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| 16309335454 | What are the four parts of natural selection and how do they lead to evolution? | 1. Genes mutate 2. Individuals are selected 3. Populations evolve 4. species tend to over-reproduce | 0 | |
| 16309405292 | Define adaptations. | Adaptation is any heritable trait that improves the ability of an individual organism to survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals in a population are able to do under prevailing environmental conditions. | 1 | |
| 16309424436 | What are the general principles of how islands are colonized? | The closer the island to another land mass, the higher the probability of colonization. The older the island, the more likely it will be colonized. The larger the island, the more species are likely to be established. Geographic isolation reduces gene flow between populations. | 2 | |
| 16309434249 | Why are organisms on islands generally specialists instead of generalists? | A generalist species is able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources (for example, a heterotroph with a varied diet). A specialist species can thrive only in a narrow range of environmental conditions or has a limited diet. | 3 | |
| 16309446738 | Describe the three types of biodiversity. | Species diversity- The number and abundances of species present in different communities Genetic diversity-the variety of genetic material within a species or population Ecosystem diversity- the variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on earth Functional diversity- the biological and chemical processes such as energy flow and matter recycling needed for survival of species, communities and ecosystems. | 4 | |
| 16309465872 | What are the two criteria for an area to be categorized as a biodiversity hotspot? | Contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants found nowhere else on Earth (known as "endemic" species). Have lost at least 70 percent of its primary native vegetation. | 5 | |
| 16309479140 | How and why do we measure biodiversity? | Biodiversity is a measure that combines richness and evenness across species Measured because high biodiversity is with ecosystem health. ... some species work together so that both can survive (called commensalism) and therefore, diverse communities can be more stable. | 6 | |
| 16309492845 | How does habitat destruction impact biodiversity? | Biodiversity is reduced in this process when existing organisms in the habitat are displaced or destroyed | 7 | |
| 16309507616 | How can species be distributed? What is the most common form of distribution? Because of the way species are distributed, what should we keep in mind when we are developing land for human use such as housing? | Groups of species with low dispersal capability contain more native species. Endemic species are vulnerable to disturbance as their entire area of distribution may be altered. The most common form of distribution is clumped distribution. We should keep in mind to build in less populated areas. | 8 | |
| 16309520266 | What are habitats and niches? | Niche- it is a species way of life in a community and includes everything that affects its survival and reproduction, such as how much water and sunlight it needs, how much space it requires, what it feeds on, what feed on it, and the temperatures and other conditions it can tolerate. Habitats-is the place where it lives. (It niche is its pattern of living.) | 9 | |
| 16309538870 | Every species has their ecological tolerances for all conditions in the environment. How does the combination of these tolerances make up their fundamental and realized niche?What is primary and secondary succession? In what circumstances would you find each? | primary ecological succession- involves the gradual establishment of communities of different species in lifeless areas where there is no soil in a terrarium ecosystem or no bottom sediment in an aquatic ecosystem. secondary ecological succession- in which a series of communities or ecosystems with different species develop in places containing soil or bottom sediment.. | 10 | |
| 16309551643 | How is fire good for ecosystems? How have humans made fires more intense? | Forests missing young trees because some seeds need fire to germinate. Buildup of dead plant material prevents seeds from reaching soil.Too much plant cover shades new seedlings. Less nutrients in the soilInvasive plants continue to grow | 11 | |
| 16309566244 | What are ecosystem services? Give examples of each. | Such as nutrient cycling, primary production, soil formation, habitat provision and pollination. These services make it possible for the ecosystems to continue providing services such as food supply, flood regulation, and water purification. | 12 | |
| 16309584928 | Define invasive species. What are some traits that invasive species tend to have? What problems can invasive species cause in an ecosystem? | Nonnative species-introduced and domesticated plant species such as food crops and flowers and animals such as cattle, and fish from around the world are beneficial to us. Fast growth. Rapid reproduction. High dispersal ability. capable of causing extinctions of native plants and animals, reducing biodiversity, competing with native organisms for limited resources, and altering habitats. | 13 | |
| 16309600917 | The main factors that lead to a decrease in biodiversity are included in the acronym HIPPCO. What does each stand for? | H- habitat loss I- Invasive Species P- Population growth (human) P-Pollution C- Climate Change O- Over Harvested. | 14 | |
| 16309673049 | Describe the steps scientists generally go through when designing an experiment. | First scintents have to identify a question. Then next they have to form a hypothesis, then they have to conduct the experiment. Finally they have to collect the data and publish their findings. | 15 | |
