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| 16328919032 | 6 kingdoms | Eubacteria, archaebacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, anamalia | 0 | |
| 16328919033 | Aldo Leopold | -Wrote "A Sand County Almanac" -Promoted a "Land Ethic" in which human are responsible for nature -The book was published in 1948 after his death | 1 | |
| 16328919034 | Charles Darwin | English scientist in the 1800's who worked on the Galapagos Islands on the HMS Beagle. Wrote "On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection" Believed that species eveolve through natural selection and mutation | 2 | |
| 16328919035 | clear cutting | The process of cutting down all the trees in an area at once, reducing the biodiversity | 3 | |
| 16328919036 | compounds vs. mixtures | Compounds combine chemically while mixtures combine physically | 4 | |
| 16328919037 | continental plates | Has 3 boundaries -convergent: plates moving together -divergent: plates moving apart -transform: plates moving adjacent Part of continental drift theory by Wegener in 1915. He believed that Pangaea was a single landmass that gave rise to all other continents as it broke up | 5 | |
| 16328919038 | demographic transition model | A model of population growth as a country develops. Has 5 different states: preindustrial, transitional, industrial, post industrial, declining |  | 6 |
| 16328919039 | density independent | a limiting factor not based on the # of individuals includes catastrophes like freezing, fire, and volcanoes and other changes in weather | 7 | |
| 16328919040 | developed nations characteristics | -low IMR -low TFR -long life expectancy -high gender equality -high education -high caloric intake -developed economy | 8 | |
| 16328919041 | long line fishing | Fishing by dragging extremely long lines with baited hooks that are attached to a boat and unravelled. catches lots of bycatch | 9 | |
| 16355901197 | trawling fishing | fishing while scraping the ocean floor with a net behind. banned in the US and kills many benthos. destroys the ocean floor (reef, bed, and coral) | 10 | |
| 16355901196 | purse seine fishing | net that is dropped than circles fish and then is pulled to close the bag | 11 | |
| 16328919042 | ecology | study of relationships between an organism and its environments oikos=home | 12 | |
| 16328919043 | exothermic | an organism that controls body temperature by behavior and environment ex: basking alligators don't have to eat as much swing in temperature more very limited living areas | 13 | |
| 16328919044 | endothermic | an organism that controls it body temperature directly through metabolism | 14 | |
| 16328919045 | environmental science | the study of how humans interact with the environment | 15 | |
| 16328919046 | mutualism | (+/+) beneficial relationship between both organisms EX: ants and horned acacia tree EX: remora on shark | 16 | |
| 16382580966 | commensalism | (+,=) a relationship that benefits one organism and does not have an effect on the other EX: epiphytes on tree EX: moss on tree | 17 | |
| 16328919047 | CAFO | Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations AKA factory farming -animals living in warehouses w/ little to no sunlight and antibiotic heavy | 18 | |
| 16328919048 | Thomas Malthus | wrote "Essay on the Principle of Population" and predicted that humans would grow exponentially while food would grow arithmetically -incorrect because the green revolution meant that food grew exponentially | 19 | |
| 16328919049 | exponential growth | Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population. This is how world population growth grew |  | 20 |
| 16328919050 | Haber process | converts atmospheric N2 into ammonia compounds used in soil and fertilizer | 21 | |
| 16328919051 | respiration and formula | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy done by non-plants releases carbon dioxide and water | 22 | |
| 16328919052 | industrial revolution | A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. | 23 | |
| 16328919053 | Garret Hardin | -published "The Tragedy of the Commons" in 1968 -argued that rational people will exploit resources -published in the journal science | 24 | |
| 16328919054 | infant mortality rates | deaths per 1000 live births within the first year of life | 25 | |
| 16328919055 | irrigation systems | 1. flood/furrow irrigation -most of the water is wasted in run-off, percolation, evaporation -leads to soil salinization because of evaporation 2. sprinkler -most evaporates -center pivot is used 3. tickle drip/microirrigation -have water come out near base of plant to decrease evaporation -uncommon because water is too cheap | 26 | |
| 16328919056 | ISLE ROYALE | moose/wolf predator prey relationship in lake superior michigan overpredations caused moose population to collapse carrying capacity reached when wolves came over | 27 | |
