Terms : Hide Images
| 9832127528 | crust | composed of volcanic, sedimentary, and granite-type rocks | 0 | |
| 9832133660 | mantle | iron, magnesium, aluminum, and silicon-oxygen compounds | 1 | |
| 9832139130 | lithosphere | solid, outer part of earth/brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust/broken into tectonic plates | 2 | |
| 9832147972 | core | composed of iron and is so hot the outer core is molten | 3 | |
| 9832151760 | basalt | common igneous rock formed by rapid cooling of lava exposed or near the surface | 4 | |
| 9832159301 | granite rock | contains mostly mineral quartz and feldspar which solidified from magma that cooled far below earth's surface | 5 | |
| 9832169028 | metamorphic rock | type of rock that has been changed by extreme heat and pressure | 6 | |
| 9832177751 | sedimentary rock | formed through deposition and the solidification of sediment that was transported by water, ice, or wind | 7 | |
| 9832187098 | continental drift theory | proposed by alfred wegner, all present-day continents originally formed one landmass | 8 | |
| 9832195472 | subduction zones | two tectonic plates meet and move toward each other, with one sliding underneath the other and moving down into the mantle | 9 | |
| 9832205313 | transform boundaries | plates slide past each other, friction and stress buildup cause earthquakes (sna andreas fault) | 10 | |
| 9832221493 | divergent boundaries | two plates slide apart from each other, creates fault zones which are areas of frequent oceanic earthquakes | 11 | |
| 9832229827 | convergent boundaries | two plates slide towards each other, commonly forming either a subduction zone or orogonic belt, creates an oceanic trench | 12 | |
| 9832243690 | tsunami | generated by subducton-zone earthquakes | 13 | |
| 9832250498 | solar intensity | affected by earth's rotation, the tilt of earth's axis (23.5 degrees), and atmospheric conditions | 14 | |
| 9832257284 | seasons | not caused by earth's distance from the sun, but rather by the angle of sunlight hitting the earth | 15 | |
| 9832267065 | soil | holds nutrients and water for plants and animals, filters water, composed of minerals, organic materials from dead plants and animals, and open space to be filled with water or air | 16 | |
| 9832280116 | o horizon | surface litter, leaves and partially decomposed organic debris | 17 | |
| 9832285590 | a horizon | topsoil, humus, organic matter, living organisms and inorganic minerals | 18 | |
| 9832291065 | e horizon | zone of leaching, dissolved and suspended materials move downwards | 19 | |
| 9832295708 | b horizon | subsoil, tends to be yellowish in color due to accumulation of iron, aluminum, and clay leached from a and e horizons, rich in nutrients | 20 | |
| 9832304946 | c horizon | weathered parent material, partially broken down inorganic materials | 21 | |
| 9832309220 | bedrock | lowest layer of soil | 22 | |
| 9832311732 | parent material | rock and minerals from which soil derives | 23 | |
| 9832315333 | climate | measured by precipitation and temperature, results in partial weathering of the parent material | 24 | |
| 9832323902 | sand | sedimentary material coarser than silt | 25 | |
| 9832329081 | silt | sedimentary material consisting of very fine particles | 26 | |
| 9832333630 | clay | very fine particles, compacts easily, aggregates when wet | 27 | |
| 9833428290 | humus | dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays | 28 | |
| 9833433849 | soil erosion | movement of weathered rock or soil components from one place to another | 29 | |
| 9833437744 | desertification impacts | productive potential of arid or semiarid land falls by at least 10% due to human activity or climate change | 30 | |
| 9833444349 | salinization | water that is not absorbed into the soil and evaporates, leaving behind dissolved salts in topsoil | 31 | |
| 9833451149 | waterlogging | saturation of soil with water resulting in a rise in the water table | 32 | |
| 9833464269 | igenous | formed by cooling | 33 | |
| 9833468084 | atmosphere | composed of seven primary compounds: nitrogen (78%) oxygen (21%) water vapor (0-4%) carbon dioxide (<1%) methane (<1%) nitrous oxide (<1%) ozone (<1%) | 34 | |
| 9833482225 | troposphere | 0-7 miles above the surface, 75% of the atmosphere's mass, temperature decreases with altitude, weather occurs in this zone | 35 | |
| 9833491610 | stratosphere | temperature increases with altitude due to absorption of UV radiation by ozone, contains ozone layer | 36 | |
| 9833497142 | mesosphere | temperature decreases with altitude, coldest layer, ice clouds occur here, meteors burn up in this layer | 37 | |
