Terms : Hide Images
| 6736728126 | Ecosystem | A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment | 0 | |
| 6736728127 | Population | A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area | 1 | |
| 6736728128 | Community | All the different populations that live together in an area | 2 | |
| 6736728129 | Niche | Full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions | 3 | |
| 6736728130 | Keystone species | A species that is critical to the functioning of the ecosystem in which it lives because it affects the survival and abundance of many other species in its community | 4 | |
| 6736728131 | Foundational species | A species that plays a large role in providing structure for a community | 5 | |
| 6736728132 | Generalist | A species with a broad niche that can tolerate a wide range of conditions and can use a variety of resources | 6 | |
| 6736728133 | Specialist | A species with a narrow niche | 7 | |
| 6736728134 | Edge effect | The condition in which, at ecosystem boundaries, there is greater species diversity and biological density than there is in the heart of ecological communities | 8 | |
| 6736728135 | Photosynthesis | Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy | 9 | |
| 6736728136 | Cell respiration | The process in cells in which oxygen is used to release stored energy by breaking down sugar molecules | 10 | |
| 6736728137 | Trophic levels | The hierarchical levels of the food chain through which energy flows from primary producers to primary consumers, secondary consumers etc. | 11 | |
| 6736728138 | Ecological pyramid | A diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain or food web | 12 | |
| 6736728139 | Primary productivity | The rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem | 13 | |
| 6736728140 | Biomagnification | The increasing concentration of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in the tissues of organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain | 14 | |
| 6736728141 | Ammonification | The conversion of organic waste into ammonia by decomposers | 15 | |
| 6736728142 | Nitrification | The conversion of ammonia into nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) by decomposers. | 16 | |
| 6736728143 | Denitrification | The conversion of nitrogen compounds in organisms and soil back into atmospheric N2. | 17 | |
| 6736728144 | Nitrogen fixation | The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia | 18 | |
| 6736728145 | Species diversity | The number and relative abundance of species in a biological community. | 19 | |
| 6736728146 | Genetic diversity | The range of genetic material present in a gene pool or population of a species. | 20 | |
| 6736728147 | Functional diversity | The variety of functions such as energy flow and matter cycling needed for the survival of species and biological communities | 21 | |
| 6736728148 | Biodiversity | The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem | 22 | |
| 6736728149 | Ecosystem diversity | The number and variety of ecosystems within a particular area | 23 | |
| 6736728150 | Carbon cycle | The movement of carbon through ecosystems. | 24 | |
| 6736728151 | Phosphorus cycle | The movement of phosphorus through ecosytems. | 25 | |
| 6736728152 | Resilience | Ability of a living system to bounce back and repair damage after a disturbance | 26 | |
| 6736728153 | Inertia | The resistance of an ecosystem to change | 27 | |
| 6736728154 | Primary succession | The series of changes that occur in an area where virtually no soil or organisms exist | 28 | |
| 6736728155 | Secondary succession | The series of changes that occur in an area where the ecosystem has been disturbed, but where soil and organisms still exist | 29 | |
| 6736728156 | Natural selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits | 30 | |
| 6736728157 | Abiotic | Any nonliving component in an ecosystem | 31 | |
| 6736728158 | Biotic | Any living component in an ecosystem | 32 | |
| 6736728159 | Tragedy of the commons | In the absence of collective control over the use of shared resources, it is to the advantage of all users to maximize their separate shares even though their collective pressures may diminish total yield or destroy the resource altogether | 33 | |
| 6736728160 | Biosphere | Part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere | 34 | |
| 6736728161 | Sustainability | A set of policies or practices by which societies can ensure that the people of the future have the same access to resources and thus the same economic and environmental opportunities as people living today | 35 | |
