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| 13495808001 | first law of thermodynamics | Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. | 0 | |
| 13495824431 | second law of thermodynamics | Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. | 1 | |
| 13495875376 | ionization radiation | radiation with enough energy to knock electrons off some atoms of a bombarded substance to produce ions | 2 | |
| 13495889700 | High Quality Energy | organized & concentrated; can perform useful work (high:fossil fuel & nuclear) | 3 | |
| 13495889701 | Low Quality Energy | disorganized, dispersed (ex. Low heat in ocean or air/wind, solar). | 4 | |
| 13495913204 | Natural radioactive decay | unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha particles, and beta particles | 5 | |
| 13495925325 | half-life | The time required for one half of the atoms of a radioisotope to emit radiation an decay products | 6 | |
| 13495945273 | nuclear fusion | a nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy. | 7 | |
| 13495995769 | nuclear fusion | 2 isotopes of light elements (H) forced together at high temperatures till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus. Expensive, break even point not reached yet | 8 | |
| 13495998841 | Ore | a rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine | 9 | |
| 13496004646 | Mineral Reserve | Reserve: identified deposits currently profitable to extract | 10 | |
| 13496017717 | surface mining | cheaper and can remove more minerals from the surface; less hazardous to workers | 11 | |
| 13496021891 | Humus | organic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms | 12 | |
| 13496032608 | Leaching | removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards | 13 | |
| 13496035209 | Loam | perfect agricultural soil with equal portions of sand, silt, and clay. | 14 | |
| 13496040638 | Soil conservation method | conservation tillage, crop rotation, contour plowing, organic fertilizers | 15 | |
| 13496078242 | water logging | water completely saturates soil starves plant roots of oxygen, rots roots | 16 | |
| 13496100433 | Hydrologic Cycle Components | Cycle: evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, infiltration | 17 | |
| 13496114130 | Watershed | The land area that sheds water to a river system. | 18 | |
| 13496123441 | Aquifer | An underground formation that contains groundwater | 19 | |
| 13496127268 | cone of depression | lowering of the water table around a pumping well | 20 | |
| 13496139800 | Salt water intrusion | near the coast, over-pumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer | 21 | |
| 13496144005 | ENSO | El Nino Southern Oscillation, trade winds weaken & warm surface water moves toward South America. Diminished fisheries off South America, drought in western Pacific, increased precipitation in southwestern North America, fewer Atlantic hurricanes. | 22 | |
| 13496151116 | La Nina | "Normal" year, easterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the West coast of South America. | 23 | |
| 13496155645 | nitrogen fixation | process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use | 24 | |
| 13496158947 | Ammonification | decomposers convert organic waste into ammonia | 25 | |
| 13496168135 | Nitrification | ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO3-). | 26 | |
| 13496168137 | Assimilation | inorganic N is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/amino acids & proteins. | 27 | |
| 13496201359 | Denitrification | bacteria convert ammonia back into N | 28 | |
| 13496204517 | Phosphorus | does not exist as a gas; released by weathering of phosphate rocks, it is a major limiting factor for plant growth. Phosphorus cycle is slow, and not atmospheric. | 29 | |
| 13496208607 | Photosynthesis | plants convert atmospheric carbon (CO2) into complex carbohydrates (glucose C6H12O6) | 30 | |
| 13496212775 | aerobic respiration | oxygen consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO2. | 31 | |
| 13496218408 | Biotic | Describes living factors in the environment. | 32 | |
| 13496221193 | Abiotic | Non-living things | 33 | |
| 13496224607 | Producer/Autotroph | organisms that make their own food—photosynthetic life. | 34 | |
| 13496239840 | trophic levels | producers-primary consumer-secondary consumer-tertiary consumer | 35 | |