| 16309694126 | Explain independent variable, dependent variable, control group, experimental group, and why it is important to control the variables in an experiment. | Independent variable - variable being tested changed Dependent variable - variable being measured change due to the independent variable Control the variables (hold variables constant) - all other possible differences need to be held consistent It is important because it makes it easier to reproduce the experiment and to establish the relationship between the independent and dependent variables | 16 | |
| 16309739964 | Describe the criteria for a strong hypothesis. | A possible and testable answer to a scientific question or explanation to what scientist observe in nature | 17 | |
| 16309793934 | Food Chain | A sequence of organisms each of which serves as a source of nutrients of energy for the next. | 18 | |
| 16309820612 | Food Web | organisms in most ecosystems form a complex network of interconnected food chains | 19 | |
| 16309887987 | Level | biologists assign every type of organism in an ecosystem to a feeding level depending on its source of food and nutrients | 20 | |
| 16309915383 | What is the 10% rule? | 10% of the energy is lost as heat as you move up the energy pyramid | 21 | |
| 16309934416 | Use the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics in your answer. | 1st law of thermodynamics- Energy can neither be created nor destroyed in an isolated system 2nd law of thermodynamics- When energy is changed from one form to another, it always goes from a more useful form to a less useful form. | 22 | |
| 16309978838 | Why are there only three or four trophic levels in terrestrial ecosystems? | There are only three to four trophic levels because the energy lost from level to level would be greater than 100% | 23 | |
| 16310001169 | Predator/prey | feeds directly on all or part of a living organism as part as the food web. Prey is what the predator feeds on. | 24 | |
| 16310019771 | Interspecific Competition | which occurs when members of two or more species interact with the same limited resources such as food, water, light and space. | 25 | |
| 16310043380 | Mutualism | two species behave in ways that benefit both by providing each with food shelter or some other resource. | 26 | |
| 16310055952 | Parasitism | occurs when one species (the parasite) feeds on another organism (the host) usually by living on or inside the host. | 27 | |
| 16310075082 | Commensalism | is an interaction that benefits one species but has little if any beneficial or harmful effect on the other. | 28 | |
| 16310088092 | Describe bottom up and top down population control in an ecosystem. | From "The Green World Hypothesis" the number of herbivores needs to be controlled from the top down (preditors keeping their numbers in balance) as well as from the bottom up (number of plants available to eat) | 29 | |
| 16310103984 | All levels of a trophic level diagram will often be drawn with an arrow towards decomposers. Why? | Because decomposers are important to the nutrient cycle without them there would be a lot of litter, waste, animal waste, etc. And they are essential to beginning a new cycle. | 30 | |
| 16310971701 | Organisms reduce competition by using resource partitioning. Describe this. | 'It occurs when species competing for similar scarce resources evolved specialized traits that allow them to share resources by using the parts of them, using them at different times or using them in different ways. | 31 | |
| 16310994922 | What is net and gross primary productivity? | Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) is the rate at which an ecosystems producers convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of biomass found in their tissues. Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is the rate in the total amount of chemical energy (glucose) created from the sunlight an area receives minus how much carbon dioxide the plants release during [cellular] respiration | 32 | |
| 16317899414 | Matter cycles and energy flows through feeding relationships in an ecosystem. What does this mean? | How much energy is transferable from trophic level | 33 | |
| 16317915189 | What are biomes? What two major factors determine terrestrial biomes? Why do we usually just talk about the plants in a biome, not the animals? | Large terrestrial regions each characterized by a certain type of climate and a certain combination of dominant plant life. The factors that are most important are the latitude, elevation. Because resources are limited. | 34 | |
| 16317987388 | What factors determine the aquatic biomes? | light availability, depth, stratification, temperature, currents, and tides. | 35 | |
| 16318012971 | Estuarie | is where river meets the sea. | 36 | |
| 16318032214 | Coastal wetland | coastal land areas covered with water all or part of the year | 37 | |
| 16318049702 | Rocky and sandy shores | characterized by the life that lives in the intertidal zone is the area between the high tide and low tide water levels. Life on rocky shores is tough. | 38 | |
| 16318060326 | Coral reefs | they are among the world's oldest and most diverse and productive ecosystems. Aquatic diversity are the marine equivalent of tropical rainforests with complex interactions among their diverse populations of species. | 39 | |
| 16318079323 | Open Ocean | the sharp increase in water depth at the edge of the continental shelf separates the coastal zone from vast volume of the ocean. | 40 | |
| 16318108341 | Ocean floor | it is very dark and very cold. There is no sunlight for photosynthesis and this zone has little dissolved oxygen | 41 | |
| 16318122852 | Carbon | Various parts compounds of carbon circulate through the biosphere, the atmosphere and parts of the hydrosphere. The carbon cycle is based on carbon dioxide | 42 | |
| 16318146787 | Hydrologic | The cycle through which water in the hydrosphere moves; includes such processes as evaporation, precipitation, and surface and groundwater runoff | 43 | |
| 16318158607 | Nitrogen | a continuous series of natural processes by which nitrogen passes successively from air to soil to organisms and back to air or soil involving principally nitrogen fixation, nitrification, decay, and denitrification. | 44 | |
