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| 4312689155 | troposphere | first layer of atmosphere, temp decreases w/ increasing altitude, responsible for greenhouse effect an most weather phenomena | 0 | |
| 4312690923 | stratosphere | from top of troposphere to 30 mi above earth's surface, ozone layer located in lower portion, temp increases with increasing altitude | 1 | |
| 4312693300 | Clean Air Act | sets standards for allowable outdoor concentrations of 6 major air pollutants, sets industrial emission standards for 189 hazardous air pollutants | 2 | |
| 4312696820 | Carbon Monoxide | primary pollutant. from: burning of fossil fuels, cars. Catalytic converters can remove from car exhaust | 3 | |
| 4312699892 | Nitrogen Dioxide | primary pollutant. from: fossil fuels. central in photochemical smog, precursor to acid rain. catalytic converters can remove from car exhaust | 4 | |
| 4312702846 | sulfur dioxide | primary pollutant. from: coal. causes acid rain. can be removed from coal smokestacks w/ scrubbers that utilize calcium carbonate | 5 | |
| 4312705368 | ground level ozone | secondary pollutant. central to smog. | 6 | |
| 4312706060 | PM-10/particulate matter | primary pollutant. from: coal power plants, agricultural operations, tobacco smoke, construction, cars. avg diameter less than 10mm. electrostatic precipitators can remove particles from smoke | 7 | |
| 4312711341 | nitric oxide/nitrogen monoxide | primary pollutant. causes smog and acid rain. from fossil fuels. catalytic converters remove car exhaust | 8 | |
| 4312713682 | volatile organic compounds (VOCs) | primary pollutant. dif hydrocarbons. from: leaks in fossil fuel production, gas pumps, dry cleaning, industrial solvents, some trees. | 9 | |
| 4312717691 | photochemical smog | UV causes reactions, hot weather makes worse. concentration of secondary pollutants highest mid-day, nitrogen oxide, other primary pollutants concentration highest in late morning | 10 | |
| 4312721160 | temperature inversion | blanket of hot air traps cool air and prevents from rising | 11 | |
| 4312722634 | sulfuric acid/sulfate salts | secondary pollutant, in acid rain. calcium carbonate/limestone can reduce harmful effects | 12 | |
| 4312724117 | nitric acid/nitrate salts | secondary pollutant, in acid rain/ calcium carbonate can reduce harmul effects | 13 | |
| 4312725670 | indoor air pollutants | cigarette smoke, radon - naturally occurring can accumulate w/ no ventilation, formaldehyde, bacteria, dust mites, mold, carbon monoxide, asbestos - used in ventilation | 14 | |
| 4312728328 | greenhouse gases | carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFCs, water vapor | 15 | |
| 4312734146 | carbon dioxide | combustion of hydrocarbons. removed from atm by photsynthesis | 16 | |
| 4312735107 | nitrous oxide | primary pollutant, from intensive use of inorganic fertilizers, burning of fossil fuels, animal waste and sewage treatment, decomposition | 17 | |
| 4312736880 | methane | primary pollutant, from cattle, fossil fuel mining, landfills, waste water treatment, rice cultivation. emissions can be reduced by capturing and using for fuel, these solutions replace with carbon dioxide but better because methane is more potent | 18 | |
| 4312739632 | CFCs | chlorofluorocarbons. man made pollutant, inert stable molecules, once used as coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners, to clean electronics, and fumigants. break up ozone layer. Montreal Protocol reduced production and release of CFCs | 19 | |
| 4312743346 | impacts of climate change | sea level rise, melting of permafrost - more methane releases - positive feedback loop, extreme weather, changes in ocean currents, changing vegetative zones, loss of biodiversity | 20 | |
| 4312745427 | Kyoto Protocol | effort to reduce climate change, called from industrialized countries to reduce green house gas emissions to 5% below their 1990 levels - US did not sign bc econ impact and the fact that it does not require developing countries to do so | 21 | |
| 4312748026 | ozone depletion | leads to more UV radiation getting in, causes cataracts, skin cancer, sunburns, reduced food supply due to crop damage, reduced productivity in phytoplankton, | 22 | |
| 4318132574 | primary/closed loop recycling | materials converted to new products of the same type | 23 | |
| 4318136372 | secondary recycling | materials converted into a new product | 24 | |
| 4318142359 | bioremediation | use of organisms to remove contaminates, phytoremediation uses plants | 25 | |
