Essential vocabulary for Friedland and Relyea Environmental Science 2nd Edition - Module 24 and 25.
Terms : Hide Images
| 5537389032 | Core | innermost zone of the earth, mostly nickel and iron | 0 | |
| 5537389033 | Mantle | contains molten rock, above core | 1 | |
| 5537389034 | Magma | molten rock inside the earth | 2 | |
| 5537389035 | Asthenosphere | outer mantle, semi-molten rock | 3 | |
| 5537389036 | Lithosphere | brittle outermost layer of the earth | 4 | |
| 5537389037 | Hot spots | weak areas in crust where hot molten materials reach surface | 5 | |
| 5537389038 | Plate Tectonics | theory that crustal plates on surface are in motion | 6 | |
| 5537389039 | Subduction | one crustal plate converging under another | 7 | |
| 5537389040 | Volcano | vent in Earth's surface that emits gas, ash and molten lava | 8 | |
| 5537389041 | Divergent Plate Boundary | two crustal plates move apart | 9 | |
| 5537389042 | Seafloor Spreading | diverging plates underwater | 10 | |
| 5537389043 | Convergent Plate Boundary | two crustal plates move together | 11 | |
| 5537389044 | Transform Fault Boundary | two crustal plates slide along side each other | 12 | |
| 5537389045 | Fault | crack in the earth's crust | 13 | |
| 5537389046 | Earthquakes | rocks of the lithosphere rupture and unexpectedly slip along fault | 14 | |
| 5537389047 | Seismic Activity | geologic activity surrounding a fault zone | 15 | |
| 5537389048 | Epicenter | point on surface of earth above earthquake | 16 | |
| 5537389049 | Richter Scale | reports magnitude of earthquake, logarthmic | 17 | |
| 5537389050 | Minerals | solid chemical substances with uniform crystalline structures | 18 | |
| 5537389051 | Rock Cycle | forms new rock by erosion, compression and heat | 19 | |
| 5537389052 | Igenous Rock | rock formed from hardened molten materials | 20 | |
| 5537389053 | Intrusive | rock formed inside earth, small crystals, igneous | 21 | |
| 5537389054 | Extrusive | rock formed outside earth, large crystals, igneous | 22 | |
| 5537389055 | Fractures | cracks formed when rocks cool | 23 | |
| 5537389056 | Sedimentary Rock | rock formed from compression and compaction of eroded rock particles | 24 | |
| 5537389057 | Metamorphic Rock | rock formed from heating and compressing other rocks | 25 | |
| 5537389058 | Physical Weathering | mechanical breakdown of rock by water and wind | 26 | |
| 5537389059 | Chemical Weathering | breakdown of rock by chemical reactions, dissolving of elements | 27 | |
| 5537389060 | Acid Precipitation | acidic atmospheric moisture that breaks down rocks and minerals | 28 | |
| 5537389061 | Erosion | physical removal of rock fragments | 29 | |
| 5537389062 | Deposition | accumulation or depositing of eroded material | 30 | |
| 5537389063 | Soil | mixture of geologic, chemical and biological components that support plant growth | 31 | |
| 5537389064 | Parent Material | rocks and minerals that make up soil and other rocks | 32 | |
| 5537389065 | Topography | lay of the land, surface slope and arrangement of landscape | 33 | |
| 5537389066 | Soil Horizons | layers of soil that depend on climate, vegetation and parent material | 34 | |
| 5537389067 | O-Horizon | organic top layer of soil, contains leaf litter | 35 | |
| 5537389068 | A-Horizon | topsoil layer | 36 | |
| 5537389069 | E-Horizon | zone of leaching, nutrients removed | 37 | |
| 5537389070 | B-Horizon | subsoil, composed primarily of mineral material, low organics | 38 | |
| 5537389071 | C-Horizon | weathered parent material | 39 | |
| 5537389072 | Texture | determined by percentages of sand, silt, and clay | 40 | |
| 5537389073 | Soil Pyramid | used to determine soil texture | 41 | |
| 5537389074 | Cation Exchange Capacity | nutrient holding capacity of soil | 42 | |
| 5537389075 | Base Saturation | measure of the proportion of soil bases to soil acids | 43 | |
| 5537389076 | Soil Degradation | loss of some or all of the ability of soils to support growth | 44 | |
| 5537389077 | Crustal Abundance | average concentration of an element in the crust | 45 | |
| 5537389078 | Ores | concentrated accumulations of minerals from which valuable materials can be extracted | 46 | |
| 5537389079 | Metals | elements with properties that allow them to conduct electricity | 47 | |
| 5537389080 | Reserve | the known quantity of the resource that can be economically recovered | 48 | |
| 5537389081 | Strip Mining | removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore | 49 | |
| 5537389082 | Mining Spoils | unwanted waste material from mining | 50 | |
| 5537389083 | Open-Pit Mining | large pit or hole in the ground for easy extraction of materials | 51 | |
| 5537389084 | Mountaintop Removal | miners remove mountaintop to extact materials | 52 | |
| 5537389085 | Placer Mining | process of looking for metals or minerals in stream sediment | 53 | |
| 5537389086 | surface mining | The extraction of mineral and energy resources near Earth's surface by first removing the soil, subsoil, and overlying rock strata. | 54 | |
| 5537389087 | tectonic cycle | the sum of the processes that build up and break down the lithosphere | 55 | |
| 5537389088 | subsurface mining | Used when desired resource is more than 100m below Earth's surface. | 56 | |
| 5537389089 | crust | The thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth above the mantle | 57 | |
| 5537389090 | fault zone | a large expanse of rock where a fault has occurred. | 58 |
