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| 6629903409 | First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created nor destroyed | 0 | |
| 6629910290 | Second Law of Thermodynamics | energy goes from organized to disorganized (the amount of usable energy to do work decreases over time) | 1 | |
| 6629922493 | Order of Trophic Levels | producers (plants), primary consumers (ex. herbivores (bunny)), secondary consumers (ex.fox), tertiary consumers (ex. wolf) | 2 | |
| 6629937632 | How much energy is lost from one trophic level to another | 90% (only 10% of energy remains) | 3 | |
| 6629940554 | Net Primary Productivity= | Plant Gross Primary Productivity (photosynthesis)- Plant cellular respiration High Net PP in rain forests | 4 | |
| 6629951332 | Fundamental Niche | the perfect scenario, everything an organism needs to thrive (potential, idealized, ecological niche of an organism) | 5 | |
| 6629963995 | Realized Niche | the lifestyle an organism actually pursues and the resources that are actually available (the only thing in their way is their limiting factor) | 6 | |
| 6631670781 | Competitive exclusion | One species excludes another from a portion of the niche due to competition. Two species with identical niches cannot coexist | 7 | |
| 6631674456 | Resource Partitioning | Coexisting species niches differ from one another in one or more ways | 8 | |
| 6629975152 | Limiting Factor | prevents animals from being insanely prosperous (ex. cane toads limiting factor is water because they need to keep their eggs in water to reproduce) | 9 | |
| 6629985348 | Primary Succession | there is no soil (ex. the glacier that carved Yosemite, Volcano eruption with lava) (Starts to build life with pioneer species (ex. Lichen)) | 10 | |
| 6631245518 | Secondary Succession | Soil is present for plants to grow back (ex. a fire killed all the vegetation, or a volcano erupted ASH) | 11 | |
| 6631583296 | Carbon Cycle | sinks: the Ocean (largest Sink), Trees, all plants and animals (ex. humans), atmosphere, and ground Humans impact: Deforestation, burning of fossil fuels | 12 | |
| 6631593670 | Hydrologic Cycle | evaporates (from bodies of water) or transpiration (evaporates from plants)-> condenses (forms into rain/precipitation) -> runoff (into bodies of water)/ percolates (seeps into the ground) | 13 | |
| 6631271936 | Nitrogen Cycle (% and Steps) | 78% in atmosphere 1. Nitrogen Fixation (bacteria fix into Ammonia) 2. Nitrification (NH#->NO3-) (ready to be absorbed) 3. Assimilation (take it in/ eat it) 4. Ammonification (wastes broken down (NH4->NH3) 5. Denitrification (Ammonia-> nitrate->gaseous nitrogen) | 14 | |
| 6631292612 | Phosphorus cycle | does not go into the air- localized (bc not present in gaseous form) | 15 | |
| 6631301476 | Atmospheric Layers | Troposphere (weather, green house gases, where we live) Stratosphere (Ozone) Mesosphere Thermosphere | 16 | |
| 6631314828 | Atmospheric Circulation (Deserts) | deserts located at 30 degrees north and south latitude (the equator is hot and humid, the hot air rises taking moisture with it, as it rises, the air cools and drops the moisture over the equator, the cool air then travels north and south. As the air cools even more it sinks down, but is moisture less, creating a desert) Also deserts on the other side of rain shadows (leeward side of mountains) | 17 | |
| 6631348643 | Coriolis Effect | The rotation of Earth produces reliable wind patterns such as the trade winds and the westerlies. Also effects the rotation of water | 18 | |
| 6631493832 | El Nino | A shift of the trade winds Mexico and South America get the rain (Eastern Pacific) (rain near equator) (We are at the top, so we get rain) Indonesia and Philippines and that part of the world get drought stands for little child: Mexican fishermen contributed up welling of nutrients, warmer water and presence of fish to baby Jesus (little child) | 19 | |
| 6631510661 | La Nina | exact opposite of el Nino, Eastern Pacific gets drought and Indonesia and the Philippines get rain | 20 | |
| 6631516700 | El Nino and Disease | Mosquitoes have more pools of water for breeding, more incidence of malaria more water born illness | 21 | |
