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| 463760768 | Monroe Doctrine | -introduced on December 2, 1823 -President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility. -After emerging from the Revolutionary War, the fledgling United States could not afford another major conflict with a European country. Basically all wars come down to financial backing. The US did not have the money to engage in another conflict with the more financially stable countries of Europe. Therefore James Monroe made a statement that the US would stay out of all conflicts in the Eastern Hemisphere and expected that European countries were to stay out of all of the affairs within the Western Hemisphere -Had the Monroe Doctrine not been adopted, Latin American as well as world history would have been very different from what it is now. The situation may have been similar to Africa in that Latin America would have been carved up by the European powers into small holdings causing many short and long term results. For example, Spanish would not be the main language spoken; there would also be German, French, English, and others. The current borders would also be very different. They would be divided according to the colonies that had been staked out. In conclusion, the Monroe Doctrine had effects on many countries when it was formed, but the greatest consequences took part in Latin America because this doctrine allowed it to develop without many foreign influences as the US played more of a protector role. -The tomato is proven to be non-poisonous on June 28th 1820.Europe trying to wrape their brain's around this exciting development in horticulture does not think about calling Monroe's bluff on the Monroe Doctrine!!! (probably has more to do with the fact that they were recovering from the Napoleonic wars) | |
| 463760769 | Embargo Act of 1807 | This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act. | |
| 463760770 | Louisiana Purchase | -1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. -Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. -Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. -The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase. (this is kind of ironic since he was against loose construction) | |
| 463760771 | Tecumseh | -Shawnee leader who attempted to organize an indian confederacy to prevent the loss of additional territory to American settlers. -He became an ally of the British in War of 1812 -died in battle. | |
| 463760772 | Jay Treaty | -1794 - It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. - It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. - It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. -It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals. - This resulted in a vitalization of the Democratic-Republicans and Pinckney's Treaty with the Spanish. | |
| 463760773 | Whiskey Rebellion | -a protest caused by tax on liquor - it tested the will of the government - Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy - In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. -This is a good contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. | |
| 463760774 | Gabriel Prosser's Rebellion | -1800 - "First Major Slave Rebellion" -Out of black revival meetings in Virginia arose an elaborate plan in 1800 to launch a large scale revolt devised by a literate black slave (who was the brother of a black preacher) that lived in the Richmond area. Fifty armed slaves tried to seize a key road to Richmond, slave informers warned white authorities. Governor Monroe quickly crushed the rebellion. The uprising greatly alarmed white Americans and resulted in a tightening of controls. | |
| 463760775 | Annapolis Convention | -Held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation. - attended by five states A precursor to the Constitutional Convention of 1787,and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention, -The attendees were from form New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Virginia . -They met to discuss reform of interstate commerce regulations, to design a U.S. currency standard, and to find a way to repay the federal government's debts to Revolutionary War veterans. -Little was accomplished, except for the delegates to recommend that a further convention be held to discuss changes to the form of the federal government; the idea was endorsed by the Confederation Congress in February, 1878, which called for another convention to be held in May that year in Philadelphia. | |
| 463760776 | Orders in Council | -a law passed by the English Parliament in 1793. - It was when the British were fighting the French.(this was the British response to Napoleon's Berlin Decree.) -It retaliated against France by closing all ports under French control- any American ship traveling to mainland Europe that did not stop first in Britain would be confiscated. ) The British closed off all ports that France went through so they couldn't get supplies. -American ships were seized also and Americans were impressed into the British navy. -This lead to the War of 1812. | |
| 463760777 | Hartford Convention | -December 1814 - A regional secret convention of New England Federalist merchants who opposed the lessend voting weight of New England in Congress and Electoral College due to the adding of states to the Union, the Embargo and other trade restrictions, and dissatisfied with the the War of 1812. - They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. -They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. -The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists because they were viewed as traitors which led to the demise of the party. | |
| 463760778 | American Colonization Society | -Abolitionist organization founded in 1817 established by people worried of the impact of slavery and race on society. -its purpose was to transport blacks back to Africa. America even bought land in africa, liberia, to form the Republic of Liberia in 1822. -Their arguement was that slavery had to end, and americans had to send black slaves back to Africa. The plan was a failure. Few planters freed their slaves, some blacks didn't want to leave even. -Was a failure of a plan. Few planters freed their slaves, some blacks didn't want to leave even. Only six thousand slaves were transported. West coast of africa. | |