| 9833502212 | thermosphere | temperature increases with altitude, contains gamma rays, x-rays, and UV radiation, aurora borealis | 38 | |
| 9833521840 | conduction | involves the transfer of heat through solid substances and results from a difference in temperature between different parts of the substance | 39 | |
| 9833528413 | convection | the primary way energy is transferred from hotter to colder regions in earth's atmosphere, primary determinant of weather patterns, movement of warmer molecules in the air | 40 | |
| 9833542583 | air mass | a large body of air that has similar temperatures and moisture content | 41 | |
| 9833545605 | albedo | reflectivity | 42 | |
| 9833548529 | carbon cycle | includes carbonate rock weathering and silicate rock weathering | 43 | |
| 9833555821 | fronts | the boundary where two air masses meet | 44 | |
| 9833566924 | warm front | boundary between an advancing warm air mass and the cooler one it is replacing | 45 | |
| 9833571878 | cold front | leading edge of an advancing mass of cold air | 46 | |
| 9833783326 | global air circulation | affected by uneven heating of earth's surface, seasons, the coriolis effect, the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth, convection cells created by warm oceans waters | 47 | |
| 9833791947 | low pressure cells | produces cloudy and stormy weather | 48 | |
| 9833793983 | high pressure cells | produces fair weather | 49 | |
| 9833796293 | trade winds | prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics, blow predominantly from the northeast to the northern hemisphere and from the southeast in the southern hemisphere | 50 | |
| 9833808394 | coriolis effect | when earth's rotation on its axis causes winds to not travel straight | 51 | |
| 9833811800 | hadley air cell | high humidity, high clouds, and heavy rains | 52 | |
| 9833815299 | ferrel air cell | betwen 30 degrees and 60 degrees north and south latitudes | 53 | |
| 9833821713 | polar air cell | icy-cold, dry, dense air that descends from the troposphere to the ground | 54 | |
| 9833825292 | polar vortex | a low-pressure zone embedded in a large mass of very cold air that lies atop both poles | 55 | |
| 9833830824 | monsoons | strong, often violent winds that change direction with the season | 56 | |
| 9833835693 | upwellings | occurs when prevailing winds push warmer, nutrient-poor surface waters away from the coastline, then surface water is replaced by cooler, nutrient-rich deeper waters | 57 | |
| 9833843750 | water | filters out harmful UV radiation in aquatic ecosystems | 58 | |
| 9861155170 | confined aquifer | aquifer below that land surface that is saturated with water | 59 | |
| 9861164070 | recharge zone | surface above the aquifer which supplies it with water | 60 | |
| 9861167602 | unconfined aquifer | aquifer whose upper water surface is at an atmospheric pressure | 61 | |
| 9861173732 | unsaturated zone | zone immediately below the land surface where the pores contain water and air, not completely saturated with water | 62 | |
| 9861183884 | water permeability | the ability of a material to allow the passage of water through rocks | 63 | |
| 9861189223 | water table | the level below which the ground is saturated with water | 64 | |
| 9861196494 | subsidence | the sinking of land that results from groundwater extraction | 65 | |
| 9861200871 | saltwater intrusion | the movement of saltwater into freshwater aquifers which can lead to contamination of drinking water sources | 66 | |
| 9861212639 | ice shelves | a thick floating platform of ice that forms when a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface | 67 | |
| 9861233404 | three types of water withdrawal | agriculture, industrial, and municipal | 68 | |
| 9861236499 | africa | most agricultural water withdrawal | 69 | |
| 9861243716 | europe | most industrial water withdrawal | 70 | |
| 9861247416 | oceania | most municipal water withdrawal | 71 | |
| 9861257719 | ecology | branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical environment | 72 | |
| 9861265591 | clumped population dispersal | dense with organisms, most common type of dispersion | 73 | |
| 9861275655 | random population dispersion | little interaction between members of the population | 74 | |
| 9861279931 | ecological niches | the particular area within a habitat occupied by an organism and includes the function of that organism within an ecological community | 75 | |
| 9861295350 | ecosystem services | provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural | 76 | |