| 6736728162 | Plate tectonics | A theory explaining the structure of the earth's crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates that move slowly over the underlying mantle | 36 | |
| 6736728163 | Convection currents | The circular movement of a substance due to changes in temperature and density | 37 | |
| 6736728164 | Subduction zone | A destructive plate margin where oceanic crust is being pushed down into the mantle beneath a second plate | 38 | |
| 6736728165 | Hot spot | An area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it | 39 | |
| 6736728166 | Volcanic chain | Formed above a subduction zone | 40 | |
| 6736728167 | Mid-ocean ridge | An undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced; a divergent plate boundary | 41 | |
| 6736728168 | Transform boundary | A plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions | 42 | |
| 6736728169 | Island accretion | When islands atop an oceanic plate are added on to continental crust as the two plates converge | 43 | |
| 6736728170 | Biomes | A broad, regional type of ecosystem characterized by distinctive climate and soil conditions and a distinctive kind of biological community adapted to those conditions. | 44 | |
| 6736728171 | Convection cells | Cyclic patterns that hot softened mantle moves in below plates that causes plates to move | 45 | |
| 6736728172 | Aquifer | An underground formation that contains groundwater | 46 | |
| 6736728173 | Desertification | The process by which fertile land becomes desert,typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or agriculture | 47 | |
| 6736728174 | Salinization | Process that occurs when soils in arid areas are brought under cultivation through irrigation. In arid climates, water evaporates quickly off the ground surface, leaving salty residues that render the soil infertile | 48 | |
| 6736728175 | Green revolution | A shift in agricultural practices in the twentieth century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, and resulted in increased food output | 49 | |
| 6736728176 | GMOs | Genetically modified organisms. Organisms created by combining natural or synthetic genes using the techniques of molecular biology | 50 | |
| 6736728177 | Salinization | Process that occurs when soils in arid areas are brought under cultivation through irrigation. In arid climates, water evaporates quickly off the ground surface, leaving salty residues that render the soil infertile. | 51 | |
| 6736728178 | Desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. Also known as semiarid land degradation. | 52 | |
| 6736728179 | Waterlogging | saturation of soil with irrigation water or excessive precipitation so that the water table rises close to the surface | 53 | |
| 6736728180 | Food security | People's ability to access sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life | 54 | |
| 6736728181 | Beneficial insects | Insects that are natural predators and parasites that control other pests | 55 | |
| 6736728182 | Industrialized agriculture | Using large inputs of energy from fossil fuels (especially oil and natural gas), water, fertilizer, and pesticides to produce large quantities of crops and livestock for domestic and foreign sale. | 56 | |
| 6736728183 | Inputs | The resources (land, labour, capital, water, energy, pesticides, etc.) that go into producing goods and services | 57 | |
| 6736728184 | Monoculture | Farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year | 58 | |
| 6736728185 | Subsistence agriculture | Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family | 59 | |
| 6736728186 | Aquaculture | The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions, usually in ponds or underwater cages | 60 | |
| 6736728187 | Rangelands | Dry, open grasslands used primarily for cattle grazing; semiarid eco systems, so particularly susceptible to fires and other environmental disturbances | 61 | |
| 6736728188 | HIPPCO | The primary reasons for biodiversity loss | 62 | |
| 6736728189 | Trawler fishing | A huge funnel shaped net is dragged along the ocean floor. Very damaging to the environment because it destroys bottom habitat and catches nontarget species | 63 | |
| 6736728190 | Drift-net fishing | A large fishing net buoyed up by floats that is carried along with the current or tide. | 64 | |
| 6736728191 | CITES | (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) An international agreement between 175 governments that aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival | 65 | |
| 6736728192 | IWC | International Whaling Commission. Its mission was to regulate the whaling industry by setting annual quotas to prevent over harvesting and commercial extinction | 66 | |