| 463760779 | republicanism/ democracy | -A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed. / a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | |
| 463846813 | interchangeable parts | 1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government., (significant in the early period of the first industrial revolution was the emphasis of producing parts that were the same. this idea made mass production possible.) | |
| 463846814 | Henry Clay | This great American statesman and orator represented Kentucky in both the House of Representatives and Senate. He was a leading war hawk advocating war with Great Britain in 1812. After the war, he advocated his "American System" for modernizing the economy, especially tariffs to protect industry, a national bank, and internal improvements to promote canals, ports and railroads. He was a founder and leader of the Whig Party that Challenged Jaksonian Democrats in the 1830s and 1840s. Although his multiple attempts to become president were unsuccessful, he secured a reputation as the "Great Compromiser" for his role in drafting the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the compromise tariff of 1833 (that relieved the nullification crisis) Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. Part of the "Immortal Trio." | |
| 463846815 | Immortal Trio | The congressional debate of 1850 was called to address the possible admission of California to the Union and threats of secession by southerners. Known as the "_____ _____," Henry Clay, John Calhoun, and Daniel Webster spoke at the forum. | |
| 463846816 | Washington's Farewell Address | -Washington retired from office after his 2nd term in 1797. His Farewell Address is actually a letter. In it he reacted sharply to Republicans, by warning against international entanglements (more specifically, denouncing against the Republicans that had been conspiring with the French to frustrate the Federalist diplomatic program.and against the dangers of permanent alliances with foreign nations. (Ex. The Jay Treaty)Warned against sectionalism (Ex: put down the Whiskey Rebellion). Temporary alliances wouldn't be quite as dangerous, but they should be made only in "extraordinary emergencies". He also spoke against partisan bitterness. (Federalist and Republican parties) 1775-1825 | |
| 463846817 | Connecticut (Great) Compromise | -Issue: Congressional representation; -Factions: New Jersey - equal representation in Congress regardless of population Virginia - representation based on state population; -Outcome: Two houses (bicameral): Congress - each state has two representatives; House of Reps - representation based on the population of the state | |
| 463846818 | Barbary Pirates | -The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. -From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates. - Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars (1801-1805) against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria. -The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute. | |
| 463846819 | Undeclared Navel War | -The Quasi-War was an undeclared war fought mostly at sea between the United States and the French Republic from 1798 to 1800. In the United States, the conflict was sometimes also referred to as the Undeclared War With France, the Pirate Wars, or the Half-War. | |
| 463851591 | Treaty of Alliance 1778 | - between America and France. In return for backing America in the war with resources such as goods, and capital, America agreed to recognize France's claim to the West Indies. No agreement for France's actually gain for taking part in the Alliance would come until after the war was over and America was secure from Britain. -The treaty is important because without the support of France, America would have never obtained the capabilities necessary for winning the war. France hoped to weaken Britain by its loss of the American colonies. French were persuaded to support the colonies after the victory at Saratoga. Both parties agreed that they would continue to fight until American Independence was won and neither would conclude a truce or peace without the formal consent of the other and France bound itself neither to seek Canada nor other British possessions on the mainland of North America. It was signed along with the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, in which France recognized the new US country and offered trade concessions, including important privileges in American shipping. - It was annulled after the death of the King during the French Revolution. | |
| 465370161 | Treaty of Paris 1783 | -The final treaty ending the Revolutionary War that was signed September 3, 1783. - 3 American delegates Franklin, Adams, John Jays were instructed to follow the lead of France. -The agreement remarkably favored the United States. It provided a clear-cut recognition of independence and a large, though ambiguous, cession of territory to the new nation, it was from the southern boundary of Canada to the northern boundary of Florida and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. The Americans celebrated as the last of the British occupation forces embarked from New York. loyalists to be compensated for seized property, fishing rights off of Newfoundland . The Yankees retained a share of Newfoundland. It greatly upset the Canadians. | |
| 465370162 | corrupt bargain | -In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. -Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. - Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State. | |
| 465370163 | loose constructionism | -supported by Alexander Hamilton (the federalists) where Hamilton believed you could take whatever action you wanted, as long as the Constitution did not specifically say you couldn't do it. | |
| 465370164 | strict constructionism | -beliefsupported by Thomas Jefferson and the other Republicans that the constitution should be read in such a way as to limit the powers of the federal government as much as possible. strict constructionists emphasize the importance of the tenth amendment, which reserves to the states all powers not explicitly granted to the federal government | |
