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| 11387457877 | The Nitrogen Cycle | The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere (can also go from atmospheric nitrogen straight to nitrates through lightning) Nitrogen comes to earth in the form of precipitation In the roots of plants Rhizobium takes the nitrogen and combines it with hydrogen to make ammonia Nitrifying bacteria makes the ammonia into Nitrites and then into nitrates Plants use the Nitrates (assimilation) or it is turned into atmospheric nitrogen again (denitrifying bacteria) Animals eat the plants for proteins ammonia is released to the soil through death or waste it gets converted again to nitrates (nitrifying) or it is turned into atmospheric nitrogen again (denitrifying bacteria) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOpRT8BRGtk&feature=youtu.be |  | 0 |
| 11387833755 | The Phosphorous Cycle | Unlike carbon/nitrogen cycle there is not phosphorous in the air, very slow and local necessary for ATP and Nucleic acids Phosphorous cycles from rocks (mining/weathering) to soil Uptake to plants, animals eat the plants decomposers etc Humans add phosphorous through fertilizers and the run off causes algal blooms causes eutrophication sunlight is blocked bacteria tries to feed off the algae and takes up all the oxygen and everything dies pH changes |  | 1 |
| 11389153334 | Elements move through the environment through which processes | uptake and deposition |  | 2 |
| 11389167632 | What form should elements be in for plants and animals to use them? | An ionic rather than an elemental form (some bacteria can do this (ex nitrifying bacteria, Rhizobium) | 3 | |
| 11389231943 | Difference between tropical rainforest and temperate woodland | Tropical rainforests have -a high return speed of nutrients to plants/animals -most of the nutrients are stored in the plants themselves -nutrients are leached out with high rainfall = nutrient deficient soil Temperate Woodland have -a slow return of nutrients to soil -greater build up of nutrients, dead organic matter falls to the ground, providing valuable nutrients for new growth = rich soil |  | 4 |
| 11389756616 | The carbon cycle | Carbon is fixed in photosynthesis because it is converted from carbon dioxide to energy for the plant, animals eat the plants and carbon dioxide is released through respiration -Necessary because we are made of macromolecules and carbon provides for the building blocks | 5 | |
| 11389894594 | Micro vs macro nutrients | macro: needed daily, fats, protein, carbs micro: needed less frequently, vitamins, minerals |  | 6 |
| 11389946010 | biological origin of coal | Formed in swamps from carboniferous period | 7 | |
| 11390020729 | biological origin of oil | marine phytoplankton/ diatoms (algae) OOZE | 8 | |
| 11390048609 | diatoms | Diatoms are responsible for release of carbon from the marine food chain Thus they are major contributors to climate change processes, and form a substantial basis of the marine food web |  | 9 |
| 11390110559 | Biological origin of limestone | shells from mollusks- coral CaCo3 (calcium carbonate) |  | 10 |
| 11390151796 | 2 processes that release carbon into the air | respiration- oxidation of glucose combustion- rapid oxidation of organic substance with heat (burning things) |  | 11 |
| 11390197232 | Name the 4 geological reservoirs (sinks), that act as a source of carbon | atmosphere, coal, limestone, natural gas |  | 12 |
| 11390573805 | Explain what would happen to the carbon cycle if there were no decomposers present in an ecosystem | carbon would remain inside of dead plants without decomposers to release it back into the atmosphere to start up the cycle again, gradual loss of CO2 from atmosphere | 13 | |
| 11390611159 | peat | early stage of carbon |  | 14 |
| 11390630043 | Describe what effect human activity is having on the amount of carbon stored in sinks | shortening of long term carbon cycle by mining for economic reasons | 15 | |
| 11390652524 | Explain two global effects arising from mining/ pulling out the carbon and burning it at a fast pace | -global warming/ air pollution (acid rain) SOx NOx sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides -ocean acidification |  | 16 |
| 11390908613 | How to prevent effects of mining/burning carbon | more alternative energy sources energy efficiency minimizing emissions of all pollutants into any effluent stream |  | 17 |