| 16328919057 | lamprey | ectoparasite that latches on to marine animals to steal nutrients | 28 | |
| 16328919058 | limiting factors in population | Population growth and maintenance of a species is dependent on these. Individuals within the species that are unable to acquire the minimum requirement of resources are unable to reproduce. leads to the carrying capacity being reached. includes density dependent on independent (food water, weather, space, crowding, raw materials, etc) | 29 | |
| 16328919059 | logistic growth | Growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth once carrying capacity is reached |  | 30 |
| 16328919060 | developing nations characteristics | high IMR high TFR short life expectancy low gender equality low education lack of calories/water poor economy lots of child labor | 31 | |
| 16328919061 | Hoover Dam | A dam built in the 1930s, with funding from the federal government, to control the Colorado River. Attempts to prevent water scarcity/sharing | 32 | |
| 16328919062 | oceanic plates | Thin plates that form the ocean floor; more dense than continental plates. Made of basalt | 33 | |
| 16328919063 | density dependent | limiting factor based on # of individuals EX: food, raw materials, space, crowding, disease, interaction, nesting sites | 34 | |
| 16328919064 | natality | the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area | 35 | |
| 16328919065 | morbidity | the occurrence of disease and illness in a population. | 36 | |
| 16328919066 | photosynthesis and formula | 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight ---> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 how plants receive energy releases oxygen and glucose | 37 | |
| 16328919067 | population pyramid | A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex. |  | 38 |
| 16328919068 | population growth models | mathematical equations that can be used to predict population size at any moment in time | 39 | |
| 16328919069 | potable water | water that is safe to drink, wash, and cook with | 40 | |
| 16328919070 | Rachel Carson | -published "Silent Spring" in 1962 -Heightened public awareness of DDT -wrote about bald eagles and biomagnification | 41 | |
| 16328919071 | drift net | almost invisible, large nets that float around in the ocean. catches lots of bycatch and is banned in the US | 42 | |
| 16328919072 | overgrazing | Destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover. Causes desertification and is popular in Brazil | 43 | |
| 16328919073 | rifa | exotic- red imported fire ant From South America Imported into US in contaminated agriculture Identified by E.O. Wilson Displaces native any species Spread exponentially | 44 | |
| 16328919074 | succession-primary | starts with soil formation with bare rock pioneer species are the first plant species that grow including lichen and soft tissue plants No soil is there- lava flow or retracted glacier | 45 | |
| 16328919075 | succession-secondary | has soil already and begins after a disturbance EX: fire and agriculture fields | 46 | |
| 16328919076 | rule of 70 | used to calculate doubling time. The formula 70/R can be used to approximate the doubling time of a population, where the annual growth rate is R%. | 47 | |
| 16328919077 | sustainability | The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained | 48 | |
| 16328919078 | sewage treatment | treats the effluent pipes through primary, secondary, and tertiary. it first removes large particles, then uses bacteria and chlorine to treat. and after uses chemical or vegetative absorption | 49 | |
| 16328919079 | wolves in Yellowstone | example of keystone species. coevolution between wolves and elk. coyote population inc. w/o wolves the river edge also developed. wolves needed | 50 | |
| 16328919080 | 7 most populated countries | 1. China 2. India 3. United States 4. Indonesia 5. Brazil 6. Pakistan 7. Nigeria | 51 | |
| 16328919081 | 3 exotic plants in everglades | 1. Melaleuca -Native to Australia -Creates thick groves and outcompetes natives 2. Australian Pine -Native to Australia 3. Brazilian Pepper -Native to Brazil -Birds can't eat berries and wipes out native grasses | 52 | |
| 16328919082 | abiotic factor | non-living parts of an organism's habitat | 53 | |
| 16328919083 | anthropocentric | human centered | 54 | |
| 16328919084 | biocentrism | life centered | 55 | |
| 16328919085 | biomass | the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume. | 56 | |
| 16328919086 | tropical rainforest | Forests in which rainfall is abundant - more that 200 cm (80 in) per year - and temperatures are warm or hot year-round. near the equator with a warm and wet climate. poor soil because too much nutrients | 57 | |
| 16405878168 | temperate rainforest | The cool, dense, rainy forests of the northern Pacific coast; enshrouded in fog much of the time; dominated by large conifers. distinct seasons. leaves shed | 58 | |
