This basic review covers bacteria, viruses, eukaryotic cells, cell theory, organelles, cell membrane structure, and passive and active transport.
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| 4224754418 | Prokaryotic cell | Simple, no nucleus, many have cell wall with peptidoglycan, bacteria |  | 0 |
| 4224754419 | Eukaryotic cell | Complex cell with a nucleus and many membrane-bound organelles |  | 1 |
| 4224754420 | Organelle | "little organ" - compartmentalized structures that perform specific functions |  | 2 |
| 4224754421 | Bacterial genome | Very short, single circular chromosome that floats in the nucleoid region |  | 3 |
| 4224754422 | Plasmid | Small, circular, self-replicating segment of DNA in bacteria |  | 4 |
| 4224754423 | Cell | Basic functional unit of all living things |  | 5 |
| 4224754424 | Cell theory | All organisms are made of one or more cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. Cells come from other cells. | 6 | |
| 4224754425 | Cell membrane | Separates internal metabolic events from the external environment, controls movement of materials into and out of the cell |  | 7 |
| 4224754426 | Nucleus | Contains DNA and acts as the control center of the cell |  | 8 |
| 4224754427 | Nuclear envelope | Two phospholipid bilayers that surround the nucleus; contain nuclear pores to allow RNA and ribosomes to exit; attaches to rough ER |  | 9 |
| 4224754428 | Chromatin | DNA double helix and histones associated together |  | 10 |
| 4224754429 | Chromosomes | Rod-like structures of incredibly condensed DNA strands |  | 11 |
| 4224754430 | Nucleolus | Found within nucleus; makes ribosomes |  | 12 |
| 4224754431 | Ribosomes | Make proteins; consist of small and large subunit; composed of rRNA and proteins |  | 13 |
| 4224754432 | Free ribosomes | Float in the cytosol; produce proteins used within the cell | 14 | |
| 4224754433 | Bound ribosomes | Attached to rough ER; make proteins for export from the cell | 15 | |
| 4224754434 | Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Ribosomes present; creates glycoproteins, packages proteins for secretion, sends transport vesicles to Golgi, makes replacement membranes |  | 16 |
| 4224754435 | Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | No ribosomes; makes lipids and steroid hormones, metabolizes carbs, stores calcium and helps regulate muscle contraction, breakdown of toxins, drugs, and toxic by-products |  | 17 |
| 4224754436 | Golgi apparatus/body/complex | Collect and modify proteins and lipids made in other areas of the cell and package them into vesicles; as proteins exit, they are packaged in a vesicle that goes through exocytosis |  | 18 |
| 4224754437 | Lysosomes | Contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down food, cellular debris, and foreign invaders like bacteria |  | 19 |
| 4224754438 | Peroxisomes | Break down various toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide, fatty acids, and amino acids |  | 20 |
| 4224754439 | Mitochondria | Perform cellular respiration to convert glucose into ATP |  | 21 |
| 4224754440 | Chloroplasts | Perform chloroplasts to convert sunlight into glucose |  | 22 |
| 4224754441 | Cytoskeleton | Network of protein fibers extending from the nucleus to the membrane - structural support, motility, and regulation |  | 23 |
| 4224754442 | Microtubules | Tubulin; provides support and motility for cellular activities; found in spindle fibers, flagella, and cilia | 24 | |
| 4224754443 | Intermediate filaments | Keratin; provide support for maintaining cell shape | 25 | |
| 4224754444 | Microfilaments (actin filaments) | Actin; involved in cell motility, found in muscle cells and amoeba; in plants, they promote cytoplasmic streaming | 26 | |
| 4224754445 | Centrioles | Microtubule organizing center; located in centrosome; make up and organize spindle fibers during cell division |  | 27 |
| 4224754446 | Cilia | Extension of the cytoskeleton that allow the cell to move; oar-like movement that moves the cell perpendicular to the cilium; many and short |  | 28 |
| 4224754447 | Flagella | Extension of the cytoskeleton that allow the cell to move; whip-like movement; cell moves in same direction as flagellum; few and long |  | 29 |
| 4224754448 | Transport vesicle | Move materials through the cell |  | 30 |
| 4224754449 | Food vacuole | Temporary receptacle of nutrients, often merge with lysosomes for digestion | 31 | |