| 6736728193 | Marine reserves | Marine area where no extraction of any resources, biotic or abiotic, are allowed | 67 | |
| 6736728194 | Maximum sustained yield | Harvesting at a level that produces a constant yield without forcing a population into decline | 68 | |
| 6736728195 | Optimum sustained yield | The level of harvest that produces a consistent yield without forcing a population into decline. However, this approach attempts to take into account interactions with other species and to provide more room for error. | 69 | |
| 6736728196 | ITR | Individual transfer rights, a way of managing the total extraction of a particular resource | 70 | |
| 6736728197 | Wetlands | Areas of standing water that support aquatic plants including marshes, swamps, and bogs. Species diversity is very high | 71 | |
| 6736728198 | Selective cutting | Cutting down only some trees in a forest and leaving a mix of tree sizes and species behind | 72 | |
| 6736728199 | Strip cutting | Tree harvesting technique where loggers cut down trees in narrow strips that are left to reseed | 73 | |
| 6736728200 | Old growth forests | Natural forests that have developed over a long period of time, generally at least 120 years, without being significantly disturbed | 74 | |
| 6736728201 | Crown fires | Fires that burn the crown of a tree and spread rapidly. Are the most destructive and deadly fire | 75 | |
| 6736728202 | Surface fires | Fires that typically burn only the forest's underbrush and do little damage to mature trees. These fires actually serve to protect the forest from more harmful fires by removing underbrush and dead materials that would burn quickly and at high temperatures | 76 | |
| 6736728203 | Deforestation | The clearing away of forests | 77 | |
| 6736728204 | Rotational grazing | Confining animals to a small area for a short time (often only a day or two) before shifting them to a new location. | 78 | |
| 6736728205 | Undergrazing | Insufficient grazing resulting in the growth of undesirable plant matter such as woody shrubs and trees, | 79 | |
| 6736728206 | Riparian zones | Thin strips and patches of vegetation that surround streams. They are very important habitats and resources for wildlife | 80 | |
| 6736728207 | Habitat corridors | Protected strips of land that allow the migration of organisms from one wilderness area to another | 81 | |
| 6736728208 | Ecosystems approach | Strategy for preserving biodiversity that focuses on protecting habitat | 82 | |
| 6736728209 | High grade ore | Ore containing a large amount of the desired mineral | 83 | |
| 6736728210 | Low grade ore | Ore containing a small amount of a desired mineral | 84 | |
| 6736728211 | Surface mining | The extraction of mineral and energy resources near Earth's surface by first removing the soil, subsoil, and overlying rock strata. Typically cheaper and safer, but results in greater environmental degradation | 85 | |
| 6736728212 | Subsurface mining | Extraction of a metal ore or fuel resource such as coal from a deep underground deposit | 86 | |
| 6736728213 | Mountaintop removal | Type of surface mining that uses explosives, massive shovels, and even larger machinery to remove the top of a mountain to expose seams of coal underneath a mountain | 87 | |
| 6736728214 | Strip mining | A process whereby miners strip away at the surface of the earth to lay bare the mineral deposits | 88 | |
| 6736728215 | Open pit mining | Removing minerals such as gravel, sand, and metal ores by digging them out of the earth's surface and leaving an open pit | 89 | |
| 6736728216 | Depletion time | The time it takes to use a certain fraction, usually 80%, of the known or estimated supply of a nonrenewable resource at an assumed rate of use. Finding and extracting the remaining 20% usually costs more than it is worth | 90 | |
| 6736728217 | Strategic minerals | Mineral resources, such as manganese, that are vital to the industry and defense of a country | 91 | |
| 6736728218 | Ecological footprint | A measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It compares human demand with planet Earth's ecological capacity to regenerate | 92 | |
| 6736728219 | Carbon footprint | The total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organization, event or product | 93 | |
| 6736728220 | Limiting factors | Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms | 94 | |
| 6736728221 | Carrying capacity | The largest population that an environment can support at any given time | 95 | |
| 6736728222 | Cultural carrying capacity | The limit on population growth that would allow most people in an area or the world to live in reasonable comfort and freedom without impairing the ability of the planet to sustain future generations | 96 | |