| 9861302383 | law of tolerance | the existence, abundance, and distribution of species depends on the tolerance level of each species to both physical and climate factors | 77 | |
| 9861311971 | limiting factor | any abiotic factor that limits of prevents the growth of a population | 78 | |
| 9861328313 | temporal partitioning | two species eliminate direct competition by utilizing the same resource at different times | 79 | |
| 9861339982 | spatial partitioning | competing species use the same resource by occupying different areas or habitats within the range of occurance of resource | 80 | |
| 9861353956 | morphological partitioning | two species share the same resource but have evolved slightly different structures to utilize the same resource | 81 | |
| 9861366464 | amensalism | one species suffers and the other species is not affected | 82 | |
| 9861373080 | commensalism | one organism benefits and one is not affected | 83 | |
| 9861375902 | competition | the driving force of evolution, can be for mates, food, or habitat | 84 | |
| 9861384408 | mutualism | both species benefit | 85 | |
| 9861388124 | parasitism | one species benefits and the other is harmed | 86 | |
| 9861391771 | predation | predators hunt and kill prey | 87 | |
| 9861394932 | saprotropism | one organism obtains its nutrients from dead or decaying plants and animals through absorption of soluble organic compounds | 88 | |
| 9861408258 | keystone species | a species whose very presence contributes to a diversity of life and whose extinction would lead to extinction of other forms of life | 89 | |
| 9861419895 | edge effects | how the local environment changes along some type of boundary or edge | 90 | |
| 9861427276 | primary producers | plants that convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis | 91 | |
| 9861433214 | heterotrophs | get their energy by consuming primary producers | 92 | |
| 9861444984 | gross primary production | the rate at which plants capture and fix a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in a given length of time | 93 | |
| 9861451646 | net primary production | remaining fixed energy | 94 | |
| 9861470825 | antarctic | area surrounding south pole, less than 2 in. rainfall, cold and dry, low biodiversity, seas are extremely productive because phytoplankton grow abundantly during the extended daylight of summer and feed large populations of krill | 95 | |
| 9861505482 | marine | highest npp | 96 | |
| 9861508915 | abyssal | deep ocean, high pressure, high oxygen, low nutrient | 97 | |
| 9861516853 | benthic | below pelagic zone, temperature increases as depth increases because light cannot penetrate deeper water, nutrient rich | 98 | |
| 9861528737 | fringing reefs | grows seaward directly from shore | 99 | |
| 9861536065 | atoll | when a fringing reef continues to grow upward from a volcanic island that has sunk entirely below sea level | 100 | |
| 9861545521 | barrier reefs | border a shoreline, they are separated from land by an expanse of water | 101 | |
| 9861556716 | intertidal | ocean meets land, high biodiversity | 102 | |
| 9861567366 | pelagic | open ocean, thermal stratification with a constant mixing of warm and cold ocean currents | 103 | |
| 9861575464 | lakes | large natural bodies of standing freshwater formed when precipitation, runoff, or groundwater seepage fills depressions in earth's surface | 104 | |
| 9861587984 | processes that form lakes: | tectonic uplift of mountain range, advance and retreat of glaciers, no natural outlet for ocean water, erosion in river valleys, and volcanic craters and calderas that fill up with water more rapidly than they empty | 105 | |
| 9861616646 | littoral zone | shallow, close to shore, penetrated by light, rooted and floating plants flourish | 106 | |
| 9861624183 | limnetic zone | open surface water, penetrated by light, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and higher animals, produces most of the lake's food and oxygen | 107 | |
| 9861639943 | profundal zone | deep, no-light regions, too dark for photosynthesis, low oxygen levels | 108 | |
| 9861647003 | benthic zone | bottom of lake, organisms can tolerate low temperature and low oxygen | 109 | |
| 9861652121 | oligotrophic | deep, cold, small surface area, nutrient-poor, not very productive, clear water, high oxygen concentration | 110 | |
| 9861666758 | mesotrophic | moderate nutrient content, reasonably productive | 111 | |
| 9861673496 | eutrophic | shallow, warm, large surface area, nutrient rich, many phytoplankton, murky waters, low oxygen | 112 | |
| 9861690512 | wetlands | areas that are covered with water at some point in the year and that support aquatic plants, absorbs excess water, carbon sink, groundwater recharge zone | 113 | |