| 16405887898 | desert | only expanding biome. the hottest biome, but can also get cold temperatures in winter. Such temperature swings make this an extreme environment, where many animals have to burrow underground to find more stable temperatures in order to survive. Plants and animals here must be able to withstand long periods without water. | 59 | |
| 16405900821 | Tundra | a vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen. A thick layer of ice lies just below the shallow soil (permafrost) all year around, and trees cannot penetrate it to anchor their roots. | 60 | |
| 16405900819 | Grassland | A biome found in the dry temperate interiors of continents. This biome is characterized by rich soil, moderate rainfall, a hot, dry climate, thick grasses, and herds of grazing animals. | 61 | |
| 16405900820 | Taiga | Biome in which the winters are cold but summers are mild enough to allow the ground to thaw. a region of evergreen, coniferous forest below the arctic and subarctic tundra regions | 62 | |
| 16405907578 | Savanna | enough seasonal rainfall so that trees can grow in open groups or singly throughout. The animals living here have long legs for escaping predators and usually are seen in herds. A combination of fire and grazing animals are important for maintaining the savannah. | 63 | |
| 16328919087 | basalt | oceanic crust and is more dense than granite which means that the oceanic plate goes beneath | 64 | |
| 16328919088 | competition intra and inter | -Intraspecific = interactions between members of the SAME species -Interspecific = associations between organisms of DIFFERENT species | 65 | |
| 16328919089 | desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. | 66 | |
| 16328919090 | food chain | A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten | 67 | |
| 16328919091 | emigration - immigration | Emigration: Moving AWAY from home country. Immigration: Moving INTO a new home country | 68 | |
| 16328919092 | endemic species | species that are native to and found only within a limited area | 69 | |
| 16328919093 | everglades restoration project | 1. stop the nutrient input 2. remove the exotics 3. restore natural water flow patterns | 70 | |
| 16328919094 | exotic animal species in everglades | boas and pythons -Indo Maylay and other tropical rainforests cichlids AKA oscars -pet trade issue because aquarium fish released -displaces natives -south america and africa | 71 | |
| 16328919095 | Electrostatic Precipitators | A device used for removing particulates from smokestack emissions. The charged particles are attracted to an oppositely charged metal plate, where they are precipitated out of the air. | 72 | |
| 16328919096 | teratogen | any factor that can cause a birth defect. mercury is one and it biomagnifies up the food chain from tuna | 73 | |
| 16328919097 | tragedy of the commons | written by Garrett Hardin to show that available resources are over exploited by a community | 74 | |
| 16328919098 | exotic species | organisms that are not native to a particular area | 75 | |
| 16328919099 | gray water | the relatively clean waste water from baths, sinks, washing machines, and other kitchen appliances. only lightly used | 76 | |
| 16328919100 | mercury | releases by coal stacks and is a teratogen that biomagnifies up the food chain | 77 | |
| 16328919101 | food web | A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains | 78 | |
| 16328919102 | extinction causes | - habitat loss/ fragmentation - commercial harvesting/ poaching - predator/ pest control - pets and decorative plants - pollution and climate change - introduced species | 79 | |
| 16328919103 | generalist | a species with a broad niche that can tolerate a wide range of conditions and can use a variety of resources | 80 | |
| 16328919104 | E O Wilson | Biologist who co-coined, with Robert MacArthur, the theory of island biogeography, which identifies factors that regulate species richness on islands. | 81 | |
| 16328919105 | herbivores | plant eaters | 82 | |
| 16328919106 | indicator species | Species that serve as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being degraded. example is the large mouth bass | 83 | |
| 16328919107 | keystone species | a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically. | 84 | |
| 16328919108 | macronutrients | nirogen, phosphorus, and potassium. essential for plants | 85 | |
| 16328919109 | ecocentric | nature centered | 86 | |
| 16328919110 | isotope | Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons | 87 | |
| 16328919111 | parasitism endo and ecto | endo- inside like a tapeworm ecto- outside like a tick | 88 | |
| 16328919112 | biotic factor | A living part of an ecosystem | 89 | |
| 16328919113 | Natural rate of increase | the growth rate of a population; the difference between birthrate and death rate | 90 | |