| 465370165 | Lewis and Clark | -1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast. | |
| 465370166 | Gibbons v Ogden | -This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. -Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights. | |
| 465370167 | Treaty of Ghent | -1814 - signed in Belgium that ends the War of 1812 ; - but since news took over six weeks to get across, the Battle of New Orleans was still fought in 1815 -The treaty in essence, declared the war as a draw; however, the treaty proved to be popular since nothing was lost | |
| 465370168 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | -A red letter law by congress which stated that disputed land the Old Northwest was to be equally divided into townships and sold for federal income; promoted education and ended confusing legal disagreements over land. - It set up how the new land gained after the revolution would be distributed and organized. The ordinance set up townships that were 36 sq miles where each plot of land was 1 sq mile and the 16th plot was sold for public schooling. -The action was a huge success for the new government; it prevented a second revolution and was used for the later frontier states. | |
| 465370169 | Critical period | -Periods when a major, lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting one or both parties | |
| 465370170 | xyz affair | -1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. -The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress. | |
| 465370171 | war hawks | - nationalist Members of Congress including Henry Clay and John C Calhoun weary of British forced enlistment of soliders and limits put of American trade who wanted to declare war against Britain after the Battle of Tippecanoe | |
| 465370172 | Cotton gin | -Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. -Results: more cotton is grown and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields | |
| 465370173 | Eli Whitney | -an American inventor who developed the cotton gin. - Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged | |
| 465370174 | Articles of Confederation | -Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War - the Articles established the United States of America. -The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. -The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability. - The Constitution replaced them in 1789 | |
| 465370175 | Three-fifths Compromise | -this arrangement started with a conflict regarding geographic proportions. Southern delegates lived in large states with equally large populations of slaves who were not considered citizens. Southerners argued that although slaves could not vote, they still had to be managed by the state and should count as part of the population. Northerners, some of whom disliked the practice of slavery, agreed to this compromise in exchange for the passage of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. -the result- southern slaves would be counted as a fraction of a citizen.(3/5) | |
| 465370176 | Deism | -18th Century (1700's) concept which held that God created the world according to rational laws and that he was like a clockmaker who would not interfere in the natural order of things. | |
| 465370177 | Revolution of 1800 | The election of 1800 was against the 2 parties, Republican Jefferson and Federalists Adams. After much debate, Jefferson was rewarded victory. -It's called a revolution because it produced the first orderly transfer of power from one party to another- without violence. Success of the political system. | |
| 465370178 | full funding/ assumption | -The term refers to Alexander Hamilton's plan to refinance the national debt at par; that is, exchange new government securities for old government securities at their face value despite the fact that many persons holding these securities had purchased them from their original holder for a fraction of their face value. -this caused a growth in the treasury department and eventually lead to the Bank of the United States | |
| 465370179 | Virginia Plan | -Plan presented by delegates from Virginia at the Constitutional Convention; called for a three-branch government with a bicameral legislature in which each State's membership would be determined by its population or its financial support for the central government | |
| 465370180 | New Jersey Plan | -New Jersey delegate William Paterson's plan of government in opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states. | |
| 465370181 | Samuel Slater | -He was a British mechanic that memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea with him when he moved to America - in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. -He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories. | |
| 465370182 | Federalist | -Roughly during the period from 1789 to 1809 -This party was lead by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. They wanted a stronger national government that would rectify the pitfalls of the Articles of Confederation. Their supporters held a stronghold in New England and the Middle Colonies, as well as urban centers of commerce and manufacturing. | |
| 465370183 | First American Party System | -is a model of American politics used by political scientists and historians to periodize the political party system existing in the United States between roughly 1792 and 1824. It featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the Federalist Party, created largely by Alexander Hamilton, and the rival Democratic-Republican Party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. -The Federalists were dominant until 1800, and the Republicans were dominant after 1800 | |
| 465370184 | Benjamin Banneker | -African American mathematician and amateur astronomer; wrote a letter to Jefferson critisizing his proslavery views and urging the abolishment of slavery of the African American, which he compared to the enslavement of the American colonies by the British - Free African American who helped survey the land that would become the District of Columbia | |
| 465370185 | Marbury v Madison | -first time supreme court declared something 'unconstitutional', (1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review | |