| 9861737014 | anthropogenic activities that can reduce biodiversity | burning fossil fuels, deforestation, industrial agriculture, overfishing, use of pesticides, GMOs, and water pollution | 114 | |
| 9861760859 | ecological succession | the gradual and orderly process of ecosystem development brought about by changes in community composition and the production of a climax community | 115 | |
| 9865908894 | carbon | basic building block of life and the fundamental element found in carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids | 116 | |
| 9865915586 | sinks of carbon | plant matter, old growth forests, oceans, and sedimentary deposits (limestone- largest reservoir of carbon) | 117 | |
| 9865938039 | carbon is released into the atmosphere | cellular respiration, anaerobic respiration, decay of organic material, burning fossil fuels, weatherization, volcanic eruptions, strip mining, and incineration of wastes | 118 | |
| 9865951171 | nitrogen | essential element needed to make amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids | 119 | |
| 9865957802 | nitrogen cycle | nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification | 120 | |
| 9865965942 | nitrogen fixation | atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia or nitrate ions, done by legumes | 121 | |
| 9865975171 | nitrification | ammonia is converted to nitrite and nitrate, useful to plants | 122 | |
| 9865980391 | assimilation | plants absorb ammonia and nitrate ions through their roots | 123 | |
| 9865986417 | ammonification | decomposing bacteria convert dead organisms and wastes to ammonia and ammonium ions | 124 | |
| 9865998759 | denitrification | anaerobic bacteria convert ammonia into nitrites, nitrates, nitrogen gas, and nitrous oxide to continue the cycle | 125 | |
| 9866013325 | phosphorus | essential for the production of nucleotides, atp, fats in cell membranes, bones, teeth, and shells/primary sink is sedimentary rocks | 126 | |
| 9866024442 | phosphorus cycle | released from terrestrial rocks by weathering and action of acidic rain, limiting factor for soil, does not involve a gaseous or atmospheric phase | 127 | |
| 9866042274 | water cycle | powered by energy from the sun, in a state of dynamic equilibrium by which the rate of evaporation equals the rate of precipitation/includes evaporation, evapotranspiration, condensation, infiltration, runoff, and precipitation | 128 | |
| 9877959064 | population ecology | studies the dynamics of species' populations and how these populations interact with the environment | 129 | |
| 9877967745 | biotic potential | the maximum reproductive capacity of an organism under optimal environmental conditions/rate of reproduction and the size of each litter are the primary determining factors/restricted by environmental resistence | 130 | |
| 9877983219 | carrying capacity | the number of individuals that can be supported in a given area sustainably/decreases as environment degrades | 131 | |
| 9877996255 | j-curve | population density increases rapidly then stops abruptly as environmental resistance suddenly becomes effective | 132 | |
| 9878007544 | s-curve | the population density of an organism increases slowly, then increases rapidly, then declines in a negative acceleration phase until reaching zero growth rate | 133 | |
| 9878030623 | r-strategists | high reproductive rates | 134 | |
| 9878033613 | K-strategists | reproduce later in life with fewer offspring | 135 | |
| 9878046556 | decline of living conditions | overproduction of young, inability of resources to keep up, irresponsibility of lower classes | 136 | |
| 9878058673 | survivorship curves | show age distribution characteristics of species, reproductive strategies, and life history | 137 | |
| 9878063050 | type I | humans | 138 | |
| 9878066742 | type II | birds | 139 | |
| 9878066744 | type III | oysters | 140 | |
| 9878079014 | replacement level fertility | the level of fertility at which a couple has only enough children to replace themselves | 141 | |
| 9878083228 | crude birth rate | number of live births per 1,000 members of population per year | 142 | |
| 9878090925 | crude death rate | number of deaths per 1,000 members of population each year | 143 | |
| 9878099648 | population change | (crude birth rate + immigration) - (crude death rate + emigration) | 144 | |
| 9878105290 | actual growth rate | birth rate - death rate/10 | 145 | |
| 9878110242 | doubling time | use rule of 70, the amount of time it takes for a given quantity to double in size or value at a constant growth rate/dt(change in time)= 70/r(growth rate) | 146 | |