| 4318151508 | plasma arc torch | uses plasma to convert waste into gas that can be used as fuel. very expensive and produced carbon dioxide | 26 | |
| 4318160620 | RCRA | Resource conservation and recovery act - EPA to set standards for hazardous waste produced, initiates cradle to grave system, to track hazardous waste disposal. regulates less than 5% of hazardous waste in US | 27 | |
| 4318174924 | CERCLA | comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability act. identifies superfund sites that have been contaminated with hazardous waste and place on priorities list, | 28 | |
| 4318184290 | brownfiels | abandoned industrial and commercial sites | 29 | |
| 4318186517 | Basel convention | international treaty, developing countries must give approval to accept hazardous waste that is shipped overseas | 30 | |
| 4318193973 | POPs treaty | persistent organic pollutants, treaty to phase out 12 POPs such as DDT and PCBs | 31 | |
| 4318573736 | Chlorea and dysentry | diarrheal diseases, often contracted in developing countries from unsanitary drinking water | 32 | |
| 4318582046 | reducing infectious diseases | improving drinking water, decreases malnutrition to help immune system, education programs to reduce HIV, increasing availability to vaccines, reducing unnecessary use of antibiotics | 33 | |
| 4318617661 | acute response | immediate response to exposure | 34 | |
| 4318638193 | chronic effect | can occur from single or long term exposure to smaller doses of a toxin | 35 | |
| 4318641659 | median lethal dose/LD50 | the dose that kills 50% of test popl | 36 | |
| 4318655673 | non-threshold dose response model | if response begins at 0 and increases continuously with dosage | 37 | |
| 4318662421 | threshold dose model | harmful effects do not occur until after dose exceeds a threshold level | 38 | |
| 4318674170 | carcinogens | cause cancer | 39 | |
| 4318674171 | mutagen | cause mutations in DNA | 40 | |
| 4318676212 | teratogens | cause birth effects | 41 | |
| 4318680461 | atrazine | one of most widely used pesticides | 42 | |
| 4318688311 | PCBs | banned in US, used in electric insulators, fire retardants, pesticides, and adhesives | 43 | |
| 4318694319 | benzene | emissions from coal and oil and tobacco smoke | 44 | |
| 4331595474 | transform fault | where plates are sliding against each other | 45 | |
| 4331600364 | ranks of coal | lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, anthracite | 46 | |
| 4331603421 | bauxite | aluminum ore | 47 | |
| 4331604408 | fractional distillation | seperating oil based on boiling point in a refinery | 48 | |
| 4331607010 | petrochemical | from oil, can be used to make plastics, pesticides, medicines, paints | 49 | |
| 4331610091 | natural gas | produces less carbon dioxide than any other fossil fuel, difficult to transport, obtained by fracking | 50 | |
| 4331613596 | cogeneration | using waste heat from power plants to heat nearby buildings | 51 | |
| 4331616831 | CAFE standards | requires car manufacturers to make cars that meet a certain mpg standard | 52 | |
| 4331635903 | crude birth rate | number of births per 1000 ppl | 53 | |
| 4331640620 | order of soil horizons from top | o a b c | 54 | |
| 4331642051 | kwashiorkor | diet severely deficient in protein, boated belly and puffy skin | 55 | |
| 4331643704 | marasmus | diet low in calcium and protein, thin emaciated body | 56 | |
| 4331647113 | green revolution | advanced agricultural practices, high yielding monoculture crops, large inputs of inorganic, fertilizers, heavy use of pesticides, intensive irrigation | 57 | |
| 4331659073 | GMOs | genetically modified organisms - negatives: loss of biodiversity, increased pesticide resistance, lower nutrition value of food, create new food allergens | 58 | |
| 4331670386 | no till agriculture | farming w/o plowing the land | 59 | |
| 4331671176 | terracing | converting hilly slope to flat terraces that follow contours of slope | 60 | |
| 4331673059 | windbreaks | rows of shrubs/trees planted near fields to slow down wind that could blow top soil off the land | 61 | |
| 4331676308 | soil salinization | irrigation water evaporates an dissolved salts are let behind and accumuate | 62 | |
| 4331677793 | waterlogging | irrigation water accumulates and raises the water table, interfering with plants growth by submerging their roots | 63 | |
| 4331681423 | integrated pest management | makes use of natural enemies of pests, crop rotation, sterilizing males, limited use of narrow spectrum pesticides | 64 |
