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| 5389961804 | Cell theory | The theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms | 0 | |
| 5389974006 | Population | certain number of individuals that back up an interbreeding, reproducing group | 1 | |
| 5389977147 | Community | Different species living together | 2 | |
| 5389977148 | Biosphere | Living portion of the world | 3 | |
| 5389979559 | Gaia hypothesis | Whole Earth is actually living; depends on interpretation because it is a whole system, everything works together, homeostasis; big theory in the 70s | 4 | |
| 5390123175 | Ecotones | - Transitional areas; an overlap between ecosystems - Some species live in this in-between area e.g. crabs that wash up on shore at beach |  | 5 |
| 5392137968 | Ecosystem | - Combination of biotic and abiotic factors that make up that area - Precipitation and temperature determine vegetation which then determines everything else, essentially they define the ... | 6 | |
| 5392143140 | Biome | A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms | 7 | |
| 5392167077 | GIS | Incredibly powerful computer database where you can study the powers of geography; program that can compile different satellite imagery; can see how many forests are left in the U.S. | 8 | |
| 5392170597 | Range of Tolerance | - Organisms are only able to survive according to certain limiting factors - If it's below or above, the plant won't survive - Where they can actually survive, but within there is optimal range and range of stress | 9 | |
| 5392310931 | Rate of growth | - Best grow happens at optimal temperature range - Plant can survive within whole range of tolerance, but there's an optimal temperature and zones of stress on either side | 10 | |
| 5392312427 | Limiting factor | Things that influence how well an organism or species survives; e.g. for plants: temperature, precipitation, pH, sunlight, etc. | 11 | |
| 5392337623 | Optimal temperature range | Best temperatures for growth | 12 | |
| 5392365950 | Niche | What they eat, habitat within ecosystem that they occupy (e.g. some insects in trees, some in soil), and role they play with other organisms, how they interact with everything in the environment | 13 | |
| 5392372984 | Atmosphere | A thin layer of gases surrounding Earth | 14 | |
| 5392374576 | Hydrosphere | All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans | 15 | |
| 5392374577 | Biosphere | Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere | 16 | |
| 5392374578 | Lithosphere | A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust | 17 | |
| 5392382728 | Atom | Basic unit of matter |  | 18 |
| 5392382729 | Compound | A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |  | 19 |
| 5392382730 | Carbon cycle | The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again the series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment, chiefly involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere through respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels |  | 20 |
| 5392382731 | Nitrogen cycle | A cycle of matter in which nitrogen atoms move from nitrogen gas in the atmosphere to inorganic forms in the soil, to organic forms in living things, and then back to inorganic forms in the soil and nitrogen gas in the atmosphere |  | 21 |
| 5392568146 | Law of Conservation of Matter (First Law of Thermodynamics) | - Plants grow from matter from CO2 and H2O! -- don't get matter from soil, get micronutrients (like vitamins), but not soil; e.g. do not need soil to grow tomatoes - Matter from photosynthesis --> animals eat that --> something else eats that --> eventually all those molecules add up to make a big one --> thing dies --> matter goes back into the ground!! | 22 | |
| 5392568147 | Law of Conservation of Energy (Second Law of Thermodynamics) | - Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can be transformed; e.g. photosynthesis - Lose 10% of energy every trophic level | 23 | |
| 5392570179 | Potential energy | Energy that is stored and held in readiness; e.g. firewood, batteries, water | 24 | |
| 5392584828 | Entropy | - The tendency towards disorder - When energy is in form of glucose, it's very organized; heat is very disorganized energy - Over time, energy becomes less organized and less useful --> diffusion and osmosis: over time, matter spreads out - The only way to keep everything organized is to input energy - Body constantly needs energy to keep us going, it's not just energy for motion/to think- it keeps cells from breaking down | 25 | |
| 5392642831 | 6CO2 + 6H2O with h.v. | Goes into photosynthesis | 26 | |
| 5392645334 | C6H12O6 + 6O2 | Comes out of photosynthesis | 27 | |
| 5392657161 | Phosphates | ATP Nucleotides (DNA/RNA) Phospholipid membrane (cell membrane) Hugely important in biological systems! | 28 | |
| 5392661705 | Phosphorus cycle | - The movement of phosphorus atoms from rocks through the biosphere and hydrosphere and back to rocks - Plants take in phosphates for growth! --> consumers eat plants --> how we get phosphates in our bodies |  | 29 |
| 5392668797 | (Human impact on the) phosphorus cycle | Fertilizers, detergents: - Have NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) ratios --> when we use fertilizers, it disrupts both of those cycles When it rains it runs off into oceans --> dissolved in waterways --> algae blooms (eutrophication) --> die --> decomposer bacteria break down excess algae --> uses up oxygen in water | 30 | |
| 5392686273 | Eutrophication (phosphorus cycle) | Nitrogen and phosphorus get added to water (through fertilizers/detergent) algae blooms --> dies --> decomposers consume dead algae --> uses up oxygen in water --> dead zone; no organisms can live there - e.g. Gulf of Mexico, 200 miles with no fish because it's at the end of the Mississippi | 31 | |
| 5392695785 | Positive growth | Births and immigrations | 32 | |
| 5392695786 | Negative growth | Deaths and emigration | 33 | |