| 9878122898 | pre-industrial | living conditions are severe, medical care is poor, food supply is limited, little population growth | 147 | |
| 9878133241 | transitional | standards of hygiene, advances in medical care, cleaned water supply, higher levels of education, rapid increase in population | 148 | |
| 9878147078 | industrial | educational and work opportunities for women decrease birth rates, death rate closes | 149 | |
| 9878154719 | post-industrial | birth rate equals death rate, zero population growth, standard of living is much higher | 150 | |
| 9878170073 | age pyramid | determined by birth rate, generation time, death rate, and sex ratios |  | 151 |
| 9878184970 | strategies for population sustainability | economic incentives for having fewer children, more job opportunities for women, government family-planning services, improve prenatal and infant health care | 152 | |
| 9878275226 | alley cropping | planting crops in strips with rows of trees or shrubs on each side/increases biodiversity, reduces surface water runoff and erosion | 153 | |
| 9878286455 | conservation tillage | slows water movement and reduces the amount of soil erosion | 154 | |
| 9878291277 | contour farming | farming with row patterns that run nearly level around the hill/slows water runoff and erosion | 155 | |
| 9878298217 | crop rotation | planting a field with different crops from year to year to reduce soil nutrient depletion/adds nitrogen to the soil | 156 | |
| 9878306735 | intercropping | to grow more than one crop in the same field | 157 | |
| 9878309682 | interplanting | growing two different crops in an area at the same time | 158 | |
| 9878315720 | no till | inject seeds into slits or holes in the soil by a machine to minimize soil distribution/reduce soil erosion, energy consumption, and water loss | 159 | |
| 9878330985 | polyculture | different crops in the same space, in imitation of the diversity of natural ecosystems and avoids monoculture | 160 | |
| 9878344702 | terracing | graduated terrace steps are commonly used to farm on hilly or mountainous terrain | 161 | |
| 9878350993 | tillage | exposes the land to water and wind erosion | 162 | |
| 9878357654 | inorganic fertilizer | mined from mineral deposits or synthetic compounds/nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium | 163 | |
| 9878365175 | GMOs | genetically modified crops, extend shelf life of fruits and vegetables, can alleviate chronic malnutrition, can withstand extreme weather conditions | 164 | |
| 9878383615 | GMO pros | less water and fertilizer, higher crop yields, less spoilage, faster growth, more resistant to disease and pests, may grow in saltier soils, ad less exposure to pesticides and herbicides | 165 | |
| 9878386713 | GMO cons | unknown ecological effects, less biodiversity, may harm beneficial insects, may pose an allergen risk, unknown mutations, may cause pesticide resistant strains, plants produce sterile seeds requiring farmers to buy new ones each year | 166 | |
| 9878429424 | sustainable agriculture practices | use water and nutrients efficiently, keep soil covered throughout year, reduce or eliminate tillage, diversify farms, rotate crops, protect water quality | 167 | |
| 9878879391 | biological controls | living organisms used to control pest/sterile insect technique | 168 | |
| 9878885108 | carbamates | affects the nervous system of pests | 169 | |
| 9878899227 | chlorinated hydrocarbons and other persistent organic compounds | includes DDT, synthetic organic compounds that belong to a group of chemicals known as persistent organic pollutants | 170 | |
| 9878908983 | POPs | organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes | 171 | |
| 9878919319 | fumigants | used to sterilize soil and prevent pest infestation | 172 | |
| 9878922669 | inorganic controls | broad-based pesticides that are highly toxic and accumulate in the environment | 173 | |
| 9878930944 | organic or natural | natural poisons derived from plants such as tobacco or chrysanthemum | 174 | |
| 9878939576 | organophosphates | extremely toxic but remain in the environment for only a brief time | 175 | |
| 9878949144 | integrated pest management | ecological pest control strategy that uses a combination of biological, chemical, and physical methods together or in succession and requires an understanding of the ecology and life cycle of pests | 176 | |
| 9878967998 | mitigation | alleviate in force or intensity | 177 | |
| 9878967999 | remediation | act or process of correcting a fault or deficiency | 178 | |
| 9878974509 | restoration | returning something to its former good condition | 179 | |