| 6631521994 | Tornadoes | Has the biggest force of energy and causes the most damage Tornadoes ally located in the mid west created from the warm air coming up from the equator and the cold air coming down from Canada creating a wind vortex | 22 | |
| 6631528249 | Hurricanes | Get their energy from warm water get further north or hit land they loss power/ energy located in the Western Atlantic Ocean (ex. Florida) Climate Change: May Cause Hurricanes to appear in areas they have never been before and stronger because of warmer waters | 23 | |
| 6631537254 | Cyclone | Same as the Hurricane, but in a different part of the world (over next to Africa, under India, and next to Australia) | 24 | |
| 6631604268 | Divergent Evolution | New species branch off from a shared ancestral species | 25 | |
| 6631607667 | Convergent Evolution | unrelated species develop similar traits because they adapt to similar environments | 26 | |
| 6631610679 | Endangered Species Act | US law identifying threatened species and regulating commercial and recreational activities involving them. requires US Fish and Wildlife services to create Recovery Plans detailing how species will be revived | 27 | |
| 6631633270 | Keystone Species | Certain Species crucial to the maintenance of the community, they are vital in determining the nature, structure and function of the ecosystem (may not be the most abundant species) | 28 | |
| 6631649363 | Symbiosis (Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Ammenalism) | 1. Both species benefit 2. One Benefits, other unaffected 3. One benefits, other harmed 4. One Harmed, other unaffected | 29 | |
| 6631657508 | Photosynthesis | Light energy from the sun is captured and transformed into chemical energy (sugar) molecules 6CO2+ 12H2O+ radiant energy --> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 | 30 | |
| 6631688993 | Plate Tectonics | Plates of the earth move around Where they come together= a fault | 31 | |
| 6631692874 | Divergent Boundary | in the deep ocean, plates being made there, conveyor belt of earth | 32 | |
| 6631697137 | Convergent Boundary | Plow into each other (ex. Himalayas) | 33 | |
| 6631706639 | Transform Boundary | Plates moving in different directions up and down (remain touching, basically rubbing together) | 34 | |
| 6631720568 | Weather vs. Climate | Weather- denotes daily temp and moisture conditions in a certain area Climate- refers to long-term weather patterns | 35 | |
| 6640631413 | Volcanoes Formation | Form on the Ring of Fire in the Pacific (where tectonic plates meet) And Hotspots (where the crust is thinner and magma comes to the surface, as the plate moves creates a chain of islands) in the Ocean | 36 | |
| 6640655836 | Tundra | Arctic, cold, barren, harsh environment, permafrost, short growing season (plants, mosses and lichen), animal (caribou and mountain goat) | 37 | |
| 6640710893 | Desert | low moisture, infrequent precipitation, hot during day, cold at night, plants store water and thick layers to reduce water loss (and thorns), animals nocturnal | 38 | |
| 6640723644 | Grasslands | Fire is good, most threatened Biome, moderate temp and precipitation, good farm soil (90% land lost to farming), animals (bison) | 39 | |
| 6640742141 | Taiga | Largest biome, Canada and Russia, cut it down for paper (also can be cut for building wood) | 40 | |
| 6640759741 | Temperate Rain Forest | Hot Summers and Mild winters, coniferous biome, >127cm, nutrient poor, high in organic materials (needles), Heavily logged, high species richness | 41 | |
| 6640784442 | Temperate Deciduous Forest | North east (ex. Maryland), hot summers cold winters, 75-150cm precip, topsoil rich and clay under, get hard wood from here, Land has been regenerated after farming and timber harvest | 42 | |
| 6640794881 | Chaparral | Our biome, loves fire, 30cm precip (semi arid), soil thin (not as fertile) | 43 | |
| 6640819992 | Savanna | Africa, turned into range land, fire adaptive plants | 44 | |
| 6640835935 | Tropical Rain Forest | at equator, productive biome, most species richness, nutrients in the vegetation (not really in the soil) | 45 | |