| 13496247660 | Energy Flow through Food Webs | 10% of the usable energy is transferred to the next trophic level. Reason: usable energy lost as heat (2nd law), not all biomass is digested & absorbed, predators expend energy to catch prey. | 36 | |
| 13496252192 | primary succession | development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life (lava) | 37 | |
| 13496255696 | Mutualism | symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship | 38 | |
| 13496268743 | Commensalism | symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed | 39 | |
| 13496272213 | Parasitism | A relationship in which one organism lives on or in a host and harms it. | 40 | |
| 13496275037 | carrying capacity | Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support | 41 | |
| 13496284414 | r-strategist | reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce early, bear many small, unprotected offspring (ex. insects, mice). | 42 | |
| 13496291666 | K strategist | reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce late, bear few, cared for offspring (ex. humans, elephants). | 43 | |
| 13496294395 | natural selection | organisms that possess favorable adaptations pass them onto the next generation | 44 | |
| 13496300696 | Thomas Malthus | "human population cannot continue to increase. Consequences will be war, famine & pestilence (disease)." | 45 | |
| 13496304085 | doubling time | The doubling time is the period of time required for a quantity to double in size or value. | 46 | |
| 13496307245 | Replacement level fertility | the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing) | 47 | |
| 13496324565 | World Population | a little over 6 billion | 48 | |
| 13496328771 | Demographic Transition Model | Preindustrial stage: birth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high. Transitional stage: death rate (infant mortality) lower, birth rates remain high, better health care, population grows fast. Industrial stage: decline in birth rate, population growth slows. Postindustrial stage: low birth & death rates. | 49 | |
| 13496341808 | age structure diagram | broad base = rapid growth; narrow base = negative growth; uniform shape = zero growth | 50 | |
| 13496347057 | Most Populous Nations | (1) China; (2) India; (3) U.S.; (4) Indonesia | 51 | |
| 13496350308 | Low Status of Women | Most important factor keeping population growth rates high. | 52 | |
| 13496358515 | Methods to Decrease Birth Rates | Family planning, contraception, economic welfare and penalties | 53 | |
| 13496361360 | Composition of Water on Earth | 97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater | 54 | |
| 13496368552 | Aquaculture | Farming aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds. | 55 | |
| 13496377941 | point source | A specific source of pollution that can be identified, such as a pipe. | 56 | |
| 13496385703 | non-point source | source spread over an area such as agricultural/feedlot runoff, urban runoff, traffic. | 57 | |
| 13496390421 | primary sewage treatment | first step of sewage treatment; eliminates most particulate material from raw sewage using grates, screens, and gravity (settling). | 58 | |
| 13496393649 | secondary sewage treatment | second step of sewage treatment; bacteria breakdown organic waste, aeration accelerates the process. | 59 | |
| 13496397490 | BOD | biological oxygen demand, amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials | 60 | |
| 13496402070 | Eutrophication | rapid growth of algae in bodies of water, due to high levels of nitrogen and often phosphate | 61 | |
| 13496408302 | Hypoxia | water with very low dissolved oxygen levels, the end result of eutrophication, for example. | 62 | |
| 13496411093 | CAFE standards | Standards enacted into law in 1975, established fuel efficiency standards for passenger cars and light trucks. The fuel economy ratings for a manufacturer's entire line of passenger cars must currently average at least 27.5 mpg for the manufacturer to comply with the standard | 63 | |
| 13496421474 | Primary air pollutants | produced by humans & nature (CO, CO2, SO2, NO, hydrocarbons, particulates). | 64 | |
| 13496425050 | secondary air pollutants | formed by reaction of primary pollutants | 65 | |
| 13496427949 | particulate matter | Source: burning fossil fuels and diesel exhaust Effect: reduces visibility & respiratory irritation Reduction: filtering, electrostatic precipitators, alternative energy) | 66 | |