| 6736728223 | Infant mortality rate | The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society | 97 | |
| 6736728224 | Immigration | Moving into a population | 98 | |
| 6736728225 | Emmigration | Leaving a population | 99 | |
| 6736728226 | Exponential growth | Growth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment, represented by a J-shaped curve when population size is plotted over time | 100 | |
| 6736728227 | Logistic growth | When limiting factors restrict size of population to the carrying capacity of the environment. Forms an S-shaped curve when population size is plotted over time | 101 | |
| 6736728228 | Consumption chain | Extraction, production, distribution, consumption, disposal | 102 | |
| 6736728229 | Planned obsolescence | The designing of products to wear out or to become outdated quickly, so that people will feel a need to replace their possessions frequently | 103 | |
| 6736728230 | Perceived obsolescence | Convinces us to throw away stuff that is still perfectly useful, i.e. an iPhone | 104 | |
| 6736728231 | Age structure | Percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population | 105 | |
| 6736728232 | Fertility rate | The average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population | 106 | |
| 6736728233 | Replacement level fertility rate | The number of children a couple must have in order to maintain the population size (2.1 more developed, 2.7 in developing countries) | 107 | |
| 6736728234 | Fossil fuels | Carbon-rich fuels formed from the remains of ancient organisms. | 108 | |
| 6736728235 | Combustion | Combination of oxygen with another compound to form water and carbon dioxide. These reactions are exothermic, meaning they produce heat energy. | 109 | |
| 6736728236 | Crude oil | Petroleum that has not been processed | 110 | |
| 6736728237 | Petrochemicals | Compounds that are made from oil | 111 | |
| 6736728238 | Oil sand deposits | A deposit of moist sand and clay that can be mined to extract bitumen, an oil-rich hydrocarbon. These deposits are numerous in Canada | 112 | |
| 6736728239 | Tight oil deposits. | Oil deposits found in between shale formations. -These deposits have changed the landscape of oil and natural gas extraction in the United States. -Bakken formation | 113 | |
| 6736728240 | Conventional oil/gas | -Obtained through traditional drilling techniques -Deposits associated with Texas and Saudi Arabia, for example | 114 | |
| 6736728241 | Hydraulic fracturing | -The forcing open of fissures in subterranean rocks by introducing liquid at high pressure -Technique for extracting natural gas and oil from shale deposits -Typically associated with horizontal drilling | 115 | |
| 6736728242 | Nuclear fuel cycle | Processes involved with producing nuclear power from the mining and processing of uranium to control fission, reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel, decommissioning of power plants, and disposal of radioactive waste | 116 | |
| 6736728243 | Net energy | The amount of high-quality energy that is available to be used from a resource after subtracting the energy needed to make it usable | 117 | |
| 6736728244 | Cogeneration | Using waste heat to make electricity | 118 | |
| 6736728245 | Passive solar heat | -A method of converting solar energy into heat without pumps or fans -The most efficient type of solar heating | 119 | |
| 6736728246 | Active solar heating | -The gathering of solar energy by collectors that are used to heat water or heat a building -Less efficient than passive heating because the heat must be moved | 120 | |
| 6736728247 | Photovoltaic cells | Cells, usually made of specially-treated silicon, that transfer solar energy from the sun to electrical energy | 121 | |
| 6736728248 | Biomass | Plant materials and animal waste used especially as a source of fuel | 122 | |
| 6736728249 | Biofuel | Fuels, such as ethanol or methanol, that are created from the fermentation of plants or plant products | 123 | |
| 6736728250 | Atmospheric layers | Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere | 124 | |
| 6736728251 | Troposphere | Bottom layer in the atmosphere in which we live and where most weather occurs | 125 | |
| 6736728252 | Stratosphere | -2nd layer of atmosphere; extends from 10 to 30 miles up; location of ozone layer -absorbs 95% of Ultraviolet radiation; temperature increases with altitude increase. Contains ozone layer | 126 | |
| 6736728253 | Primary pollutants | Pollutants that are released directly into the lower atmosphere | 127 | |