| 6640843700 | Habitat Fragmentation | Animals habitats are broken up, (usually by man made objects such as roads and cities), a problem because species are separated and may not be able to mate with one another | 46 | |
| 6640853239 | Fall turnover | In the summer the water is warm on the top and cold on the bottom, as the seasons begin to change, the water on the top begins to become colder, as the water on the top becomes colder than the water on the bottom, the water circulates, bringing the water from the bottom to the top (and bringing nutrients with it) | 47 | |
| 6640874076 | Intertidal Zone | Area of ocean closes to the shore, Animals have adaptations (have anchors/feet, can burrow into sand, have shells, stick), tide pools, stressful environment bc of moving sand | 48 | |
| 6640880683 | Benthic Environment | extends from intertidal -deep ocean trenches, 3 zones: Bathyal (200-400m) Abyssal (400-6000m) + hadal (6000-bottom), shallow benthic environment has sea grass beds+kelp forests+coral reefs. | 49 | |
| 6640894477 | Pelagic Environment (Neritic Province) | water that overlies the continental shelf and shallow waters close to surface | 50 | |
| 6640896667 | Pelagic Environment (Oceanic Province) | Open ocean that does not overlie the continental shelf, "deep sea," largest marine environment (75%of ocean) | 51 | |
| 6640906062 | Phytoplankton | Primary producer, important, responsible for lots of oxygen | 52 | |
| 6640908017 | Ocean Food Chain | Phytoplankton-> Zooplankton-> Nekton (fish)-> top predator (sharks) | 53 | |
| 6640912797 | FRQ possibility (design an experiment) | Make a hypothesis: If, then because statement make an experiment establish a control, to compare the results to Be specific about what will be tested and the time frame of the experiment | 54 | |
| 6640920375 | LD50 | Lethal Dose to 50% of the test organisms, the smaller the LD50 the more lethal, | 55 | |
| 6640940113 | LC50 | Lethal Concentration to 50% of the test organisms (ex. the brine shrimp lab (sitting in chemicals not physically eating/ingesting them) | 56 | |
| 6640944864 | ED50 | Effective Dose to 50% of population (when 50% of the test subjects exhibit whatever cause or symptom is under study) | 57 | |
| 6640951444 | Threshold level | maximum Dose with no measurable effect (where the line leaves the graph) | 58 | |
| 6640962015 | Children and chemical exposure | More susceptible, weigh less than adults, bodies are still developing, play on floor and lawn, put things in mouth | 59 | |
| 6640966138 | Carcinogen | something that causes cancer | 60 | |
| 6640971254 | Risk Assessment (Not on Final, but maybe on AP) | Hazard identification (does exposure cause > chance of health effect); Dose-response assessment (relationship between does and seriousness of effect); exposure assessment (how much, often+long is contact made); Risk Characterization (probability person or pop. will have adverse effects) | 61 | |
| 6640981489 | Optimum level of pollution (Marginal Cost of Pollution) | the level of pollution that companies can emit without cleaning it up and still make a profit (the fine is less than the cost to clean up the pollution to begin with (if they get caught)) | 62 | |
| 6640985961 | Population Equation | r= (b-d) + (i-e) | 63 | |
| 6640987679 | doubling time= | 70/r% | 64 | |
| 6640988461 | J Curve | Over time population increases at an exponential rate (makes a curve that looks like a J) (Humans have this curve) | 65 | |
| 6640990484 | S Curve | Anything other than humans (flat and then goes up and then flattens out around the carrying capacity) (logistic growth) | 66 | |
| 6640992787 | Carrying Capacity | The amount of organisms that the habitat/environment/world can sustain with the resources available (once carrying capacity is reached organisms die off from competition) (humans haven't reached their carrying capacity yet) | 67 | |
| 6641033839 | K-selected Species | follow logistic growth pattern, larger, live longer, produce fewer offspring, offer more parental care, populations stay stable around carrying capacity (ex. Humans) | 68 | |