| 13603899848 | nitrogen oxides | (NOx) Major source is auto exhaust. Primary and secondary effects include acidification of lakes, respiratory irritation, leads to smog and ozone. Reduced using catalytic converters. | 67 | |
| 13603902248 | Ozone | Secondary pollutant, NO2 + UV → NO + O; O + O2 → O3, with VOCs. Causes respiratory irritation and plant damage. Reduced by reducing NO emissions and VOCs. | 68 | |
| 13603916002 | Sulfur Oxides | (SOx) Primary source is coal burning. Primary and secondary effects include acid deposition, respiratory irritation, plant damage. Reduction methods include: scrubbers, burn low sulfur fuel. | 69 | |
| 13603919121 | carbon dioxide | (CO2) Sources include the combustion of fossil fuels. Effects: greenhouse gas-contributes to global warming. Reduction accomplished by increased fuel efficiency (gas mileage), mass transit (reduction). | 70 | |
| 13603927062 | carbon monoxide | (CO) Sources include incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. Effects: binds to hemoglobin reducing bloods ability to carry O2. Reduction accomplished by catalytic converters, oxygenated fuel, mass transit (reduction). | 71 | |
| 13603932026 | photochemical smog | formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight (NO, VOC, O*) | 72 | |
| 13603939231 | acid deposition | caused by sulfuric and nitric acids resulting in lowered pH of surface waters | 73 | |
| 13603947031 | greenhouse gases | Most significant: H2O, CO2, O3, methane (CH4), CFCs. Trap outgoing infrared energy (heat) causing earth to warm. | 74 | |
| 13603954528 | greenhouse effect | a vital process, required for life to exist on Earth. If accelerated, bad, leads to global warming. | 75 | |
| 13603957446 | Effects of global warming | rising sea level (due to thermal expansion not melting ice), extreme weather, droughts (famine), and extinctions. | 76 | |
| 13603967932 | ozone depletion | caused by CFCs, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, halon, methyl bromide all of which attack stratospheric ozone. Negative effects of ozone depletion include increased UV, skin cancer, cataracts, and decreased plant growth. | 77 | |
| 13604045231 | municipal solid waste | is mostly paper and mostly put into landfills. | 78 | |
| 13604053712 | sanitary landfill | problems include leachate, which is solved using a liner with a collection system; methane gas, which may be collected and burned; and the volume of garbage, which may be compacted and/or reduced. | 79 | |
| 13604059232 | Incineration | Advantages-volume of waste reduced by 90% and waste heat can be used. Disadvantages-toxic emissions (polyvinyl chloride, dioxin), scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators needed, ash disposal. | 80 | |
| 13604063113 | Best Solution for Waste Problem | reduce the amount of waste at the source. | 81 | |
| 13604066693 | Brownfields | abandoned polluted industrial sites in central cities, many of which are today being cleaned and redeveloped | 82 | |
| 13604068862 | keystone species | species whose role in an ecosystem is more important than others | 83 | |
| 13604075075 | indicator species | species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged | 84 | |
| 13604081576 | In natural ecosystem | 50-90% of pest species are kept under control by: predators, diseases, parasites. | 85 | |
| 13604086078 | Major Insecticide Groups | chlorinated hydrocarbons—ex. DDT; organophosphates—ex. malathion; carbamates—ex. aldicarb | 86 | |
| 13604090620 | Pesticide pros | saves lives from insect-transmitted diseases, increases food supply, increases profits for farmers | 87 | |
| 13604104945 | Natural pest control | better agricultural practices, genetically resistant plants, natural enemies, biopesticides, sex attractants | 88 | |
| 13604108984 | genetically modified organisms | new organisms created by altering the genetic material (DNA) of existing organisms; usually in an attempt to remove undesirable or create desirable characteristics in the new organism. | 89 | |
| 13604115668 | Electricity Generation | steam, from water boiled by fossils fuels or nuclear energy, or falling water is used to turn a generator. | 90 | |
| 13604118510 | Petroleum formation | microscopic aquatic organisms in sediments converted by heat and pressure into a mixture of hydrocarbons | 91 | |
