Terms for human Geography Agriculture from Rubenstein and Fouberg.
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| 354602497 | Agribusiness | Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations. | |
| 354602498 | Agriculture | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. | |
| 354602499 | Cereal Grain | A grass yielding grain for food. ex. oats, wheat, rye, or barley | |
| 354602500 | Chaff | Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing. | |
| 354602501 | Combine | A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans gram while moving over a field. | |
| 354602502 | Commercial Agriculture | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. | |
| 354602503 | Crop | Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season. | |
| 354602504 | Crop Rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. | |
| 354602505 | Desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. | |
| 354602506 | Double Cropping | Harvesting twice a year from the same field. To grow two crops on the same land. | |
| 354602507 | Grain | Seed of a cereal grass. | |
| 354602508 | Green Revolution | rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. | |
| 354602509 | Horticulture | The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers | |
| 354602510 | Hull | The outer covering of a seed | |
| 354602511 | Intensive Subsistence Agriculture | A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land. | |
| 354602512 | Milkshed | The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied. | |
| 354602513 | Paddy | Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah. | |
| 354602514 | Pastoral Nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. | |
| 354602515 | Pasture | Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing. | |
| 354602516 | Plantation | A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country. | |
| 354602517 | Prime Agriculture Land | The most productive farmland. | |
| 354602518 | Ranching | A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area. | |
| 354602519 | Reaper | A machine that cuts grain standing in the field. | |
| 354602520 | Ridge Tillage | System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation. | |
| 354602521 | Sawah | A flooded field for growing rice. | |
| 354602522 | Seed Agriculture | Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization. | |
| 354602523 | Shifting Cultivation | A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period. | |
| 354602524 | Slash-and-burn Agriculture | Another name for shifring cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris. | |
| 354602525 | Spring Wheat | Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer. | |
| 354602526 | Subsistence Agriculture | Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family | |
| 354602527 | Sustainable Agriculture | Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides. | |
| 354602528 | Swidden | A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning. | |
| 354602529 | Thresh | To beat out grain from stalks by trampling it. | |
| 354602530 | Transhumance | The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. | |
| 354602531 | Truck Farming | Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning batering or the exchange of commodities. | |
| 354602532 | Vegetative Planting | Reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots. | |
| 354602533 | Wet Rice | Rice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth. | |
| 354602534 | Winnow | To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind. | |
| 354602535 | Winter Wheat | Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the summer. | |
| 354602536 | Organic Agriculture | Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs. | |
| 354602537 | Primary Economic Activity | Economic Activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture | |
| 354602538 | Secondary Economic Activity* | An economic activity in which people use raw materials to produce or manufacture new products of greater value. | |
| 354602539 | Tertiary Economic Sector* | Services- involves services rather than goods (grows with industrialization and dominates post-industrial societies: such as food, retail, computer processing, or information management. High and low end: high includes doctors, lawyers, teachers, educated service sector; low service: blue collar, "burger flippers", transportation workers, etc. | |
| 354602540 | Quaternary Economic Activity* | Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services. | |
| 354602541 | Quinary Economic Activity* | Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management | |
| 354602542 | Plant domestication | Deliberate tending of crops to gain certain desired attributes; began around 12,000 years ago along several fertile river valleys and cultural hearths. Part of 1st Agricultural Revolution. | |
| 354602543 | Second Agricultural Revolution | Coincided with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution; the second agricultural revolution witnessed improvements in the methods of cultivating, harvesting, and storage of farm produce. | |
| 354602544 | Von Thünen Model | Used to explain the importance of proximity to market in choice of crops on commercial farms. Must combine the value of high yield crop per hectare and the cost of transporting the yield per hectare. E.g. Something like dairy products could not be located far away from towns because the milk would spoil before they could get it to the town. | |
| 354602545 | Third Agricultural Revolution | (Green Revolution) Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology. Still in progress. Based on new, high-yielding strains of grains and other crops developed in laboratories, fertilizers, herbicides, etc. Most recently using modern techniques of genetic engineering=GMOs. | |
| 354602546 | Genetically Modified Organisms | An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic organism. | |
| 354602547 | Primogeniture | The legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. | |
| 354602548 | Monoculture | Farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year. | |
| 354602549 | Köppen Climatic classification System | System for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation. Developed by Wladimir Köppen. | |
| 354602550 | Climatic Regions | Areas of the world with similar climatic characteristics. | |
| 354602551 | Luxury Crops | Crops that are not essential to human survival and are sold at a high price. E.g.: tea, cacao, coffee, tobacco, sugarcane. | |
| 354602552 | Mediterranean Agriculture | Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer, wet-winter Mediterranean climate prevails. Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile, South Africa and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, and a host of nuts, fruits, and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations. |