| 11391255504 | How are humans affecting the nitrogen cycle? | Large amounts of fertilizer, adds to cultural eutrophication effluent into waterways leaching nitrate ions from the soil (farming, irrigation, mining) |  | 18 |
| 11391284190 | Symbiosis | A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species. |  | 19 |
| 11391324327 | Haber process | an industrial process for producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen |  | 20 |
| 11391410839 | 3 ways to fix nitrogen | bacteria, lightning, haber process | 21 | |
| 11391428707 | What % of nitrogen is in the atmosphere? | 78% | 22 | |
| 11391455513 | Legume Family | contain special symbiotic bacteria that are nitrogen fixers |  | 23 |
| 11392501252 | Organic compounds that plants need nitrogen containing ions for | Amino Acids, proteins, chlorophyll | 24 | |
| 11392526502 | more ways humans are affecting the nitrogen cycle | -fertilizer application/ discharge to waterway eutrophication -Haber process/ flood irrigation washes out N2 soil -Gmos that fix nitrogen -large-scale composting -burning/ harvesting removes N2 from land | 25 | |
| 11392582934 | guano | A phosphate-rich manure produced by fish eating birds | 26 | |
| 11392630134 | the origin of 3 forms of inorganic phosphate | rock phosphate bone deposits guano deposits | 27 | |
| 11392647456 | major difference between phosphorous and carbon cycle | no atmospheric component + slow | 28 | |
| 11392659302 | Sulfur Cycle | Cyclic movement of sulfur in various chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment. |  | 29 |
| 11392680638 | where is a lot of earths sulfur | mineral deposits and ocean sediments | 30 | |
| 11392690436 | How do humans release a lot of sulfur? | combustion of oil and ******coal | 31 | |
| 11392695548 | sulfate aerosols | produced by fossil fuel combustion, absorb UV radiation, increase Earth's albedo, may slow global warming, at least in the short term |  | 32 |
| 11392727906 | 2 ways sulfur can enter the atmosphere naturally | Volcanoes Biogenic activity | 33 | |
| 11392749155 | 2 ways sulfur can enter the atmosphere from human activity | Combustion of Coal smelting/ petroleum refining | 34 | |
| 11392799141 | Biomass | A measure of the total dry mass of organisms within a particular region |  | 35 |
| 11392841263 | The rock cycle | the series of processes that change one type of rock into another type of rock | 36 | |
| 11392861817 | Processes of the Rock Cycle | weathering and erosion melting and cooling heat and pressure deposition and compaction | 37 | |
| 11392973107 | igneous rock | rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies |  | 38 |
| 11392978006 | metamorphic rock | A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions. |  | 39 |
| 11392981742 | sedimentary rock | A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together |  | 40 |
| 11393376534 | Why is soil essential | amino acids and nutrients come from plant life, these amino acids are necessary for proteins | 41 | |
| 11393427504 | how many nutrients does soil have | 52 | 42 | |
| 11393449837 | SiO2 | silicon dioxide most abundant element in earth's crust | 43 | |
| 11393529898 | Rate of rock weathering is dependent on what | climate | 44 | |
| 11393579213 | Carbonic acid | Compound that results from the combination of carbon dioxide (gas) and water, determines rate of rock weathering in most ecosystems | 45 | |
| 11393925439 | weathering provides key nutrients for life through the process of | leaching | 46 | |
| 11393974235 | Horizon soil layers | O A E B C |  | 47 |
| 11394011934 | Soil formation depends on 5 things | Cl Climate, temp, precip, weathering rate O Organics, determines O horizon R Relief of slope, steep is easily eroded P Parent Material mineral components T Time 1 mm per decade | 48 | |
| 11394083063 | O horizon | the uppermost horizon of soil. It is primarily made up of organic material, loose humus |  | 49 |
| 11394089594 | A horizon | mineral matter mixed with some humus | | 50 |
| 11394097762 | E horizon | The zone of leaching lacks organics |  | 51 |
| 11394113896 | B horizon | a zone of accumulation of clay due to leaching/percolation, commonly known as subsoil | | 52 |
| 11394131530 | C horizon | partially altered parent material | | 53 |
| 11394137686 | Humus | decaying organic material, creates crumbly soil allows for absorption and drainage |  | 54 |