| 13604152912 | Petroleum Pros | cheap, easily transported, high-quality energy. Cons: reserves depleted soon, pollution during drilling, transport and refining, land subsidence, burning oil produces CO2. | 92 | |
| 13604155407 | Coal Formation | prehistoric plants buried un-decomposed in oxygen-depleted water of swamps/bogs converted by heat and pressure. | 93 | |
| 13604159740 | Ranks of Coal | peat, lignite, bituminous coal, anthracite coal. | 94 | |
| 13604163904 | nuclear reactor | consists of a core, control rods, moderator, steam generator, turbine, containment building. | 95 | |
| 13604170913 | Alternate energy sources | wind, solar, waves, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells | 96 | |
| 13604174072 | Remediation | return a contaminated area to its original state | 97 | |
| 13604174073 | LD50 | the amount of a chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test population | 98 | |
| 13801266874 | Troposphere | first layer of atmosphere 0-10 miles above the Earth's surface. Contains weather, greenhouse gases (bad ozone). | 99 | |
| 13801271118 | Stratosphere | The second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. | 100 | |
| 13801278720 | Inversion Layer (Temperature Inversion) | a warm layer of air above a cooler layer traps pollutants close to the Earth's surface. | 101 | |
| 13801283148 | Mutagen | substances that cause changes in DNA; may result in hereditary changes | 102 | |
| 13801286918 | Teratogen | substances that cause fetus deformities (birth defects) | 103 | |
| 13801298813 | Carcinogen | A cancer-causing substance | 104 | |
| 13801303155 | Dioxin | one of the most toxic human-made chemicals. Stable, long-lived, by-product of herbicide production enters environment as fallout from the incineration of municipal and medical waste and persists for many years. | 105 | |
| 13801303683 | PCBs | Stable, long-lived, carcinogenic chlorinated hydrocarbons. Produced by the electronics industry. | 106 | |
| 13801313912 | Multiple Use Public Lands | National Forest & National Resource lands | 107 | |
| 13801322185 | Moderately Restricted Use Public Lands | National Wildlife Refuges | 108 | |
| 13801328060 | divergent plate boundary | A tectonic plate boundary in which two plates come apart | 109 | |
| 13801333965 | convergent plate boundary | A tectonic plate boundary where two plates collide, come together, or crash into each other. | 110 | |
| 13801340038 | Transform fault | Tectonic plates sliding | 111 | |
| 13801359912 | Most enangered species | Small range, require large territory | 112 | |
| 13801381852 | Atlantic Salmon | interbreeding with and competition from escaped farm-raised salmon from the aquaculture industry threaten the wild salmon population. | 113 | |
| 13801388653 | California Condor | reasons for decline include shootings, poisoning, lead poisoning, collisions with power lines, egg collecting, pesticides, habitat loss, and the decline of large and medium-size native mammals due to encroachments of agriculture and urbanization. | 114 | |
| 13801392660 | Delhi Sands Flower-Loving Fly | a 1-inch long insect currently restricted to only 12 known populations in San Bernardino and Riverside counties. An estimated 98% of its habitat has been converted to residential, agricultural, and commercial use. | 115 | |
| 13801397684 | Florida Panther | hunting and development that resulted in habitat loss and fragmentation | 116 | |
| 13801419706 | Gray Wolf | subject of predator eradication programs sponsored by the Federal government. Prior to Endangered Species Act (1973), exterminated from the lower 48 states except for a few hundred inhabiting extreme northeastern Minnesota and a small number on Isle Royale, Michigan | 117 | |
| 13801425038 | grizzly bear | conflict with humans and development that resulted in habitat loss and fragmentation | 118 | |
| 13801425039 | Piping Plover | predation and human disturbance are thought to be the main causes of the plover's decline. It is listed as endangered in the Great Lakes region and as threatened in the Great Plains and on the Atlantic coast | 119 | |
| 13801564706 | manatee | initial population decreases resulted from overharvesting for meat, oil, and leather. Today, heavy mortality occurs from accidental collisions with boats and barges, and from canal lock operations. Sea cow | 120 | |