| 6641039079 | R-selected species | high reproductive rates, exponential growth pattern, generalists, small offspring at young age, offer little parental care, high mortality of offspring, population size fluctuates above and below carrying capacity | 69 | |
| 6641051593 | Survivor ship Curves | Humans are curve 1 Lizards are curve 2 Fish are curve 3 | 70 | |
| 6641100891 | Demographic Stages |  | 71 | |
| 6641120175 | Infant Mortality Rate | number of infant deaths per 1,000 births | 72 | |
| 6641127211 | Total Fertility | the number of offspring produced per female | 73 | |
| 6641128424 | Replacement level fertility | 2.1 | 74 | |
| 6641129724 | Why pop is growing in US | low total fertility, but high immigration | 75 | |
| 6641130438 | Age Structure Diagram |  | 76 | |
| 6641131520 | Climatogram (Temperate Grassland) |  | 77 | |
| 6641133037 | Climatogram (Tropical Desert) |  | 78 | |
| 6641133487 | Climatogram (Tropical Rain Forest) |  | 79 | |
| 6641134077 | Climatogram (Tropical Grassland (Savanna)) |  | 80 | |
| 6641134585 | Climatogram (Temperate Desert) |  | 81 | |
| 6641135057 | Climatogram (Polar Grassland (arctic tundra)) |  | 82 | |
| 6641135913 | Climatogram (Temperate Deciduous Forest) |  | 83 | |
| 6641136350 | Climatogram (Polar Desert) |  | 84 | |
| 6641144683 | Ways to limit population growth | Educate Women China: tried a one child limit India: trying to educate people and make it so it isn't going against their customs to use birth control and have less kids | 85 | |
| 6641146836 | Water | polar molecule (important) slightly charged, it has an attraction to chemicals (want to bond together) | 86 | |
| 6641149744 | Ogallala Aquifer | largest Aquifer in the world, in the middle of the US (Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado), being lowered due to people pumping it (for farming and commercial use) | 87 | |
| 6641153605 | Number one cause of death in the World | Water Born Illness | 88 | |
| 6641154441 | Number one cause of death in the US | Heart Disease | 89 | |
| 6641155253 | Sewage Treatment | Primary Treatment: left to settle (take out stuff settled on top and on bottom of the water) Secondary Treatment: add activated sludge (microorganisms) to get rid of the dissolved waste in the water Filtration: add floculation agent( to sink everything down so it can be taken out) Chlorination (treated with chemical (chlorine) Medicines/ chemicals can not be taken out of water | 90 | |
| 6641163737 | Turbidity | How clear the water is (erosion can cause the turbidity to be worse (can't see as well)) | 91 | |
| 6641165437 | Lead | neurotransmitter problem (people are slower), severe poisoning can cause permanent neurological damage | 92 | |
| 6641168351 | Mercury | (Mad Hatter) makes you crazy, insanity, severe damage to fetuses (pregnant women can't eat fish) | 93 | |
| 6641172206 | Clean Water Act | Swimmable water standard (recreational, makes sure water is safe to SWIM in) | 94 | |
| 6641175130 | Safe Drinking Water Act | Sets standards and permitable levels in drinking water for public consumption | 95 | |
| 6641178345 | Clean Air Act | identified and set limits for the conventional pollutants (or criteria pollutants)= Sulfur dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Particulate material, Volatile Organic Compounds, Nitrogen Oxides, Ozone, and Lead also set primary standards (to protect human health) and secondary standards (to protect property, crops, and visibility) | 96 | |
| 6641197565 | Soil Horizons | O (organics), A, B, C (weathered bedrock), and D (bedrock) Sometimes a E horizon (contains leached nutrients) | 97 | |
| 6641204393 | Soil Taxonomy (may be worth memorizing 2 just for process of elimination) | Spodosols- Formed under coniferous forest (Taiga), not good farming- too acidic Alfisols- Precipitation high. Temperate deciduous forest, leaf litter maintain soil fertility Mollisols- Semi-arid grasslands, very fertile soil Aridosols- deserts, low precipitation, salt on surface Oxisols- tropical and subtropical areas with high precipitation, Tropical Rain Forest, nutrient poor soil (nutrients in vegetation) | 98 | |