| 9878979482 | old-growth forests | forests that have not been seriously impacted by human activities for hundreds of years/older and mixed age trees, minimal signs of human activity, healthy soil profiles | 180 | |
| 9878998058 | ecological impacts of wildlife | loss of habitat, more available sunlight is able to reach the ground which can result in higher ground temperatures, significantly less vegetation and associated root systems that help to hold soil together and absorb precipitation | 181 | |
| 9879022041 | four factors that control the severity of forest fires | weather, abundance of fuel, lack of moisture, terrain characteristics | 182 | |
| 9879027865 | crown fires | occur in forests that have not had surface fires for a long time | 183 | |
| 9879033578 | ground fires | fires that occur underground, burn partially decayed leaves, and are common in peat bogs | 184 | |
| 9879042036 | surface fires | burn undergrowth and kill leaf litter | 185 | |
| 9879053826 | role and ecological importance of fire | some plants cannot reproduce without fire, initiates critical natural processes by breaking down organic matter into soil nutrients while rain then moves these nutrients back into the soil, also destroys invasive plant species that compete for limited resources | 186 | |
| 9879071119 | deforestation | results in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity and reduced ecological services | 187 | |
| 9879076599 | clear-cutting | all of the trees in an area are cut at the same time | 188 | |
| 9879080970 | high-grading | cutting and removing only the largest and best trees | 189 | |
| 9879086077 | seed-cutting trees | the majority of trees are removed except for scattered seed producing trees | 190 | |
| 9879094819 | shelterwood cutting | removing all mature trees in an area | 191 | |
| 9879098769 | strip cutting | clear-cutting a strip of trees that follows the land contour | 192 | |
| 9879106836 | purpose of federal rangelands | a habitat for game species, habitat for diverse native plant species, source of high quality drinking water and clean air, fully renewable food production systems for the cattle industry | 193 | |
| 9879120863 | desertification | the conversion of marginal rangeland or cropland to a more desert-like land type, caused by overgrazing, soil erosion, prolonged drought or climate change as well as overuse of nutrients and water | 194 | |
| 9879146130 | urbanization pros | uses less land, better education, mass transit systems decrease reliance on fossil fuels, better sanitation, better recycling, high tax revenues, attract industry, more pollution comes from point sources allowing for more direct remediation | 195 | |
| 9879167537 | urbanization cons | impact on land is more concentrated and more prolonged, overcrowded schools, infrastructure cannot keep up with growth, solid-waste build up, strains on social services, pollution levels are high | 196 | |
| 9879186440 | smart growth | an urban planning and transportation plan designed to slow urban sprawl and concentrate growth in compact, walkable "urban villages" | 197 | |
| 9879203774 | impacts of federal highway system on environment | fewer pollutants, reduction in greenhouse gases, improved fuel economy, improved economy, and improved quality of life | 198 | |
| 9879219713 | four steps of mining | site development, extraction, processing, and reclamation | 199 | |
| 9879224570 | site development | economic decisions are made to determine whether a site will be profitable | 200 | |
| 9879231790 | extraction | includes surface mining, underground mining, and in situ leaching | 201 | |
| 9879239398 | surface mining | soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit are removed, four main forms: strip mining, open-pit mining, mountaintop removal, and dredging | 202 | |
| 9879249984 | strip mining | mining a seam of mineral by first removing a long strip of overburden | 203 | |
| 9879968360 | in situ leaching | small holes are drilled into the site | 204 | |
| 9879971548 | processing | intensive chemical processes during smelting | 205 | |
| 9879974740 | reclamation | surface mining control and reclamation act of 1977, primary federal law that regulates the environmental effect of surface mining | 206 | |
| 9879991823 | bottom trawling | uses a funnel-shaped net to drag the ocean bottom for shrimp, cod, flounder, and scallops | 207 | |
| 9880000760 | bycatch | species that are not wanted | 208 | |
| 9880003713 | drift net | long expanses of nets that hang down in water and also trap turtles, seabirds, and marine mammals | 209 | |