| 16318187495 | Phosphorus | Compounds of phosphorus circulate through water, the earth's crust and living organisms | 45 | |
| 16318308834 | Generalists and specialists different? Advantage of each? | Generalist species- have broad niches. They can live in many different places, eat various foods, and often tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions Specialist species- occupy narrow niches. They may be able to live in only one type of habitat, use just one or only a few types of food, or tolerate a narrow range of climate and other environmental conditions. Advantages of specialists species they thrive when conditions are just right and These species usually survive for very long periods because they deal with unanticipated risks better. Advantages of being a generalists species- they can survive in almost every conditions and habitat etc. | 46 | |
| 16318379580 | . Characteristics of k-species | K- selected (koala humans) Few offspring Long gestation time Much energy invest into offspring High probability of surviving into the default Do not disperse widely Late maturity onset | 47 | |
| 16318407100 | r-selected species | R- selected (rats) Early maturity Short generation span Little energy invested into their offspring Low probability of surviving into adulthood Generally small body size Ability to disperse widely | 48 | |
| 16318424043 | Density dependent and density independent limiting factors | 49 | ||
| 16318435545 | Density Independent | Weather Storms Heat waves Drought | 50 | |
| 16318459927 | density dependent factors | Everything else Access to clean water Food available Disease | 51 | |
| 16318477348 | What is exponential growth compared to logistic growth? | Exponential growth has no upper limit and populations grow very quickly. Logistic growth, a population's per capita growth rate gets smaller and smaller as population size approaches a maximum imposed by limited resources in the environment, known as the carrying capacity ( K ). | 52 | |
| 16318494132 | What factors slow down population growth? | Economic development- The improvement of living standards by economic growth. Empowering women- - education, paying jobs and ability to control fertility Family planning-provides educational and clinical services that help couples choose how many children to have and when. | 53 | |
| 16318513341 | How have human survivorship curves changed over time? Describe how the living conditions have changed. | A graph that shows how the likelihood of death for members of a population varies with age. | 54 | |
| 16318528479 | Environmental Impact is based on population size, affluence and technology. Why? | Increased consumption significantly increases human environmental impact. This is because each product consumed has wide-ranging effects on the environment. | 55 | |
| 16318551131 | Describe the demographic transition model and the four phases that countries are placed in? How have these conditions changed in each stage of the demographic transition? | 56 | ||
| 16318557640 | Preindustrial stage | High birth rates Slow pop. growth and High Death Rate | 57 | |
| 16318583374 | Transitional stage | Low Death Rate High birth Rate and improved food & health | 58 | |
| 16318595741 | Industrial | Both Birth & Death rates drop and Improved food production health and education | 59 | |
| 16318610087 | Postindustrial | Population Levels off declines as birth rates equal & falls below death rates | 60 | |
| 16318639447 | Describe the three shapes of population pyramids. Where on the demographic transition model would each be found? What are the conditions like in those countries? | 61 | ||
| 16318645477 | Xmas tree | Transitional/Developing (lots of kids and death rates are dropping) | 62 | |
| 16318668728 | Box | Industrial economics (replacement level fertility) | 63 | |
| 16318687982 | Cup | Post-Industrial ( not many kids ) | 64 | |
| 16318726261 | Tropical grasslands (savanna) | This biome is found in tropical Africa, South America, and Australia. It has steady high temperatures and a clear rain/dry season. It is home to plants such as tall grasses and trees and animals such as lions, giraffes, and elephants.contains widely scattered clumps of trees. This biome usually has warm temperatures year round alternating between wet and dry | 65 | |
| 16318759013 | Temperate grasslands (prairies) | winters can be brutally cold and summers are hot and dry. There is an annual precipitation is fairly sparse and falls unevenly throughout the year. | 66 | |
| 16318782040 | Cold grasslands (arctic tundra) | line south of the arctic polar ice cap. During most of the year these treeless plains are bitterly cold swept by frigid winds and covered with ice and snow. Winters are long with few hours of daylight and the secant precipitation falls primarily when it snows. | 67 | |
| 16318800961 | Tropical desert | are hot and dry and have low rainfall and varying averages of temperature. They have few plants | 68 | |
| 16318824711 | Temperate desert | temperatures are high in summer and low in winter and there is more participation than in tropical desserts. | 69 | |
| 16318844529 | Cold desert | Winters are cold, summers warm or hot and precipitation is low | 70 | |
| 16318864413 | Tropical rainforests | are found near the equator where hot moisture laden air rises and dumps its moisture. | 71 | |
| 16318879307 | Temperate deciduous forest | they have cooler temperatures and fewer decompers than tropical rainforests theses forests also have a slower rate of decomposition. As a result they accumulate a thick layer of decaying leaf litter which becomes a storehouse of nutrients. | 72 | |
| 16318891612 | Northern coniferous forest (boreal, taiga) | these forests are found just south of the arctic tundra in northern regions across North America. Winters are long and extremely cold; in the northernmost taigas, winter sunlight is only available 6-8 hours a day. Summers are short with cool to warm temperatures and the sun shines as long as 19 hours a day during mid summer. | 73 |