| 11394215298 | flood plain zone | very wide, gradual sloped river section; area of a river which empties into the ocean |  | 55 |
| 11394305447 | grassland soils | Deep A horizon, Mature, alkaline, deep, well drained soils. They are typically nutrient-rich and productive with a high organic content. |  | 56 |
| 11394328441 | forest soils | topsoil layer is thin expand | 57 | |
| 11394393870 | most cultivated land can be classified as | grassland or forest soil | 58 | |
| 11394550486 | The texture of a soil is determined by | size of soil particles | 59 | |
| 11394552439 | too many small particles | extreme leaching | 60 | |
| 11394556900 | too many large particles | poor drainage | 61 | |
| 11394562475 | Cohesion | an attraction between molecules of the same substance |  | 62 |
| 11394566249 | Adhesion | An attraction between molecules of different substances | | 63 |
| 11394570907 | Desertification | the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture. |  | 64 |
| 11394654569 | contour farming | Plowing and planting across the changing slope of land, rather than in straight lines, to help retain water and reduce soil erosion. |  | 65 |
| 11394658740 | strip farming | planting different crops in alternating strips along land contours to slow water flow |  | 66 |
| 11394676077 | Terracing | the creation of flat areas on mountain slopes for the purpose of farming |  | 67 |
| 11394679337 | windbreak | Row of trees or hedges planted to partially block wind flow and reduce soil erosion on cultivated land. |  | 68 |
| 11394724125 | tillage | expand on | 69 | |
| 11394745016 | erosion | removal of soil by air or water | 70 | |
| 11394750049 | indicator species | Species that serve as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being degraded. |  | 71 |
| 11408959810 | effluents | when humans have a fluid (air/water) that contains an effluent |  | 72 |
| 11409035760 | why is it important to have organic material in soil? | resistance to erosion stores nutrients water holding capacity | 73 | |
| 11409047481 | if I wanted to make soil more alkaline I would | add limestone | 74 | |
| 11409051554 | if I wanted to make soil more acidic I would | add sulfur | 75 | |
| 11409075397 | OOZE | deep-sea sediment composed of the skeletal remains of microscopic floating organisms. Oozes are basically deposits of soft mud on the ocean floor. |  | 76 |
| 11409130412 | acid rain and rain ph | acid rain 4.3 rain 5.6 | 77 | |
| 11409153097 | biogenic activity | microbes in the soil | 78 | |
| 11409170416 | Salinity of the ocean | 3.5 | 79 | |
| 11409190715 | salinity of brackish water | 1.5 | 80 | |
| 11409197069 | Nitrogen in atmosphere | 78% | 81 | |
| 11409202063 | Oxygen in atmosphere | 21% | 82 | |
| 11409214443 | Where is Earth's water? | 97% oceans 2% ice 1% freshwater | 83 | |
| 11409250137 | CO2 in the atmosphere | 84 | ||
| 11409259399 | Carboniferous Period | 360-300 million years ago | 85 | |
| 11409512790 | Phytoremediation | A method employed to clean up a hazardous waste site that uses plants to absorb and accumulate toxic materials |  | 86 |
| 11409519098 | Biomagnification | the concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely disbursed. |  | 87 |
| 11409568468 | leaching | Process in which various chemicals in upper layers of soil are dissolved and carried to lower layers and, in some cases, to groundwater. |  | 88 |
| 11409581964 | Eutrophication | A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria. |  | 89 |
| 11409760457 | where does the colorado river get most water | snowmelt of the rocky mountains | 90 | |
| 11409850591 | How are we using water unsustainably | wasting it, polluting it, underpricing | 91 | |
| 11409865116 | how many people do not have access to clean water | one in 6 | 92 | |
| 11409881548 | rainshadow effect | A location of little rain on the leeward side of a mountain range due to descending air. |  | 93 |
| 11409953490 | flood irrigation | water is distributed over the soil surface by gravity; the most common form of irrigation and most inefficient; loses 40% of water |  | 94 |
| 11409979178 | where is there an abundance of water | 0 and 60 degrees long/lat | 95 | |
| 11410124938 | subsidy | A government payment that supports a business or market |  | 96 |
| 11410133899 | zone of saturation | lower soil layers where all spaces are filled with water | 97 | |