| 4224754450 | Contractile vacuoles | Collect and pump excess water out of the cell |  | 32 |
| 4224754451 | Central vacuoles | Large bodies occupying most of the interior of many plant cells; maintain rigidity of cell wall, stores things, allows cell to "grow" |  | 33 |
| 4224754452 | Cell wall | Provide support for the cell on the outside of the plasma membrane; found in plants, fungi, and many protists |  | 34 |
| 4224754453 | Desmosomes | Anchoring junctions in animals; provides mechanical stability of tissues | 35 | |
| 4224754454 | Tight junctions | In animals; tightly stitched seams typically found where substances must pass in between cells |  | 36 |
| 4224754455 | Gap junctions | Communicating junctions in animals that transfer chemical/electrical signals |  | 37 |
| 4224754456 | Plasmodesmata | Communicating junctions in plants that transfer chemical/electrical signals |  | 38 |
| 4224754457 | Organelles only in plants | Cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole | 39 | |
| 4224754458 | Organelles only in animals | Centrioles, lysosomes, cholesterol in the plasma membrane | 40 | |
| 4224754459 | Endosymbiotic theory | Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from ancient prokaryotes that invaded other prokaryotic cells, and formed a symbiotic relationship |  | 41 |
| 4224754460 | Evidence for endosymbiotic theory | Mitochondria and chloroplasts possess their own DNA similar to prokaryotes; ribosomes resemble that of prokaryotes; they reproduce independently of the cell; two membranes may have resulted from vesicular endocytosis. | 42 | |
| 4224754461 | selectively permeable | some substances cross more easily than others |  | 43 |
| 4224754462 | phospholipid bilayer | double layer of phospholipids where the hydrophobic tails are sandwiched between two rows of hydrophilic heads |  | 44 |
| 4224754463 | fluid mosaic model | explains the membrane as fluid and flexible with proteins and carbohydrates embedded or associated with the bilayer |  | 45 |
| 4224754464 | in the cell membrane...the function of phospholipids | provide a hydrophobic barrier that separates the cell from its liquid environment | 46 | |
| 4224754465 | amphipathic | molecules with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties |  | 47 |
| 4224754466 | integral proteins | completely embedded in the membrane; some are transmembrane |  | 48 |
| 4224754467 | transmembrane proteins | proteins that span the entire membrane |  | 49 |
| 4224754468 | peripheral proteins | loosely bound to the membrane's surface; held in place by the cytoskeleton or drift slowly in the membrane |  | 50 |
| 4224754469 | channel proteins | provide open passageways for hydrophilic material (polar/charged molecules) |  | 51 |
| 4224754470 | aquaporins | channels specifically for the transport of water into and out of the cell |  | 52 |
| 4224754471 | ion channels | allow the passage of ions only; gated ion channels open and close in response to specific chemical/electrical stimuli |  | 53 |
| 4224754472 | carrier proteins | bind to specific molecules, which are then transferred across the membrane after the carrier protein undergoes a change of shape |  | 54 |
| 4224754473 | transport proteins | use energy (ATP) to transport materials across a membrane in active transport |  | 55 |
| 4224754474 | sodium-potassium pump | uses ATP to maintain higher concentrations of Na+ and K+ on opposite sides of the plasma membrane |  | 56 |
| 4224754475 | recognition proteins | give each cell type a unique identification; distinguishes between self and foreign cells, as well as normal and infected/cancer cells |  | 57 |
| 4224754476 | receptor proteins | provide binding sites for hormones or other trigger molecules |  | 58 |
| 4224754477 | adhesion proteins | attach cells to neighboring cells or provide anchors for the internal filaments and tubules that give stability to the cell | 59 | |
| 4224754478 | in the cell membrane...the function of proteins | transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, cell-cell attachments, attachment to cytoskeleton/extracellular matrix |  | 60 |
| 4224754479 | in the cell membrane...the function of cholesterol | stabilize the membrane; at higher temperature, it helps maintain firmness while at lower temperatures it helps keep the membrane flexible |  | 61 |
| 4224754480 | in the cell membrane...the function of carbohydrates | glycolipids and glycoproteins are crucial in cell-cell recognition, aiding in proper immune function and stem cell differentiation |  | 62 |