| 16328919114 | exxon Valdez | Oil tanker that crashed in March 1989, considered largest U. S. oil spill, emptied 35,000 tons of oil off the coast of Alaska | 91 | |
| 16328919115 | periodic table | A chart of the elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties | 92 | |
| 16328919116 | pig-brown tree snake-mongoose | all exotics introduced to an area. the pig was the US, the brown tree snake was introduced into guam and killed native birds and mongoose introduced into hawaii to control rats but took over | 93 | |
| 16328919117 | pH levels | Normal=7 Lower than 7= Acidic Higher than 7=Basic | 94 | |
| 16328919118 | population pyramids | A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex. | 95 | |
| 16328919119 | primary productivity | rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem | 96 | |
| 16328919120 | purple loosestrife | •Native to Eurasia brought to NA as an ornamental •outcompetes Native grasses •grazers can't eat it | 97 | |
| 16328919121 | patchwork clearcutting | forest harvest method-patches of trees-clear cut among patches of timber left untouched | 98 | |
| 16328919122 | selective tree harvest | removes the largest and highest quality trees of the most desirable species | 99 | |
| 16328919123 | specialist | A consumer that primarily eats one specific organism or feeds on a very small number of organisms. | 100 | |
| 16328919124 | subsidy | A government payment that supports a business or market | 101 | |
| 16328919125 | slash and burn | A farming method involving the cutting of trees, then burning them to provide ash-enriched soil for the planting of crops | 102 | |
| 16328919126 | Ogallala Aquifer | World's largest aquifer; under parts of Wyoming, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas (the Midwest). Holds enough water to cover the U.S. with 1.5 feet of water. Being depleted for agricultural and urban use. | 103 | |
| 16328919127 | tropic pyramid | A representation of the distribution of biomass, numbers, or energy among tropic levels. lose 90% of energy going up | 104 | |
| 16328919128 | charcoal | fuel resource used in developing world cities. with cattle grazing, one of the top causes of tropical forest removal | 105 | |
| 16328919129 | safe drinking water act | set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health. | 106 | |
| 16328919130 | 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics | The first law, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. The second law of thermodynamics states that the heat of any isolated system always increases. | 107 | |
| 16328919131 | MVA | minimum viable area. about a space a species requires. high in polar bears and orangutans | 108 | |
| 16328919132 | biomagnification | the concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely disbursed. | 109 | |
| 16328919133 | biodiversity | the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem. | 110 | |
| 16328919134 | biological control | the intentional release of a natural enemy to attack a pest population | 111 | |
| 16328919135 | BLM-National Park service | Bureau of Land Management and protects parts of the United States nature | 112 | |
| 16328919136 | BOD | biological oxygen demand, amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials | 113 | |
| 16328919137 | chestnut tree blight | •From Asia •Introduced to NA along w/ornamentals •loss of all American chestnut trees in the wild | 114 | |
| 16328919138 | CITES | A 1973 treaty formed to control the international trade of threatened plants and animals. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species | 115 | |
| 16328919139 | deepwater Horizon | A 2010 oil spill that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico as a result of the explosion and sinking of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. | 116 | |
| 16328919140 | culling | process of eliminating less productive or less desirable prey from the herd | 117 | |
| 16328919141 | current pop growth rate-world | 1.1% | 118 | |
| 16328919142 | current population world | 7.7 billion | 119 | |
| 16328919143 | DDT | An insecticide that bioaccumulates in ecosystems and has toxic effects on many vertebrates; implicated in illnesses and environmental problem; harmed bald eagles; now banned in the US. | 120 | |
| 16328919144 | e. Coli (Coliform) | found in fecal coliform bacteria to show sewage issue and is an indicator species | 121 | |
| 16328919145 | ecological footprint | the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources. | 122 | |
| 16328919146 | Carbon Footprint | the total carbon dioxide emissions produced by an individual, group, or location | 123 | |
| 16328919147 | endangered species act | (1973) identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations | 124 | |
| 16328919148 | estuary | A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean. | 125 | |
