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| 8854285948 | Freshwater Resources | - ice and glaciers - groundwater - water bodies (usable) - atmospheric water | 0 | |
| 8854285949 | Groundwater | water that seeps through saturation zone until it is stopped by an impermeable rock layer | 1 | |
| 8854285950 | Zone of Saturation | spaces in soil that are filled with water | 2 | |
| 8854285951 | Water Table | top layer of the groundwater zone - varies based on weather drought = lower water table heavy rain = higher water table | 3 | |
| 8854285952 | Aquifer | a permeable layer of rock and sediment that contains groundwater | 4 | |
| 8854285953 | Unconfined Aquifer | aquifer made of porous rock covered by soil out of which water can easily flow - more prone to water contamination because water soaks through easily | 5 | |
| 8854285954 | Confined Aquifer | aquifer surrounded by a layer of impermeable rock or clay that impedes water flow | 6 | |
| 8854285955 | Natural Recharge | a way groundwater replenishes is through rain - precipitation percolates downward through soil and rock | 7 | |
| 8854285956 | Lateral Recharge | a way groundwater replenished is from the side by rivers and streams | 8 | |
| 8854285957 | Spring | a natural source of water formed when water from an aquifer percolates up to the ground surface | 9 | |
| 8854285959 | Ogallala Aquifer | largest in the US but a lot of farming is depleting the aquifer | 10 | |
| 8854285960 | Problems with Groundwater | 1. Slow recharge - withdrawal of water is greater than the recharge rate 2. Cone of Depression - when water is rapidly withdrawn from a WELL, it can create an area that contains no groundwater around the well 3. Saltwater Intrusion - coastal regions can lower the water table so much that ocean water can end up mixing with the groundwater, making it undrinkable | 11 | |
| 8854285961 | Surface Water | water that exists above ground - streams, rivers, ponds, and wetlands | 12 | |
| 8854285962 | Floodplains | lands adjacent to a river that is very nutrient rich which improves soil fertility | 13 | |
| 8854285963 | Extended Drought | starvation and long terms effects on the soil such as lack of plant life that can prevent normal cycling of nutrients, thus soil fertility | 14 | |
| 8854285964 | Flooding | occurs when water input exceeds the ability of an area to absorb that water - When drought prone areas experience rainfall, severe flooding can occur. | 15 | |
| 8854285965 | Impermeable Surfaces | pavement that doesn't allow water to penetrate the soil - urban and suburban areas: excess water ends up in storm sewers and nearby streams because of large areas of impermeable surfaces | 16 | |
| 8854285966 | Leeves | enlarged banks built up on each side of the river to prevent flooding and allow development on the floodplains | 17 | |
| 8854285967 | Problems with leeves | - reduced soil fertility due to no flooding - sediments carried downstream to estuaries where the river meets the ocean (algal bloom) - may prevent flooding in one area, but increase in another - leeves encourage development on floodplains which are still prone to flooding | 18 | |
| 8854285968 | Dikes | enlarged banks built up to prevent ocean waters from flooding adjacent land - most common in Northern Europe where large areas of farmland lie below sea level | 19 | |
| 8854285969 | Dam | barrier that runs across a river or stream to control the flow of water | 20 | |
| 8854285970 | Reservoir | body of water created by damming a river or stream | 21 | |
| 8854285971 | Three Gorges Dam | largest dam in the world which is built across the Yangtze River | 22 | |
| 8854285972 | Benefits of Dams | - provide hydroelectric power, which reduces the need for fossil fuels - prevent seasonal flooding that can damage downstream cities and ecosystems - provide recreational uses that can promote tourism and boost economies | 23 | |
| 8854285973 | Human Consequences | - building dams requires large amounts of money, energy, and materials - people living upstream of the river may be displaced by flooding - costly to maintain | 24 | |
| 8854285974 | Environmental Problems with Dams | - Dams interrupt the natural flow of water which can disrupt migratory patterns - loss of these organisms can impact upper levels of the food chain (i.e. bears) - Dams can also prevent seasonal flooding, which would normally remove natural debris from pools and streams. - allows certain animals/plants to be favored | 25 | |
| 8854285975 | Fish Ladders | Fish can swim up these structures to reach breeding grounds on the other side of the dam | 26 | |
| 8854285976 | Aqueduct | a canal or ditch used to carry water from one location to another - LA and NYC | 27 | |
| 8854285977 | Consequences of Aqueduct | - Aboveground aqueducts can fragment an environment. - Below ground aqueducts can disturb environments during construction. - Water is often diverted from a natural river where it has flowed for a millennia | 28 | |
| 8854285978 | Aral Sea | Since the two rivers that fed the lake were diverted, the surface areas has declined by 60% and the lake has split into two: North and South Aral Sea | 29 | |
| 8854285979 | Desalination/Desaliinization | process of removing salt from saltwater - Middle East produces 50% of world's desalinated water | 30 | |
| 8854285980 | 2 methods of desalinization | Distillation and Reverse Osmosis | 31 | |
| 8854285981 | Distillation | process in which water is boiled and the resulting steam is captures and condensed to yield pure water | 32 | |
| 8854285982 | Reverse Osmosis | process in which water is forced through a thin semipermeable membrane at high pressure - water can pass through; salt can not. | 33 | |
| 8854285983 | Brine | salt extracted from saltwater that can't be deposited on land because it would contaminate the soil and can't be dumped back in the ocean because salt concentration is too high even for organisms adapted to salt water. | 34 | |
| 8854285984 | Problems with desalinization | - expensive - requires a high input of energy, usually in the form of fossil fuels | 35 | |
| 8854285985 | Water Footprint | total daily per capita use of fresh water - more water is used for agriculture more than anything - US uses 1/3 of all freshwater for irrigation | 36 | |