| 9880011963 | longline | placing very long lines with thousands of baited hooks for swordfish, tuna, sharks, halibut, and cod | 210 | |
| 9880019788 | purse seine | involves surrounding large schools of tuna, mackerel, anchovies, and herring, spotted by aircraft using sonar with a large net drawn tight | 211 | |
| 9880042902 | methods to manage fisheries in a sustainable manner: | regulating locations and pollution output, encouraging production of herbivorous fish, setting catch limits far below sustainable yields, increasing marine sanctuaries, controlling invasive species, and protecting coastal wetlands and estuaries | 212 | |
| 9880063184 | aquaculture | the commercial growing of aquatic organisms for food, 80% mollusks, 40% shrimp, 75% kelp | 213 | |
| 9880075681 | world bank | a source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world | 214 | |
| 9880088083 | examples of tragedy of the commons | uncontrolled human population growth, air pollution, overextraction of groundwater, logging old-growth forests, slash and burn practices, burning fossil fuels, habitat destruction, and overfishing | 215 | |
| 9880110429 | energy | the ability to do work | 216 | |
| 9880110430 | joule | unit of energy | 217 | |
| 9880113879 | power | work/time | 218 | |
| 9880113880 | watt | unit of power | 219 | |
| 9880154798 | btu | british thermal unit, amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by 1 degree F | 220 | |
| 9880166735 | 1st law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed | 221 | |
| 9880171015 | 2nd law of thermodynamics | when energy is converted from one form to another a less useful form results | 222 | |
| 9880181813 | coal and oil | world's primary sources of energy | 223 | |
| 9880229425 | nonrenewable resource | a resource of economic value that cannot be readily replaced by natural means on a level equal to its consumption | 224 | |
| 9880235021 | coal | produced by the decomposition of ancient organic matter under high temperature and pressure | 225 | |
| 9880240962 | lignite | lowest heat content | 226 | |
| 9880240963 | bituminous | high sulfur content and constitutes 50% of the US coal reserves | 227 | |
| 9880247366 | anthracite | high heat content and low sulfur content | 228 | |
| 9880250863 | baghouse filters | fabric filter that can be used to reduce particulates | 229 | |
| 9880257404 | coal gasification | turns coal and other carbon-based fuels into gas known as syngas | 230 | |
| 9880265346 | cyclone separator | removing particulates through rotational effects and gravity | 231 | |
| 9880270701 | electrostatic precipitators | a filtration device that removes fine particles | 232 | |
| 9880278900 | scrubbers | systems that inject chemicals into dirty exhaust stream to wash out acidic gases | 233 | |
| 9880290355 | clean coal | a term for technology that mitigates emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that arise from the burning of coal for electrical power | 234 | |
| 9880302484 | pros of coal | world reserves will last 300 years at the current rate of consumption, relatively high-net energy yield, US subsidies keep prices low | 235 | |
| 9880310373 | cons of coal | most extraction is done through strip mining, burning of coal releases sulfur and radioactive particles into the air, expensive to process and transport, contributes to global warming | 236 | |
| 9880328502 | oil | a fossil fuel produced by the decomposition of deeply buried organic material under high temperature and pressure for millions of years | 237 | |
| 9880337081 | pros of oil | easily transported, high net-energy yield, ample supply, large US subsidies, and versatile | 238 | |
| 9880343450 | cons of oil | world oil reserves are limited and declining, produces water pollution, creates air pollution when burned, land disturbances, oil spills | 239 | |
| 9880358323 | natural gas | a fossil fuel formed when layers of buried plants and gases are exposed to intense heat and pressure over thousands of years | 240 | |
| 9880363194 | pros of natural gas | easily transported, inexpensive, high world reserves, high net-energy yield, must safer extraction | 241 | |
| 9880373255 | cons of natural gas | burning releases CO2, releases sulfur, leakage increases global warming, causes environmental disruptions | 242 | |
| 9880388334 | fracking | chemicals are mixed with large quantities of water and sand are injected into wells at an extremely high pressure to create fractures in rock that allow oil and natural gas to escape and flow out of the well | 243 | |
