-life | length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay | 172 | |
| 13789415456 | coal | World's most abundant fossil fuel, but the dirtiest. Problems include industrial smog (particulate pollution), acidrain from SO2/NOX, CO2 emissions, Mercury pollution, coal ash (contains arsenic). | 173 | |
| 13789415457 | Mercury | a toxic element that causes health problems for humans. Can bioaccumulate/biomagnify through consumption. Byproduct of energy production. | 174 | |
| 13789415458 | Trend of fossil fuel in last decade | increasing | 175 |