| 6736728254 | Secondary pollutants | -Pollutants that form when primary pollutants react with each other or with natural substances, such as water vapor. -Typically refers to atmospheric pollutants | 128 | |
| 6736728255 | Nitrogen oxides | -(NOx) -Major source is auto exhaust. Primary and secondary effects include acidification of lakes, respiratory irritation, leads to smog and ozone. -Reduced using catalytic converters. | 129 | |
| 6736728256 | Sulfur dioxides | SOx -Colorless gas with an irritating odor. -About two-thirds (and as high as 90% in urban areas) comes from human sources, mostly combustion of sulfur-containing coal in electric power and industrial plants and from oil refining and smelting of sulfide ores. | 130 | |
| 6736728257 | Ozone | -O3 -A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation found in the stratosphere, a zone between 15 and 50 km above Earth's surface | 131 | |
| 6736728258 | VOCs | -Volatile organic compounds -Have a high vapor pressure and low water solubility. -Often components of petroleum fuels, hydraulic fluids, paint thinners, and dry cleaning agents. VOCs are common ground-water contaminants. | 132 | |
| 6736728259 | Industrial smog | -Type of air pollution consisting mostly of a mixture of sulfur dioxide, suspended droplets of sulfuric acid formed from some of the sulfur dioxide, and suspended solid particles. -Found in cities that burn large amounts of coal | 133 | |
| 6736728260 | Photochemical smog | A brownish haze that is a mixture of ozone and other chemicals, formed when pollutants react with each other in the presence of sunlight | 134 | |
| 6736728261 | Grasshopper effect | -When pollutants are transported by evaporation and winds from temperate and tropical regions to polar regions. -Explains why polar bears and other organisms living in the Arctic have high levels of DDT and toxic metals in their bodies, even in the absence of industrial facilities and cars. | 135 | |
| 6736728262 | Acid deposition | Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, enter the atmosphere-where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid-and return to Earth's surface | 136 | |
| 6736728263 | Big 4 indoor pollutants | Radon 222, formaldehyde, small particles, cigarette smoke | 137 | |
| 6736728264 | Point sources | Discharge pollutants at specific locations through drain pipes, ditches, or sewer lines into bodies of surface water | 138 | |
| 6736728265 | Non-point sources | Scattered or diffuse, having no specific location of discharge (agricultural fields, feedlots, golf courses, atmospheric deposition); difficult sources of pollution to go after/control | 139 | |
| 6736728266 | Pathogens | Microbes that cause disease | 140 | |
| 6736728267 | Oxygen demanding wastes | Organic matter that enters a body of water and feeds the growth of microbes that are decomposers. Measured in terms of BOD (biological oxygen demand) | 141 | |
| 6736728268 | Heavy metals | -Metallic elements with a high density that are toxic to organisms at low concentrations -Lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic | 142 | |
| 6736728269 | Oxygen sag curve | A curve that shows the breakdown of degradable wastes by bacteria depletes dissolved oxygen; Reduces or eliminates populations of organisms with high oxygen requirements until stream is cleansed of wastes (can also be done for thermal pollution) | 143 | |
| 6736728270 | Cultural eutrophication | -Over-nourishment of aquatic ecosystems with plant nutrients (mostly nitrates and phosphates) -Caused by human activities such as agriculture, urbanization, and discharges from industrial plants and sewage treatment plants -Can lead to algal blooms | 144 | |
| 6736728271 | Primary sewage treatment | Mechanical sewage treatment in which large solids are filtered out by screens and suspended solids settle out as sludge in a sedimentation tank | 145 | |
| 6736728272 | Secondary sewage treatment | -Second step of sewage treatment -Bacteria breakdown organic waste, aeration accelerates the process. | 146 | |
| 6736728273 | Pre-consumer waste | Waste associated with the extraction, production and distribution of a product | 147 | |
| 6736728274 | Post-consumer waste | -Waste associated with consumption and disposal of a product -Material discarded by consumer i.e. throwing a way a used garment | 148 | |
| 6736728275 | E-waste | Discarded electronic equipment such as computers, cell phones, television sets, etc. | 149 | |
| 6736728276 | Natural capital | Natural resources and natural services that keep us and other species alive and support our economies | 150 | |
