semester one final (test questions from all tests)
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| 1107354047 | ecology is the study of | organisms interact with each other and their nonliving environment | |
| 1107354048 | the most fundamental unit of ecology is | a species | |
| 1107354049 | the following choices list levels of organization of matter that claim the attention of ecologists. which correctly lists these levels in sequence from narrower to broader focus | organisms-populations-communities-ecosystems | |
| 1107354050 | a group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area at the same time is called a | population | |
| 1107354051 | a community of living organisms interacting with one another and the physical and chemical factors of their nonliving environment is called | an ecosystem | |
| 1107354052 | the basic unit of life is the | cell | |
| 1107354053 | fossil fuels and minerals are part of which reservoir in the carbon cycle | lithosphere (soil and rocks) | |
| 1107354054 | energy in a food web | flows in one direction only | |
| 1107354055 | examples of abiotic factors | light, temperature, bacteria, water | |
| 1107354056 | a single factor that limits the growth, abundance, or distribution of a species in an ecosystem is called | a limiting factor | |
| 1107354057 | autotrophs | can live without heterotrophs/ perform photosynthesis or chemosysthesis | |
| 1107354058 | photosynthesis | yields glucose and oxygen gas as products | |
| 1107354059 | you are a scientist intrigued by organisms that can create complex molecules through chemosynthesis. the habitat you are most likely to visit is | a hydrothermal vent | |
| 1107354060 | what are organisms that feed on plants only called | herbivores | |
| 1107354061 | the organisms that are classified as tertiary or secondary consumers are the | carnivores | |
| 1107354062 | if something is biodegradable it | can be broken down by decomposers | |
| 1107354063 | aerobic respiration requires | glucose and oxygen | |
| 1107354064 | most of the energy input in a food chain is | degraded to low-quality heat | |
| 1107354065 | what does species richness refer to | the number of different species | |
| 1107354066 | the hydrologic cycle refers to the movement of | water | |
| 1107354067 | the hydrologic cycle is driven primarily by | solar energy and gravity | |
| 1107354068 | what does species evenness refer to | the number of individuals of each species | |
| 1107354069 | humans are most likely to alter the earth's thermostat through their impact on which biogeochemical cycle | carbon | |
| 1107354070 | transfer of carbon between organisms depends primarily on | photosynthesis and cellular respiration | |
| 1107354071 | two ways in which humans have most interfered with the carbon cycle are | burning fossil fuels and removal of forests and brush | |
| 1107354072 | the most common gas in the atmosphere is | nitrogen | |
| 1107354073 | nodules containing nitrogen fixing bacteria would be expected to occur on the roots of | legumes (beans and peanuts) | |
| 1107354074 | the form of nitrogen most usable to plants is | nitrates | |
| 1107354075 | nitrogen gas is converted to usable nitrogen through | nitrogen fixation | |
| 1107354076 | usable nitrogen is converted to unusable nitrogen gas through the process of | dentrification | |
| 1107354077 | the major plant nutrients most likely to be a limiting factor is | phosphorous and or nitrogen | |
| 1107354078 | natural ecosystems achieve sustainability through | use of one-way solar energy flow and efficient recycling of nutrients | |
| 1107354079 | within a population and due to competition between individials, those indificuals with an advantage will survive to pass their genes on to the next generation. this idea is called | natural selection | |
| 1107354080 | mutations are | very common events, a source of new genetic material, sometimes harmful and sometimes beneficial | |
| 1107354081 | a hummingbird would be considered a specialist species because | it can only eat one certain type of food | |
| 1107354082 | an ecological niche includes | the location where a species lives, the types of resource requirements, the range of tolerance to different physical and chemical conditions, the types of competitors | |
| 1107354083 | eating at a lower trophic level math | ... | |
| 1107354084 | food web flow diagram | ... | |
| 1107354085 | why do farmers need to add nitrogen to soil when we have so much of it in the air | ... | |
| 1107354086 | how does an increase in the amount of dissolved CO2 in ocean water result in a decrease in the Ph of ocean water | because it creates carbonic acid which makes it more acidic | |
| 1107354087 | why has movement of carbon into the ocean been increasing since 1850 | because of human activity such as deforestation and burning of fossil fuels. because atmosphere isnt a big enough resivior so it goes into the ocean because the ocean can hold id | |
| 1107354088 | species that serve as early warnings of environmental damage are called | indicator species | |
| 1107354089 | species whose roles in an ecosystem are much more important than their abundance would suggest are called | keystone species | |
| 1107354090 | species that migrate or are accidentally introduced into an ecosystem are called | nonnative species | |
| 1107354091 | amphibians and lichen make good | indicator species | |
| 1107354092 | interspecific competition can be avoided by | eating at different times and resource partitioning | |
| 1107354093 | a relationship in which one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed to any significant degree is best labeled | commensalism | |
| 1107354094 | the win win relationship of animal behavior is | mutualism | |
| 1107354095 | parasites | rarely kill their hosts | |
| 1107354096 | the relationship between honey bees and flowers can be described as | mutualism | |
| 1107354097 | forms of nondestructive behavior between organisms | sharing resources by hunting at different times, sharing resources by looking for food in different places, mutualism, commensalism | |