| 6641213445 | Clay | <0.002mm; particles can be seen under an electron microscope; clay particles have the > surface area of all soil particles; highly textured, has poor drainage, low oxygen levels in the soil, Due to negatively charged surfaces- able to hold onto important plant nutrients (K+, Ca2+, NO2-) | 99 | |
| 6641213446 | Sand | 2mm-0.05mm; particles are large enough to be seen w/ eyes | 100 | |
| 6641214463 | Silt | 0.05mm-0.002mm; about the size of flour particles | 101 | |
| 6641214943 | Loam | 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay | 102 | |
| 6641216774 | Conservation tillage | leaves the previous year's crop residue before and after planting to reduce soil erosion and runoff. | 103 | |
| 6641217954 | Conventional Tillage | includes plowing the ground many times to create an ideal seedbed. Usually this also involves removing all remnants of the previous crop. | 104 | |
| 6641220739 | Crop Rotation | Crop rotation is extremely important because if you plant one type of crop on a piece of land year after year that crop will deplete the land of nutrients and minerals, which then requires the addition of fertilizers to the land By rotating the crops, the different crops take in different nutrients which allows the field to maintain its natural supply of nutrients | 105 | |
| 6641222222 | Primary Pollutants | released directly in hazardous form | 106 | |
| 6641222649 | Secondary Pollutants | released in nontoxic form, then react t become toxic (photochemical smog + atmospheric acids) | 107 | |
| 6641229293 | Particulate matter | Coal burning, number one reason for spare the air days (bc of burning wood) particles get into lungs | 108 | |
| 6641231896 | Nitrogen Oxides | come from cars | 109 | |
| 6641238182 | Sulfur Oxides | from burning coal (also come from volcanoes) | 110 | |
| 6641239373 | Carbon monoxide and dioxide | combustion, cars and heaters at home, fossil fuels | 111 | |
| 6641240550 | Hydrocarbons | car thing | 112 | |
| 6641241494 | Catalytic Converter | designed to reduce hydrocarbons and carbon oxides emitted from cars | 113 | |
| 6641242228 | Ozone | summer problem, secondary air pollutant from cars, smog, and sunshine | 114 | |
| 6641245692 | Sick Building Syndrome | Something in the building that is not healthy for humans, and air tight buildings are the worst because the disease or chemical can travel through the air vents and harm people inside | 115 | |
| 6641247848 | Radon | comes from a radioactive rock under buildings, the radioactive particles seep into the house and can cause cancer (lung cancer) | 116 | |
| 6641250592 | What is not a green house gas | sulfur dioxide (causes acid rain) | 117 | |
| 6641251225 | Clean burning coal | use scrubbers (eliminates 99% sulfur emissions and 98% of particulate matter) or use limestone (neutralizes the acid) | 118 | |
| 6641254048 | Value of being a vegetarian or vegan | saves water (animals need water and water needs to be used to produce their food), create a huge amount of methane ( greenhouse gas), cause erosion and deforestation (because need a place to graze and then pull out the plants holding the soil in place) | 119 | |
| 6641257519 | Gas Hydrates | in the tundra, they are trapped under permafrost, as the permafrost begins to melt, the trapped methane starts to seep up to the surface in lakes or just on the ground (methane is flammable and a greenhouse gas) | 120 | |
| 6641260291 | Hybrid Camry | Runs off of gas and electricity, the car battery is recharged when the car breaks (uses the friction from the breaking to create energy to charge the battery) the car will switch between battery and gas depending on the way the car is being driven (air conditioning, speed, etc) | 121 | |
| 6641262782 | Bolt | Tesla car that gets plugged in to recharge bc it only runs off of electricity, no gas (need charging stations) | 122 | |
| 6641264759 | Pros and cons of Nuclear Power | advantages- carbon free source of energy no greenhouse gases emitted may be able to generate H fuel disadvantages- it generates radioactive waste (causing health and environmental hazards) steps along the way still use substantial amounts of fossil fuels expensive dangerous | 123 |