| 4224754481 | what crosses the membrane easily? | small, uncharged, polar molecules and hydrophobic molecules |  | 63 |
| 4224754482 | what has difficulty crossing the cell membrane? | large, polar molecules and all ions |  | 64 |
| 4224754483 | transport | movement of substances into or out of a cell |  | 65 |
| 4224754484 | passive transport | requires no energy, or ATP, because molecules move from high >>> low concentration | 66 | |
| 4224754485 | active transport | requires energy, or ATP, because molecules move from low >>> high concentration |  | 67 |
| 4224754486 | types of passive transport | diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis | 68 | |
| 4224754487 | types of active transport | endocytosis, exocytosis, pumps | 69 | |
| 4224754488 | simple diffusion | occurs because of random, constant molecular motion; no protein channels involved; high >>> low concentration | 70 | |
| 4224754489 | facilitated diffusion | involves protein channels; high >>> low concentration | | 71 |
| 4224754490 | osmosis | diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from high >>> low concentration |  | 72 |
| 4224754491 | hydrostatic pressure | osmotic pressure | 73 | |
| 4224754492 | turgor pressure | hydrostatic pressure that develops when water enters the cells of plants and microorganisms |  | 74 |
| 4224754493 | water potential results from... | solute concentration and pressure | 75 | |
| 4224754494 | water potential for pure water | 0 (zero) | 76 | |
| 4224754495 | water potential inside a cell is always (positive/negative) | negative | 77 | |
| 4224754496 | water moves towards (high/low) water potential | low | 78 | |
| 4224754497 | tonicity | relative term that compares two solutions; includes the following: hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic |  | 79 |
| 4224754498 | isotonic | equal concentrations of water and solute; water will travel in and out of a cell in an isotonic solution at an equal rate, maintaining cell shape and homeostasis |  | 80 |
| 4224754499 | hypotonic | having more water and less solute; water will travel into a cell in a hypotonic solution, causing the cell to swell and possibly burst |  | 81 |
| 4224754500 | hypertonic | having less water and more solute; water will travel out of a cell in a hypertonic solution, causing the cell to shrink (plasmolysis) |  | 82 |
| 4224754501 | lysis | cell rupture |  | 83 |
| 4224754502 | exocytosis | bulk transport; moves large particles or cells out of the cell through vesicular transport |  | 84 |
| 4224754503 | endocytosis | bulk transport; moves large particles or cells into a cell through vesicular transport |  | 85 |
| 4224754504 | types of endocytosis | pinocytosis and phagocytosis | 86 | |
| 4224754505 | pinocytosis | cell drinking - the uptake of large, dissolved particles |  | 87 |
| 4224754506 | phagocytosis | cell eating - engulfing of large particles or small cells by pseudopods |  | 88 |
| 4224754507 | receptor-mediated endocytosis | particles must bind to membrane receptors before they are engulfed by the cell |  | 89 |
| 4224754508 | ligand | molecule that binds to a receptor protein |  | 90 |
| 4224754509 | endomembrane system | system of membranes that are interconnected organelles |  | 91 |
| 4224754510 | The sodium potassium pump functions to pump? | Sodium ions out if the cell and potassium ions into the cell | 92 | |
| 4224754511 | What is the source of energy used to power the sodium potassium pump? | Breakdown of ATP | 93 | |
| 4224754512 | During one cycle, the sodium potassium pump binds and moves? | 3 Na+ and 2 K+ |  | 94 |
| 4224754513 | The sodium potassium pump is a trans-membrane protein? | True |  | 95 |
| 4224754514 | The binding and release of sodium or potassium ions are due to conformational changes in the protein? | True | 96 | |
| 4224754515 | The following statement is not true about the sodium potassium pump | ATP is broken down into ADP and potassium to supply energy | | 97 |
| 4224754516 | The sodium potassium exchange pump is an example of? | Active transport | 98 | |
| 4224754517 | The sodium potassium exchange pump moves three potassium ions out of the cell and two sodium ions into the cell with each cycle | False | 99 | |
| 4224754518 | The resting potential of the cell is | -70mv (negative inside relative to outside the cell) | 100 |