| 11410161709 | Freshwater availability | 0.024% -groundwater -lakes -rivers -streams | 98 | |
| 11410309170 | water table | The upper level of the saturated zone of groundwater |  | 99 |
| 11410326030 | watershed (drainage basin) | land area that delivers runoff, sediment, and dissolved substances to a stream |  | 100 |
| 11410360307 | Headwaters | the source of a stream or river |  | 101 |
| 11410465107 | where does 2/3 of surface runoff water go | lost by seasonal floods | 102 | |
| 11410505216 | virtual water | Water that is not directly consumed but is used to produce food and other products. | 103 | |
| 11410522418 | Why are aquifers harder to depollute | it is slower than surface water and can not clean itself | 104 | |
| 11410678587 | how to increase freshwater supplies | withdrawing groundwater building dams/reservoirs converting saltwater to freshwater | 105 | |
| 11410748155 | Ogallala Aquifer | World's largest aquifer; under parts of Wyoming, South Dakota, Nebraska Being depleted for agricultural and urban use. |  | 106 |
| 11410760753 | Advantages of groundwater | useful for drinking/irrigation exists almost everywhere renewable cheaper to extract |  | 107 |
| 11410979775 | disadvantages of groundwater | aquifer depletion subsidence some are non renewable pollution lasts long periods of time | 108 | |
| 11410990327 | Subsidence | the gradual caving in or sinking of an area of land. |  | 109 |
| 11411032887 | How to prevent groundwater depletion | use water more efficiently subsidize water conservation limit number of wells stop growing water intensive crops in dry areas raise price of water to discourage waste use permeable paving | 110 | |
| 11411126987 | effluent stream | type of stream where flow is maintained during the dry season by groundwater seepage into the channel |  | 111 |
| 11411132626 | influent stream | entirely above the water table and flows only in direct response to precipitation |  | 112 |
| 11411151838 | Estuary | A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean. |  | 113 |
| 11411667874 | how many humans rely on aquifers? | 2 billion | 114 | |
| 11411672570 | gray water | all of the wastewater that drains from washing machines, sinks, dishwashers, tubs or showers and can be reused for non-sanitary purposes | 115 | |
| 11411679332 | Desalinization | the removal of salt from ocean water |  | 116 |
| 11411701427 | By 2025 how many people will lack access to clean water? | 3 billion | 117 | |
| 11411718533 | worlds largest dam | Three Gorges Dam, China | 118 | |
| 11411726564 | What happened in the aral sea/ main cause of waste? | it has shrunk and salinity rises, fishing industry was destroyed, too much water was withdrawn for irrigation, pesticides from crops in water they built a dam | 119 | |
| 11411868619 | how have humans contributed to flooding? | urbanization, because towns and cities have more impermeable surfaces. deforestation, because removing trees reduces the amount of water intercepted and increases run-off |  | 120 |
| 11411981576 | pros and cons of dams | pros: generate electricity, control flooding cons: displaces local species, more erosion, flooding upstream, prevents water flow | 121 | |
| 11412002744 | carbon cycle | carbon compounds It is the fundamental building block of life and an important component of many chemical processes | 122 | |
| 11412761213 | chemical weathering | oxidation hydrolysis carbonation | 123 | |
| 11412785042 | mechanical weathering | ice wedging root wedging gravity anything that breaks it down into bits/ increases surface area | 124 | |
| 11413105847 | EUTROPHICATION****************** | 5 steps -we know that nitrogen/phosphorous are limiting -can be leached into the water -leads to algal blooms -they absorb the sunlight, it cant reach the bottom -plants at the bottom die -algae dies when all the nutrients are gone -bacteria has to break it down through respiration, releases nutrients therefore the cycle can continue -consumes all the oxygen (anoxic) -everything dead | | 125 |
| 11413110582 | Limiting element | nitrogen and phosphorous, life needs them!! once systems get these nutrients life grows super fast however this leads to EUTROPHICATION | 126 | |
| 11413147244 | what are the nutrients we need? | C-Carbon H-Hydrogen N-Nitrogen O-Oxygen P-Phosphorous S-Sulfur | 127 | |
| 11413187145 | nitrogen and sulfur | proteins | 128 | |
| 11413187146 | Phosphorus | RNA ATP DNA | 129 |