| 1107354098 | primary succession | The series of changes that occur in an area where no ecosystem previously existed. The first organisms to live there are called pioneer species and are usually lichens and mosses that grow on rock and eventually create soil and when they die they enrich the soil. | |
| 1107354099 | secontary succession | The series of changes that occur after a disturbance in an existing ecosystem. It occurs more rapidly than primary succession. | |
| 1107354100 | soil formation in primary succession is encouraged by | physical weathering, lichens and mosses trapping soil particles, secretion of acids by lichens | |
| 1107354101 | consequences of fire suppression may include | build up of large quantities of highly flammable undergrowth, the development of an entirely different ecosystem, the fires that do occur may be more severe than the ones suppressed | |
| 1107354102 | benefits of fire | breaking seed coats to allow germination to take place, creating opportunity for new plant growth by increasing the amount of light that penetrates the forest floor, releasing nutrients back into the soil that come from burned plant material | |
| 1107354103 | emigration | is one way movement of individuals out of a particular population to another area | |
| 1107354104 | carrying capacity refers to | the maximum size of population the environment will support where the population stabilizes | |
| 1107354105 | a true or natural growth curve depicting a population that is limited by a definite carrying capacity is shaped like the letter | S | |
| 1107354106 | an exponential growth curve depicting an ever-growing population is shaped like the letter | J | |
| 1107354107 | carrying capacity is determined by | climate changes, predation, inter specific competition, and resources | |
| 1107354108 | density dependent population controls include all of the following except | human destruction of habitat | |
| 1107354109 | which of the following is not an example of a density independent factor | predation | |
| 1107354110 | a K strategist generally | has populations that follow and S shaped growth curve | |
| 1107354111 | process of dividing up resources in an ecosystem so that species with similar needs use the same scarce resources at different times in differnt ways or in different places is called | resource partitioning | |
| 1107354112 | buffer zone concept | where the inner part of a reserve is surrounded by 2 protective areas | |
| 1107354113 | protected areas linking isolated reserves is a design called | habitat corridors | |
| 1107354114 | four principles for carrying out most forms of ecological restoration and rehabilitation | find cause of the degradation, stop the abuse by eliminating the causes, reintroduce species, especially keystone, foundation and pioneer species, protect the area from further degration | |
| 1107354115 | natural capital includes | air, water, soil, nutrient recycling | |
| 1107354116 | an envionmentally sustainable society | manages its economy and population size without doing irreparable environmental harm, satisfies the needs of its people by harvesting without depleting earth's capital, protecs the prospects of future generations of humans and other species, meets the needs of its people without jeopardizing the needs of future generations | |
| 1107354117 | exponential growth | starts out slowly then becomes very rapid | |
| 1107354118 | a resource that is too expensive to extract is said to be | economically depleted | |
| 1107354119 | example of not a renewable resource | oil | |
| 1107354120 | natural resource based on sustainable yield applies to | renewable resources | |
| 1107354121 | environmental degradation | reducing the earth's biodiversity by eliminating habitats | |
| 1107354122 | point sources of pollution include | an automobile tailpipe, a factory smokestack, a drainpipe from a power plant | |
| 1107354123 | nonpoint sources of pollution inclde | pesticides dispersed by airplane and wind onto a crop, runoff from a stockyard, fertilizer runoff from lawns, runoff from a cropland | |
| 1107354124 | convervationist school | teddy roosevelt | |
| 1107354125 | preservationist school | john muir | |
| 1107354126 | pollution cleanup efforts can be ineffective because they | often transfer pollutants from one part of the environment to another, once pollutants are dispersed it costs too much to reduce them to acceptable levels, they can be overwhelmed by growth in population and consumption | |
| 1107354127 | root causes of environmental problems include | exponential population growth, un even distribution of wealth, increasing use of resources | |
| 1107354128 | pollution can be defined as | any alteration of the physical environment that harms the health or survival of humans and other any living organisms | |
| 1107354129 | environmental sustainability | is the ability of the environment to function indefinitely without declining from the stresses imposed by human activities | |
| 1107354130 | non sustainable human activities or behaviors include | use of nonrenewable resources as if they were present in unlimited quantities | |
| 1107354131 | a species population that is designated as commercially extinct | has a population size that is so low that it is unprofitable to harvest | |
| 1107354132 | reasoning that uses specific cases or examples to draw a general conclusion or discover a general principle is | inductive resoning | |
| 1107354133 | reasoning that operates from generalities to specifics and can make relationships among data more apparent is | deductive reasoning | |
| 1107354134 | every scientific expieriment involves | isolating the effect of a single variable | |
| 1107354135 | the tragedy of the commons refers to | an analogy describing the conflict between individual interest and management of shared resources | |
| 1107354136 | present day commons | fresh water, atmosphere, forests, marine fisheries | |
| 1107354137 | matter is anything that | has mass and occupies space | |
| 1107354138 | the measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution is called | ph | |
| 1107354139 | eukaryotic cell includes | a membrane bound nucleus, organelles, genetic material | |
| 1107354140 | law of conversation of matter | nothing can be destroyed | |
| 1107354141 | energy can be formally defined as | the ability to do work and transfer heat |