| 16328919149 | Florida Everglades | -Damage from being drained, diverted, paved over, nutrient pollution from agriculture, invasive species -1990 - Comprehensive Everglades Restoration - removes canals and levees / restores curving flow of half of the Kisimmee River | 126 | |
| 16328919150 | GMO | Genetically modified organism made when DNA is removed from one organism and placed within the DNA of what can be a very different organism. | 127 | |
| 16328919151 | Granite | continental crust | 128 | |
| 16328919152 | habitat fragmentation | Splitting of ecosystems into small fragments, drastically reduces biodiversity | 129 | |
| 16328919153 | Half life calculation | Amount remaining divided by 2 | 130 | |
| 16328919154 | HIPPO | Habitat loss and fragmentation Introduction of invasive/exotic species Pollution Population growth of humans Overconsumption | 131 | |
| 16328919155 | HIV | A virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system. extremely prevalent in sub-saharan africa | 132 | |
| 16328919156 | largest terrestrial biome | taiga/conifer forest | 133 | |
| 16328919157 | lichen | symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism | 134 | |
| 16328919158 | Limestone | a sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcium that was deposited by the remains of marine animals CaCO3 | 135 | |
| 16328919159 | migratory waterfowl | important to keeping wetlands intact. migrate south to warmer regions in search of food and habitat important in florida | 136 | |
| 16328919160 | mimicry | morphological adaptation in which one species evolves to resemble another species for protection or other advantages | 137 | |
| 16328919161 | maximum sustainable yield (MSY) | the maximum amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without compromising the future availability of that resource | 138 | |
| 16328919162 | natural gas | A gas with high methane content, found along with various fossil fuels and is used as a fuel. | 139 | |
| 16328919163 | NPP and GPP | (NPP) = GPP - RA net and gross primary productivity | 140 | |
| 16328919164 | plate tectonics | The theory that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle. | 141 | |
| 16328919166 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | Transcendentalist (believed that one could find spirituality in nature), wrote about nature. Seen as an early environmentalist. Wrote an essay "Nature". John Muir | 142 | |
| 16328919167 | ranking of productivity by biome | desert, tundra, temperate grassland, savanna, coniferous forest, deciduous temperate forest, estuary, tropical rainforest | 143 | |
| 16328919168 | red cockaded woodpecker | keystone species because of cavity pecking behavior in pine trees that allow other species to move in. creates opportunity for increase biodiveristy | 144 | |
| 16328919169 | second growth timber | A stand of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession. These forests develop after the trees in an area have been removed by human activities or by natural forces (fire, hurricanes, volcanic eruption,etc) | 145 | |
| 16328919170 | second law of thermodynamics | when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat) | 146 | |
| 16328919171 | sinkholes | a large surface crater caused by the collapse of an underground channel or cavern; often triggered by groundwater withdrawal | 147 | |
| 16328919172 | soil salinization | in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind. (ex. Fertile crescent, southwestern US) | 148 | |
| 16328919173 | songbirds | In Yellowstone, the elk population increased because the wolf population decreased, the riparian zone were eaten by the elk and was overconsumed. When the wolf was returned, the eating habits changed, meaning that the trees started to grow there, increasing songbird population | 149 | |
| 16328919174 | three gorges dam | A dam being built over the Yangtze river It will be the world's biggest dam. | 150 | |
| 16328919175 | trophic pyramid | A representation of the distribution of biomass, numbers, or energy among trophic levels | 151 | |
| 16328919176 | Types of light bulbs | incandescent light bulbs commonly used in homes; a thin wire called a filament carries electricity; about 2% of electrical energy is changed into light . compact fluorescent light bulbs Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) are small fluorescent light bulbs that use up to 75% less energy than a traditional incandescent bulb light emitting diode bulb (LED) A diode that will produce light when current flows through it. | 152 | |
| 16328919177 | urban farming | The growing of fruits, herbs, and vegetables and raising animals in towns and cities, a process that is accompanied by many other activities such as processing and distributing food, collecting and reusing food waste. | 153 | |
| 16328919178 | clean water act | (CWA, 1972) set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways; aims to make surface waters swimmable and fishable | 154 |
