Terms : Hide Images
| 8564488275 | population size | the number of individual organisms present at a given time. | 0 | |
| 8564488276 | population density | the number of individuals within a population per unit area. | 1 | |
| 8564488277 | population distribution | the spatial arrangement of organisms within a particular area. | 2 | |
| 8564488278 | sex ratio | the proportion of males to females in a population. | 3 | |
| 8564488279 | age distribution | the relative numbers of organisms of each age within a population. Can have strong effect on rates of population growth or decline. | 4 | |
| 8564488280 | survivorship curve | a graph that shows how the likelihood of death for members of a population varies with age. | 5 | |
| 8564488281 | type I survivorship | curve that shows higher death rates at older ages. | 6 | |
| 8564488282 | type II survivorship | curve that shows equal rates of death at all ages. | 7 | |
| 8564488283 | type III survivorship | curve that shows highest death rates at young ages. | 8 | |
| 8564488284 | immigration | the arrival of individuals from outside a population. | 9 | |
| 8564488285 | emigration | the departure of individuals from a population. | 10 | |
| 8564488286 | natural rate of population change | the rate of change in a population's size resulting from birth and death rates alone, excluding migration. | 11 | |
| 8564488287 | exponential growth | the increase of a population (or of anything) by a fixed percentage each year. | 12 | |
| 8564488288 | limiting factors | a physical, chemical, or biological characteristic of the environment that restrains population growth. | 13 | |
| 8564488289 | carrying capacity | the maximum population size that a given environment can sustain. | 14 | |
| 8564488290 | growth rate | the net change in a population's size, per 1,000 individuals. = (crude birth rate + immigration rate) - (crude death rate + emigration rate) | 15 | |
| 8564488291 | density-dependent factor | a limiting factor whose effects on a population increase or decrease depending on the population density. | 16 | |
| 8564488292 | density-independent factor | a limiting factor whose effects on a population are constant regardless of population density. | 17 | |
| 8564488293 | K-selected species | term denoting a species with low biotic potential whose members produce a small number of offspring and take a long time to gestate and raise each of their young. (regulated by density-dependent factors) | 18 | |
| 8564488294 | r-selected species | term denoting a species with high biotic potential whose members produce a large number of offspring in a relatively short time but do not care for their young after birth. (regulated by density-independent factors) | 19 | |
| 8564488295 | IPAT model | a formula that represents how humans' total impact on the environment results from the interaction among three factors: population, affluence, and technology. | 20 | |
| 8564488296 | demography | a social science that applies the principles of population ecology to the study of statistical change in human populations. | 21 | |
| 8564488297 | demographic fatigue | an inability on the part of governments to address overwhelming challenges related to population growth. | 22 | |
| 8564488298 | demographer | a scientist who studies human populations. | 23 | |
| 8564488299 | replacement fertility | the total fertility rate that maintains a stable population size. | 24 | |
| 8564488300 | total fertility rate | the average number of children born per female member of a population during her lifetime. | 25 | |
| 8564488301 | life expectancy | the average number of years that individuals in particular age groups are likely to continue to live. | 26 | |
| 8564488302 | demographic transition | a theoretical model of economic and cultural change that explains the declining death rates and birth rates that occurred in western nations as they became industrialized. | 27 | |
| 8564488303 | pre-industrial stage | the first stage of the demographic transition model, characterized by conditions that defined most of human history. Death rates & birth rates are both high. | 28 | |
| 8564488304 | transitional stage | the second stage of the demographic transition model, which occurs during the transition from the 1st and 3rd stage. Characterized by declining death rates but continued high birth rates. | 29 | |
| 8564488305 | industrial stage | the third stage of the demographic transition model, characterized by falling birth rates that close the gap with falling death rates and reduce the rate of population growth. | 30 | |
| 8564488306 | post-industrial stage | the fourth and final stage of the demographic transition model, in which both birth and death rates have fallen to a low level and remain stable there, and populations may even decline slightly. | 31 | |
| 8564488307 | birth control | the effort to control the number of children one bears, particularly by reducing the frequency of pregnancy. | 32 | |
| 8564488308 | contraception | the deliberate attempt to prevent pregnancy despite sexual intercourse | 33 | |
| 8564488309 | family planning | the effort to plan the number and spacing of one's children, so as to offer children and parents the best quality of life possible. | 34 | |
| 8564488310 | Millennium Development Goals | a program of targets for sustainable development set by the international community through the United Nations at the turn of this century. | 35 | |
| 8564488311 | undernutrition | a condition of insufficient nutrition in which people receive less than 90% of their daily caloric needs. | 36 | |
| 8564488312 | overnutrition | a condition of excessive food intake in which people receive more than their daily caloric needs. | 37 | |
| 8564488313 | malnutrition | the condition of lacking nutrients the body needs, including a complete complement of vitamins and minerals. | 38 | |
| 8564488314 | kwashiorkor | a form of malnutrition that results from a high-starch diet with inadequate protein or amino acids. In children, causes bloating of the abdomen, deterioration and discoloration of hair, mental disability, and many other negative effects. | 39 | |
| 8564488315 | marasmus | a form of malnutrition that results from protein deficiency together with a lack of calories, causing wasting or shriveling among millions of children in the developing world. | 40 | |
| 8564488316 | Green Revolution | an intensification of the industrialization of agriculture in the developing world in the latter half of the 20th century that has dramatically increased crop yields produced per unit area of farmland. | 41 | |
| 8564488317 | uniform distribution | distribution pattern in which individuals are evenly spaced (as when individuals hold territories or otherwise compete for space) | 42 | |
| 8564488318 | random distribution | distribution pattern in which individuals are located haphazardly in space in no particular pattern (often when needed resources are spread throughout an area and other organisms do not strongly influence where individuals settle) | 43 | |
| 8564488319 | clumped distribution | distribution pattern in which organisms arrange themselves in patches, generally according to the availability of the resources they need. | 44 | |
| 8564488320 | crude birth rate | the number of births per 1,000 individuals for a given time period. | 45 | |
| 8564488321 | crude death rate | the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals for a given time period. | 46 | |
| 8564488322 | environmental resistance | the collective force of limiting factors, which together stabilize a population size at its carrying capacity. | 47 | |
| 8564488323 | biotic potential | an organisms capacity to produce offspring. | 48 | |
| 8564488324 | age structure diagram | a diagram demographers use to show the age structure of a population. The width of each horizontal bar represents the relative number of individuals in each age class. | 49 | |
| 8564488325 | overshoot | the amount by which humanity has surpassed Earth's long-term carrying capacity for our species. | 50 | |
| 8564488326 | ecological footprint | the cumulative amount of land and water required to provide the raw materials a person or population consumes and to dispose of or recycle the waste that is produced. | 51 | |
| 8564488327 | biocapacity | a term in ecological footprint accounting meaning the amount of biologically productive land and sea available to us. | 52 | |
| 8564488328 | food security | an adequate, reliable, and available food supply to all people at all times. | 53 |