| 8854285986 | Flow Irrigation | farmers dig ditches or furrows along the crop rows and fills them with water - 65% efficient and rest lost to evaporation and runoff | 37 | |
| 8854285987 | Flood Irrigation | entire field is flooded, letting water soak in evenly - 70-80% efficient | 38 | |
| 8854285988 | SPray Irrigation | water is pumped from a well into a water sprayer - 75-95% efficient but more expensive because of more equipment and higher energy needs | 39 | |
| 8854285989 | Drip Irrigation | uses slowly dripping hose that is laid on the ground or buried beneath the soil - 95% more efficient and reduces weed growth since surface soil stays still | 40 | |
| 8854285990 | Hydroponic Agriculture | cultivation of plants in greenhouse conditions by immersing roots in a nutrient rich solution - more expensive + requires little/no pesticide use + crops can be grown year-round | 41 | |
| 8854285991 | Gray Water | wastewater from baths, showers, bathrooms, and washing machined | 42 | |
| 8854285992 | Contaminated Water | wastewater from toilets, kitchen sinks, and dishwashers | 43 | |
| 8854285993 | Water pollution | The contamination of streams, rivers, lakes, oceans, or groundwater with substances produced through human activities | 44 | |
| 8854285994 | Wastewater | Water produced by livestock operations and human activities, including human sewage from toilets and gray water from bathing and washing of clothes and dishes | 45 | |
| 8854285995 | Point Source | A distinct location from which pollution is directly produced | 46 | |
| 8854285996 | Nonpoint source | A diffuse area that produces pollution | 47 | |
| 8854285997 | Biogeochemical oxygen demand (BOD) | The amount of oxygen a quantity of water uses over a period of time at specific temperatures | 48 | |
| 8854285998 | Dead zone | In a body of water, an area with extremely low oxygen concentration and very little life | 49 | |
| 8854285999 | Eutrophication | A phenomenon in which a body of water becomes rich in nutrients | 50 | |
| 8854286000 | Cultural eutrophication | An increase in fertility in a body of water, the result of anthropogenic inputs of nutrients | 51 | |
| 8854286001 | Indicator species | A species that indicates whether or not disease-causing pathogens are likely to be present | 52 | |
| 8854286002 | Fecal coliform bacteria | A group of generally harmless microorganisms in human intestines that can serve as an indicator species for potentially harmful microorganisms associated with contaminated sewage | 53 | |
| 8854286003 | Acid deposition | Acids deposited on Earth as rain and snow or as gases and particles that attach to the surfaces of plants, soil, and water | 54 | |
| 8854286004 | Perchlorates | A group of harmful chemicals used for rocket fuel | 55 | |
| 8854286005 | Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) | A group of industrial compounds used to manufacture plastics and insulate electrical transformers, and responsible for many environmental problems | 56 | |
| 8854286006 | Thermal pollution | Nonchemical water pollution that occurs when human activities cause a substantial change in the temperature of water | 57 | |
| 8854286007 | Thermal shock | A dramatic change in water temperature that can kill organisms | 58 | |
| 8854286008 | Clean Water Act | Legislation that supports the "protection of propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and recreation in and on the water" by maintaining and, when necessary, restoring the chemical, physical, and biological properties of surface waters | 59 | |
| 8854286009 | Safe Drinking Water Act | Legislation that sets the national standards for safe drinking water passed in 1974 | 60 | |
| 8854286010 | Maximum contaminant level (MCL) | The standard for safe drinking water established by the EPA under the Safe Drinking Water Act | 61 | |
| 8854286011 | Dead organisms, human/animal waste, oil, fertilizer, heavy metals, fertilizer, radioactive waste | What types of things can pollute a water body? | 62 | |
| 8854286012 | Artesian water | From a confined aquifer | 63 | |
| 8854286013 | Distilled water | Water has been boiled and recollected. Contains no minerals | 64 | |
| 8854286014 | Purified water | Water that has been filtered by deionization or reverse osmosis | 65 | |
| 8854286015 | Spring water | From an underground formation that naturally flows to the surface | 66 | |
| 8854286016 | Dissolved Oxygen | Amount of oxygen found in water | 67 | |
| 8854286017 | E. coli (Fecal coliform bacteria) | What is the indicator species to tell if any disease causing organisms are present? | 68 | |
| 8854286018 | Lead | This is rarely found in natural sources of drinking water and it affects fetuses, infants and children the most. It can cause brain and nervous system damage, kidney damage, and learning disabilities from brain damage. | 69 | |
| 8854286019 | Arsenic | This is found naturally in Earth's crust and can dissolve into groundwater. Mining can contribute high levels of this in water. This will cause cancer in the skin, lungs, kidneys, and bladder. Very high concentrations of this is found in the West and Midwest, and we can get rid of it by distillation, as chlorine cannot remove it | 70 | |
| 8854286020 | Mercury | This is a heavy metal found in nature, and in contaminates water through burning coal or garbage. Inorganic ________ is relatively harmless but when bacteria convert it is becomes hazardous and can damage the central nervous system | 71 | |
| 8854286021 | Persistent Pesticides | These can be harmful to unintended victims especially when built up in water systems (DDT) | 72 | |
| 8854286022 | Pharmaceuticals and Hormones | When you take ____________________________ and then your waste ends up in the water those can really be bad for the water ecosystems | 73 | |
| 8854286023 | Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | This followed the Exxon Valdez spill and states that operators of oil tankers are responsible for all cleanup costs and it increased the maximum liability for losses by businesses and private individuals. It also phased out single-hulled tankers in favor of double-hulled tankers, which reduced losses in an oil spill by 4-6 times | 74 |