| 13801579226 | Whooping Crane | drainage of wetlands, conversion of grasslands to agriculture, and hunting for feathers. | 121 | |
| 13801589894 | American Alligator | Alligator mississippiensis | 122 | |
| 13801597838 | Bald Eagle | ingested DDT by eating contaminated fish. The pesticide caused the shells of the bird's eggs to thin and resulted in nesting failures. Loss of nesting habitat and hunting for feathers also contributed to the population decline. Reclassified from endangered to threatened (1995). | 123 | |
| 13801605927 | Peregrine Falcon | Falco peregrinus | 124 | |
| 13801618006 | grey whale | the eastern North Pacific stock of gray whale has the distinction of being the first population of a marine mammal species to be removed from the List of Endangered and Threatened Species. | 125 | |
| 13801624040 | Biome | A group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms | 126 | |
| 13801735237 | tropical rainforest | a broadleaf evergreen forest found in wet and hot regions near the equator. | 127 | |
| 13801741810 | temperate deciduous forest | forest in a temperate region, characterized by trees that drop their leaves annually | 128 | |
| 13801748184 | Taiga (Boreal Forest) | Has a short growing season, the soil quality is poor, the biodiversity is low, has conifers such a cedar, spruce, pine, and fir; it has insects, birds mainly in the summer, no amphibians or reptiles, and mammals such as rodents, rabbits, minks, raccoons, bears, and moose live there | 129 | |
| 13801756582 | Temperate Shrub Lands | occurs along the coast of Southern California and the Mediterranean region. Characterized by areas of Chaparral-miniature woodlands dominated by dense stands of shrubs. | 130 | |
| 13801768340 | Savanna | An area of grassland with scattered trees and bushes | 131 | |
| 13801771585 | desert | An extremely dry area with little water and few plants | 132 | |
| 13801778995 | Tundra | An extremely cold, dry biome. | 133 | |
| 13801779234 | wetland | A land area that is covered with a shallow layer of water during some or all of the year | 134 | |
| 13801783454 | freshwater | water without salt | 135 | |
| 13801791300 | ocean | A large body of salt water | 136 | |
| 13801795544 | Chernobyl, Ukraine | April 26, 1986, unauthorized safety test, leads to fire and explosion at nuclear power plant—millions exposed to unsafe levels of radiation. | 137 | |
| 13801799801 | Three-Mile Island, Pennsylvania | The worst nuclear incident in the history of this country occurred when a cooling system failed, resulting in a partial meltdown. Construction of nuclear power plants was halted for decades. | 138 | |
| 13801818183 | Yucca Mountain, Nevada | proposed storage site for nuclear waste; problem has a young volcano wih active fault lines | 139 | |
| 13801807461 | Aral Sea | An inland saltwater sea in Katzakstan and Uzbekistan. | 140 | |
| 13801847512 | Love Canal, NY | chemicals buried in old canal, school and homes built over it led to birth defects and cancers. | 141 | |
| 13801861969 | Aswan high dam | One of the world's largest dams on the Nile River in southern Egypt. A key project under Gama Abdel Nasser. | 142 | |
| 13801867519 | Three Gorges Dam | A barrier built on the Chang Jiang to control floods. | 143 | |
| 13801872215 | Ogallala Aquifer | Largest aquifer in North America. | 144 | |
| 13801879300 | Minamata, Japan | mental impairments, birth defects, and deaths were caused by mercury dumped in Minamata Bay by factory. Mercury entered humans through their diet (fish). | 145 | |
| 13801884277 | Bhopal, India | December 2, 1984m methyl isocyanate released accidentally by Union Carbide pesticide plant kills over 5,000 | 146 | |
| 13801888405 | Valdez, Alaska | On March 24, 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez hit a reef in Prince William Sound spilling 260,000 barrels of oil. It was the largest oil spill ever in U.S. waters. | 147 | |
| 13801919439 | Safe Drinking Water Act | (SDWA, 1974) set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants in drinking water that may have adverse effects on human health | 148 | |
| 13801922994 | Ocean Dumping Ban Act | bans ocean dumping of sewage sludge & industrial waste. | 149 | |
| 13801927134 | National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act | protects rivers with due to aesthetic, recreational, wildlife, historical, or cultural reasons. | 150 | |
