Terms from APES for the exam
Terms : Hide Images
| 9882655583 | First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another. | 0 | |
| 9882655584 | Second Law of Thermodynamics | When energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat). Entropy | 1 | |
| 9882655585 | Nuclear Fission | nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons. | 2 | |
| 9882655586 | Leaching | removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards through soil. | 3 | |
| 9882655587 | Soil Conservation Methods | conservation tillage, crop rotation, contour plowing, organic fertilizers. | 4 | |
| 9882655588 | Soil Salinization | in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind. (ex. Fertile crescent, southwestern US) | 5 | |
| 9882655589 | Hydrologic Cycle Components | evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, and infiltration. | 6 | |
| 9882655648 | Watershed | all of the land that drains into a body of water | 7 | |
| 9882655590 | Aquifer | any water-bearing layer in the ground. | 8 | |
| 9882655591 | Salt Water Intrusion | near the coast, overpumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer. | 9 | |
| 9882655592 | La Nina | "Normal" year, easterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the West coast of South America. | 10 | |
| 9882655593 | Nitrogen Fixation | N2 cannot be used directly by plants, it must first be converted into ammonia by bacteria. (legumes) | 11 | |
| 9882655649 | Ammonification | decomposers convert organic waste into ammonia. | 12 | |
| 9882655594 | Nitrification | ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO3 -). | 13 | |
| 9882655596 | Denitrification | bacteria convert ammonia back into N2. | 14 | |
| 9882655597 | Phosphorus | does not exist as a gas; released by weathering of phosphate rocks, it is a major limiting factor for plant growth. | 15 | |
| 9882655675 | Soil Profile | O,A,E,B,C,R Vertical cross section |  | 16 |
| 9882655598 | Photosynthesis | plants convert CO2 into complex organic compounds (glucose C6H12O6). | 17 | |
| 9882655599 | Aerobic Respiration | oxygen consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO2. | 18 | |
| 9882655600 | Biotic | living components of an ecosystem. | 19 | |
| 9882655650 | Abiotic | nonliving components of an ecosystem | 20 | |
| 9882655601 | Producer/Autotroph | organisms that make their own food— | 21 | |
| 9882655602 | Trophic Levels | producers → primary consumer → secondary consumer → tertiary consumer. | 22 | |
| 9882655603 | Energy Flow through Food Webs | 10% of the usable energy is transferred to the next trophic level. Reason: usable energy lost as heat (2nd law), not all biomass is digested & absorbed, predators expend energy to catch prey. | 23 | |
| 9882655604 | Primary succession | development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life (starts with rock). | 24 | |
| 9882655651 | Secondary succession | life progresses where SOIL remains (ex. clear-cut forest, old farm). | 25 | |
| 9882655605 | Mutualism | symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit (e.g. clownfish and anemone) | 26 | |
| 9882655606 | Commensalism | symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits & the other is unaffected (e.g. epiphytic plants, -orchids) | 27 | |
| 9882655607 | Parasitism | relationship in which one organism (the parasite) obtains nutrients at the expense of the host (e.g. mosquitoes and humans) | 28 | |
| 9882655608 | Carrying Capacity | the number of individuals that can be sustained in an area. | 29 | |
| 9882655609 | r-strategist | reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce early, bear many small, unprotected offspring (ex. insects, mice). Exponential, Logarithmic, Boom and Bust or J curve | 30 | |
| 9882655610 | K-strategist | reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce late, bear few, cared for offspring (ex. humans, elephants). Logistic, S curve, moderated by carrying capacity | 31 | |
| 9882655611 | Natural Selection | organisms that possess favorable adaptations (through mutations) pass them onto the next generation. | 32 | |
| 9882655613 | Doubling Time | (rule of 70) doubling time equals 70 divided by average growth rate. (ex. a population growing at 5% annually doubles in 70 ÷ 5 = 14 years) | 33 | |
| 9882655614 | Replacement Level Fertility | the number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing). | 34 | |
| 9882655615 | World Population | slightly over 7.5 billion. | 35 | |
| 9882655652 | Demographic Transition Model | preindustrial, transitional, industrial, and postindustrial stages |  | 36 |
| 9882655616 | Preindustrial stage | birth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high. | 37 | |
| 9882655617 | Transitional stage | Aid/industrialization/medicine lowers death rates (infant mortality). Birth rates high Population grows quickly | 38 | |