| 6736728277 | Externalized costs | -Hidden impacts associated with economic transactions that concern people outside of those transactions. -These costs occur when producing or consuming a good or service imposes a cost upon a third party, e.g., society. -The true cost of producing or consuming the product is not borne by the producer or the consumer. -Also seen as a company transferring some of its moral responsibilities as costs to society or as degradation to the environment or society. | 151 | |
| 6736728278 | Gross domestic product (GDP) | The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation | 152 | |
| 6736728279 | Genuine progress indicator (GPI) | -An economic indicator that factors in the external costs of good and services -Attempts to differentiate between desirable and undesirable economic activity | 153 | |
| 6736728280 | Interglacial | Period of glacial retreat; temps are warmer, ice sheets are smaller, and sea level is higher | 154 | |
| 6736728281 | Glacial | A period of glacial advance; temps are cooer, ice sheets are larger and sea levels are lower | 155 | |
| 6736728282 | Greenhouse effect | Natural phenomenon in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases |  | 156 |
| 6736728283 | Greenhouse gases | Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect | 157 | |
| 6736728284 | Ice cores | -A cylinder of ice removed from an ice sheet (glacier) that helps scientists understand past climates -Air bubbles trapped in ice layers are analyzed | 158 | |
| 6736728285 | PPM | -Parts per million -An expression of concentration -For example; the concentration of carbon dioxide | 159 | |
| 6736728286 | The Paris Agreement | -An agreement between nations to combat climate change -Calls on countries to set Nationally determined contributions (carbon output) -Aims to keep global temperature increases below 2 degrees (relative to pre-industrial temperatures) | 160 | |
| 6736728287 | IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | 161 | |
| 6736728288 | Permafrost | -Ground that is permanently frozen -Contains large amounts of organic waste that decomposes into methane and carbon dioxide upon thawing | 162 | |
| 6736728289 | Thermohaline circulation | -Movement of ocean water caused by density difference brought about by variations in temperature and salinity -An important mechanism for the transfer of heat around the globe | 163 | |
| 6736728290 | Albedo | -Ability of a surface to reflect light -Related to a positive feedback loop associated with the melting of polar glaciers | 164 | |
| 6736728291 | Input strategies | -Strategies of addressing environmental degradation that involve limiting or eliminating the causal inputs that lead to the degradation -Eliminating the use of greenhouse gas emitting fossil fuels, for example | 165 | |
| 6736728292 | Output strategies | -Strategies of addressing environmental degradation that focus on the mitigating the effects of the degradation -Relocating low-lying cities due to rising sea levels, for example | 166 | |
| 6736728293 | Carbon capture | The technique of capturing CO2 from coal or oil fired power plants and burying it deep underground, to keep it out of the atmosphere | 167 | |
| 6736728294 | Kyoto protocol | An amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, that establishes specific targets for reducing emissions of CO2 and five other greenhouse gases | 168 | |
| 6736728295 | Ozone depletion | Thinning of Earth's ozone layer caused by CFC's leaking into the air and reacting chemically with the ozone | 169 | |
| 6736728296 | CFCs | -Chlorofluorocarbons -Synthetic chemicals used as coolants and propellants in aerosols. -Potent greenhouse gases that also lead to depletion of the ozone layer. | 170 | |
| 6736728297 | Background extinction rate | Extinction caused by slow and steady process of natural selection | 171 | |
| 6736728298 | Mass extinction | -An event during which many species become extinct over a relatively short period of time -The K-T and Permian extinctions are well-known examples | 172 | |
| 6736728299 | Local extinction | Occurs when a species is no longer found in an area it once inhabited but is still found elsewhere in the world. | 173 | |
| 6736728300 | Ecological extinction | When so few members of a species remain that it can no longer play its role in the biological communities where it is found | 174 | |
| 6736728301 | HIPPCO | -The 6 major causes of biodiversity loss -Habitat loss, Invasive species, Pollution, Population growth (Overpopulation), Climate change, Overexploitation (overhunting, overfishing) | 175 | |
| 6736728302 | Habitat fragmentation | Breakup of a habitat into smaller pieces, usually as a result of human activities. |  | 176 |