| 13801936372 | Clean Water Act | (CWA, 1972) set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways; aims to make surface waters swimmable and fishable | 151 | |
| 13801941804 | Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 | 1977; This act is intended to ensure that coal mining activity is conducted with sufficient protections of the public and the environment, and provides for the restoration of abandoned mining areas to beneficial use. It ultimately is designed to protect the environment from experiencing permanent damage due to mining of fossil fuels. | 152 | |
| 13801950298 | National Environmental Policy Act | (1969) Environmental Impact Statements must be done before any project affecting federal lands can be started | 153 | |
| 13801954933 | Clean Air Act | (CAA, 1970) set emission standards for cars and limits for release of air pollutants | 154 | |
| 13801959517 | Kyoto Protocol | controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries | 155 | |
| 13801963817 | Montreal Protocol (1987) | An agreement on protection of the ozone layer in which states pledged to reduce and then eliminate use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). It is the most successful environmental treaty to date. | 156 | |
| 13801979801 | Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) | (1976) controls hazardous waste with a cradle to grave system | 157 | |
| 13801989001 | CERCLA (Superfund) | Superfund | 158 | |
| 13802006778 | Endangered Species Act | identifies threatened and endangered species in the US, and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations | 159 | |
| 13802022700 | CITES | Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species | 160 | |
| 13802030505 | Lacey Act | prohibits interstate transport of wild animals dead or alive without federal permit. | 161 | |
| 13802039347 | US Marine Mammal Protection Act | prohibits taking marine mammals in U.S. waters and by U.S. citizens, and the importing marine mammals and marine mammal products into the U.S. | 162 | |
| 13802058784 | FIFRA | Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act | 163 | |
| 13802079311 | Food Quality Protection Act | (1996) set pesticide limits in food, & all active and inactive ingredients must be screened for estrogenic/endocrine effects | 164 | |
| 13802085437 | low-level radioactive waste | radioactive wastes that produce low levels of ionizing radiation. | 165 | |
| 13802093841 | Nuclear Waste Policy Act | (1982) U.S. government must develop a high level nuclear waste site (Yucca Mtn) | 166 | |
| 13802097742 | Rachel Carson | United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964) | 167 | |
| 13802103706 | John Muir | (1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California. | 168 | |
| 13802109173 | Gifford Pinchot | head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them | 169 | |
| 13802113454 | Garrett Hardin | published "The Tragedy of the Commons" in the journal Science in 1968; argued that rational people will exploit shared resources (commons). | 170 | |
| 13802120515 | Aldo Leopold | wrote A Sand County Almanac published a year after his death in 1948; promoted a "Land Ethic" in which humans are ethically responsible for serving as the protectors of nature. | 171 | |
| 13802128470 | Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina | in 1974, determine that CFCs destroy stratospheric (good) ozone. | 172 | |
| 13802134527 | Equation for acid formation | NO + O2 → NO2 + H2O → HNO3. | 173 | |
| 13802143291 | Equation for acid formation | SO2 + O2 → SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 | 174 | |
| 13802151759 | Nitrogen | Most abundant gas in the atmosphere | 175 | |
| 13802158243 | Oxygen | gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells | 176 | |
| 13802163420 | Carbon | C 6 | 177 | |
| 13802167264 | smog | air pollution by a mixture of smoke and fog | 178 | |
| 13802181426 | pollution | Release of harmful materials into the environment | 179 | |
| 13802197510 | Photosynthesis | Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars | 180 | |
| 13802205068 | Evaporation | The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas | 181 | |
| 13802210631 | Oxone | a molecule made of three oxygen atoms | 182 | |
| 13802699173 | kilogram | kg | 183 | |
| 13802713269 | Petroleum | Another name for oil | 184 |