| 9882655653 | Industrial stage | education and affluence climb, decline in birth rate, population growth slows. | 39 | |
| 9882655618 | Postindustrial stage | low birth & death rates. | 40 | |
| 9882655619 | Age Structure Diagrams | broad base → rapid growth; narrow base → negative growth (NPG); uniform shape → zero growth (ZPG) |  | 41 |
| 9882655654 | Most populous nations | 1)China 2)India 3)US 4)Indonesia | 42 | |
| 9882655620 | Low Economic/Social Status of Women | Most important factor keeping population growth rates high. | 43 | |
| 9882655621 | Methods to Decrease Birth Rates | Family planning, contraception, economic rewards & penalties. | 44 | |
| 9882655622 | Composition of Water on Earth | 97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater. 0.023% readily available freshwater for use. | 45 | |
| 9882655655 | Aquaculture | farming aquatic species, commonly salmon, shrimp, tilapia, oysters. | 46 | |
| 9882655623 | Point Source | from specific location such as pipe or smokestack | 47 | |
| 9882655624 | Non-Point Source | from over an area such as agricultural (farm) runoff, traffic. | 48 | |
| 9882655625 | Eutrophication | rapid algal growth caused by an excess of nitrogen & phosphorus. | 49 | |
| 9882655626 | Keystone Species | species whose role in an ecosystem is super- important for the ecosystem to sustain itself (manatee, alligator, sea otter, etc) | 50 | |
| 9882655627 | Indicator Species | species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged (amphibians). | 51 | |
| 9882655628 | Pesticide Cons | genetic resistance, ecosystem imbalance, pesticide treadmill, persistence, bioaccumulation, and biological magnification. | 52 | |
| 9882655656 | Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) | new organisms created by altering the genetic material (DNA) of existing organisms; | 53 | |
| 9882655657 | Electricity Generation | steam or falling water is used to turn a turbine which turns a generator. | 54 | |
| 9882655629 | Nuclear Reactor | consists of a core, control rods, moderator, steam generator, turbine, containment building. | 55 | |
| 9882655659 | Alternate Energy Sources | wind, solar, waves, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells | 56 | |
| 9882655660 | Troposphere | first layer of atmosphere 0-10 miles above the Earth's surface. Contains weather, greenhouse gases (bad ozone) | 57 | |
| 9882655661 | Stratosphere | second layer of atmosphere 10-30 miles above the Earth's surface. Contains protective ozone layer (good ozone) | 58 | |
| 9882655662 | Temperature Inversion | a warm layer of air above a cooler layer traps pollutants close to the Earth's surface. | 59 | |
| 9882655663 | Divergent plate boundaries | tectonic plates spreading apart, new crust being formed (Mid Ocean Ridge) | 60 | |
| 9882655664 | Convergent plate boundaries | tectonic plates with the oldest crustal material on Earth moving together, | 61 | |
| 9882655665 | Transform Fault | tectonic plates sliding past one another "sideways"(San Andreas Fault Line) | 62 | |
| 9882655666 | Most Endangered species | have a small range, require large territory, have long generations, have very specialized niche, or live on an island | 63 | |
| 9882655630 | Biome | large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants & animals. | 64 | |
| 9882655633 | Boreal Forests or Taiga | represent the largest terrestrial biome. Dominated by needleleaf, coniferous trees. | 65 | |
| 9882655639 | Wetlands | areas of standing water that support aquatic plants including marshes, swamps, and bogs. Reduce flooding. Species diversity is very high. | 66 | |
| 9882655642 | Safe Drinking Water Act | set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health. | 67 | |
| 9882655643 | Clean Water Act | Aim: to make all US waterways safe for fishing and swimming. set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways. | 68 | |
| 9882655644 | Clean Air Act | set NAAQ air quality standards. Set emission standards for cars, and limits for release of air pollutants. | 69 | |
| 9882655645 | Montreal Protocol | phase out of ozone depleting substances. 1987 | 70 | |
| 9882655646 | Endangered Species Act | identifies threatened and endangered species in the US, and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations. | 71 | |
| 9882655647 | Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) | regulates the use and effectiveness of pesticides | 72 | |
| 9882655671 | Niche | organism's job/role in its ecosystem | 73 | |
| 9882655672 | Invasive Species | introduced into an ecosystem and out-compete native species | 74 | |
| 9882655673 | NOx, SO2, Pb, PM, O3, CO | 6 criteria air pollutants | 75 | |
| 9882655674 | Top 4 indoor air pollutants in DEVELOPED countries | Tobacco smoke, Formaldehyde, Radon Gas, Fine and Ultrafine Particulate Matter | 76 |