| 9880415325 | nuclear fission | an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei along with by-product particles and the heat that is produced is used to produce steam that turns off generators that then produce electricity | 244 | |
| 9880431834 | decline in nuclear energy | cost overruns, higher-than-expected operating costs, safety issues, disposal of nuclear wastes, and its perception of being a risky investment | 245 | |
| 9880443282 | nuclear core | contains fuel rods with fuel pellets | 246 | |
| 9880446247 | nuclear fuel | enriched U-235 | 247 | |
| 9880449765 | control rods | move in and out of the core to absorb neutrons and slow down the reaction | 248 | |
| 9880455993 | moderator | reduces the speed of fast neutrons allowing a sustainable chain reaction | 249 | |
| 9880460026 | coolant | removes heat and produces steam to generate electricity | 250 | |
| 9880463463 | pros of nuclear energy | produces 62% of US emission free energy, releases 1/6 CO2 that fossil fuels do, water pollution is low, low disruption of land | 251 | |
| 9880479021 | cons of nuclear energy | thermal pollution, storage of nuclear waste, low net-energy yield, uranium is nonrenewable | 252 | |
| 9880495745 | oil shale | organic-rich, fine-grained, sedimentary rock that contains significant amounts of an organic compound known as kerogen | 253 | |
| 9880524930 | tar sands | contains bitumen (semi-solid form of oil that does not flow) | 254 | |
| 9880546027 | biogas | a collection of processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen to produce methane gas which can be burned to produce energy | 255 | |
| 9880569688 | biomass | a biological material derived from living or recently living organisms that can be burned in large incinerators to create steam that is used for electricity | 256 | |
| 9880615047 | geothermal | heat contained in underground rock and fluids from molten rock which produces pockets of underground dry steam used for fuel | 257 | |
| 9888604836 | solar energy | collecting and harnessing radiant energy from the sun to provide heat or electricity | 258 | |
| 9888613833 | pros of solar energy | supply is limitless, very limited pollution, little impact on wildlife habitats | 259 | |
| 9888618526 | cons of solar energy | insufficient where sunlight is limited, systems must be replaced, toxic materials are required in manufacturing | 260 | |
| 9888631266 | hydrogen fuel cells | operates similar to a battery, has two electrodes- oxygen passes over one and hydrogen passes over the other, reacts and forms new ions which produce water | 261 | |
| 9888655246 | primary pollutants | emitted directly into the air | 262 | |
| 9888656940 | secondary pollutants | result from the reaction of primary pollutants in the atmosphere- forming a new pollutant | 263 | |
| 9888659545 | point source air pollution | occurs when contamination comes from an obvious source | 264 | |
| 9888665621 | non point air pollution | occurs when contamination comes from a source that is not easily identifiable | 265 | |
| 9888670510 | carbon monoxide | colorless, odorless, tasteless gas/product of volcanic activity, fires, burning fossil fuels, and photochemical reactions in the troposphere/component of photochemical smog | 266 | |
| 9888681030 | lead | used in building construction, batteries, bullets and shot, fishing weights, and shields for radiation/phased out in US/can cause lead poisoning | 267 | |
| 9888693579 | nitrogen oxides | produced from the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen gases in the air/form photochemical smog | 268 | |
| 9888701500 | ozone | secondary air pollutant/harms lung function, causes asthma and bronchitis, suppresses immune system | 269 | |
| 9888709041 | pans | secondary pollutants, cause respiratory problems, impair immune system, eye irritation, reduce crop yields, and inhibits photosynthesis | 270 | |
| 9888716405 | sulfur oxides | colorless gas with penetrating and choking odor, dissolves in water to form an acidic solution | 271 | |
| 9888724370 | vocs | organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at ordinary room temperature/long-term health effects | 272 | |
| 9888753439 | industrial smog | sulfur-based, "gray smog" | 273 | |
| 9888754988 | photochemical smog | catalyzed by UV radiation, nitrogen-based, "brown smog" | 274 | |
| 9888759238 | temperature inversions | occur when air temperature increases with the height above the ground as opposed to the normal decrease in temperature with height/occurs at night when solar heating ceases and the surface cools | 275 | |
| 9888775347 | water pollution sources | sewage, farm runoff, air pollutants, industrial wastewater, shipping, offshore oil, and litter | 276 |