| 5392698755 | J-curve | - Exponential growth; slope increasing dramatically; dramatic increase in size of population in short period of time - Followed by insects-- there are a lot, but then in the winter they crash |  | 34 |
| 5392701049 | S-curve | - Logistic growth; population size and growth rate increase, but level off; steadier growth than J-curve - Mammals in general |  | 35 |
| 5392703132 | Carrying capacity | - "K" - Size of population that the environment can support; how much the environment can support of that species; about the environment, and the species reacting to that environment - E.g. environment can only support so many deer- they need space, water, habitat, etc. |  | 36 |
| 5392705356 | R species | - Grow without competition for resources and no environmental factors that affect growth - Opportunistic, able to move in and grow quickly in open environments - Lack of parental care, many die young - Usually semelparous and have short life span - Poor ecological competitions and can be easily pushed out - Population never gets to the level where they need to compete for resources - Drastic change --> this species will suvrive - Rapidly changing environment, species adapt quicker --> they survive because they reproduce much faster and in mass quantities |  | 37 |
| 5392705357 | K species | - Strong ecological competitors; out-compete opportunistic organisms - Don't have quick establishment, but stay in an area for a long time - Long generation time; iteroparous with low fecundity - Lots of time invested into caring for young - Population gets to the point where there is competition for limited resources and space - Much slower to change, and if changes are too rapid they'll go extinct | | 38 |
| 5392709622 | Constant growth | Never happens, not realistic |  | 39 |
| 5392775769 | Biotic potential | - The maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions - Reproductive rate, what's the next generation? ability to migrate, ability to survive, how can you increase the size of the population? | 40 | |
| 5392782559 | Environmental resistance | How to keep a population in check; limiting the growth of the population - Lack of food - Lack of water - Lack of habitat - Weather conditions - Predators - Disease - Parasites - Competitors | 41 | |
| 5392787867 | Survivorship curve | - A generalized diagram showing the number of surviving members over time from a measured set of births - Some species lay hundreds of eggs because not very many survive |  | 42 |
| 5392806295 | Bottom up | It's hurting biotic potential; your growth cannot go up | 43 | |
| 5392835347 | Keystone species | A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem; e.g. otters, sharks, elephants, bees | 44 | |
| 5392919176 | Intracompetition | competition between members of the same species | 45 | |
| 5392921140 | Intercompetition | Competition between different species | 46 | |
| 5392922863 | Territoriality | A behavior in which an animal defends a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals, usually of its own species; intracompetition | 47 | |
| 5392928746 | Resource partitioning | - Different species adapt and evolve to use different portion of resource - Classic example: warblers live in different portions of trees because there are different food sources in different parts of the trees --> partition it and have different diets depending on where they live - Reduces competition Between 2 different species- species evolve so their niche doesn't completely overlap with another species; lessens amount of overlap - E.g. why different fish live at different depths in the ocean/ plants have roots that grow to different depths | 48 | |
| 5392941605 | Evolution | - Mutations --> new genes: sometimes harmful, that one individual may not survive; sometimes they give an advantage --> if they have the survival advantage, they're more likely to reproduce and pass that modification on If it's a big advantage, eventually the whole population will have that advantage - Can see, can study long-term; e.g. Darwin's finches, fruit flies; HIV evolves so quickly that scientists can't make a vaccine for it, antibiotic resistance bacteria - Sexual production has advantage in evolution because you're mixing | 49 | |
| 5392943603 | Selective pressures | Forces in the environment that influence reproductive success in individuals - Temperature, light, water, pH, elements --> put selective pressure on species to evolve | 50 | |
| 5393050336 | Ballast water | Tankers and cargo ships carry it to balance and maintain buoyancy when trading --> brings in different organisms; e.g. zebra mussels, mice/rats | 51 | |
| 5393069792 | Species | group of individuals that share certain characteristics distinct from other groups | 52 | |
| 5393074337 | Biotic communities | the living things that exist in a population | 53 | |
| 5393079794 | environmental factors | non-living conditions (unusable) and resources (consumable) | 54 | |
| 5393088597 | Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur | organic compounds | 55 | |
| 5393095580 | first law of thermodynamics (law of conservation of energy) | energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only converted | 56 | |
| 5393099577 | Nitrogen Fixation | the chemical processes by which atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds, especially by certain microorganisms as part of the nitrogen cycle (bacteria) | 57 | |
| 5393363845 | Dentrification | microbes take nitrate (highly oxidized) and use it as oxygen microbially facilitated process of nitrate reduction by a heterotrophic, anaerobic bacteria; produces molecular nitrogen through series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products | 58 | |
| 5393364395 | synergistic effects | when the combined effect of two or more things is greater than if you just added to two effects; when an injury caused by exposure to two environmental factors together is greater than the sum of exposure to each factor individually | 59 | |
| 5393379681 | Nitrogen cascade | Effect of Nr, reactive nitrogen, on the atmosphere | 60 |