| 465370186 | Bank of the United States | Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day. | |
| 465370187 | yeomen farmers | majority of Southern white society; small farmers with little or no slaves, had fertile lands but no access to marketplaces | |
| 465370188 | Virginia-Kentucky Resolutions | 1798-99- Angered over the passing of the Alien and Sedition Laws, Jefferson and Madison wrote resolutions that were passed by Kentucky and Virginia, respectively, that said the thirteen sovereign states were in a "compact" together, and the government was merely an agent of that compact. Thus, it was up to the states to determine whether the agent had overstepped its boundaries (which Jeffersonians felt it did with the Alien/Sedition Laws). The resolutions were submitted to the other states for approval with no real result; their chief importance lies in the fact that they were later considered to be the first notable statements of the states' rights theory of government, a theory that opened the way for the nullification controversy and ultimately for secession. | |
| 465370189 | Shay's Rebellion | a rebellion by debtor farmers in western Massachusetts, led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays, against Boston creditors. it began in 1786 and lasted half a year, threatening the economic interests of the business elite and contributing to the demise of the Articles of Confederation. | |
| 465370190 | Northwest Ordinance | The 1787 Northwest Ordinance defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory. He ordinance forbade slavery in the territory but allowed citizens to vote on the legality of slavery once statehood had been established. The Northwest Ordinance was the most lasting measure of the national government under the Articles of Confederation | |
| 465370191 | Lowell | City north of Boston, Massachusetts, that became the largest of the mill towns in the manufacture of textiles during te American Industrial Revolution. | |
| 465370192 | Walthan System | was a labor and production model employed in the United States, particularly in New England, during the early years of the American textile industry in the early 19th Century. Made possible by inventions such as the spinning jenny, spinning mule, and water frame in England around the time of the American Revolution, the textile industry was among the earliest mechanized industries, and models of production and labor sources were first explored here. | |
| 465370193 | Lowell girls | In a textile mill at Lowell, Massachusetts virtually all of the workers were New England farm girls. They were supervised on and off the job, and even escorted to and from church. They had few opportunities to express their discontentment regardiong their working conditions. Was one example of inhumane labor conditions in America during the Industrial Revolution. | |
| 465370194 | Erie Canal | A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. The Canal resulted in a massive population surge in western New York, and opened regions further west to increased settlement | |
| 465370195 | impressment | British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British. | |
| 465370196 | Declaration of Independence | Formally approved by the Congress on July 4, 1776. it established the 13 American colonies as independent states, free from rule by Great Britian. (Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document) It has been a source of inspiration to countless revolutionary movements against arbitrary authority. The document sharply separated Loyalists from Patriots and helped to start the American Revolution by allowing England to hear of the colonists disagreements with British authority., | |
| 465370197 | Missouri Compromise | This was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. The South won Missouri as a slave state, and the North won Maine and prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' . It showed that compromise again prevented break up. | |
| 465370198 | Adams-Onis Teaty | The Adams-Onís Treaty between the United States and Spain was negotiated by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and the Spanish Minister to the United States, Don Luis de Onís, and signed in February 1819. The principal elements in the treaty were the acquisition of Florida by the United States and the establishment of a boundary line between Spanish territory and the United States. By the terms of this boundary, the United States agreed that Texas was on the Spanish side of the line, and Spain agreed to give up its claim to the Northwest Territory north of forty-two degrees. The treaty was approved by the U.S. Senate on February 24, 1819. However, Spanish authorities delayed their approval until 1821. The Senate approved the treaty a second time, and President Monroe ratified and exchanged it with Spanish authorities in February, 1821. | |
| 465370199 | American System | The American System, originally called "The American Way", was a mercantilist economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century. Rooted in the "American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton, the plan "consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts:1. A tariff to protect and promote American industry; 2. A national bank to foster commerce; and 3. Federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agriculture." Congressman Henry Clay was the plan's foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as the "American System". | |
| 465370200 | Bill of rights | The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press. | |
| 465370201 | Judicial Review | The power of a court to determine the constitutionality of a governmental action | |
| 465370202 | Era of Good Feelings | The period after the end of the War of 1812 in which partisan animosity nearly vanished. | |
| 465370203 | Citizen Genet | In 1793 he was dispatched to the United States to promote American support for France's wars with Spain and Britain. His goals in were to recruit and arm American privateers which would join French expeditions against the British. He also organized American volunteers to fight Britain's Spanish allies in Florida. His actions endangered American neutrality in the war between France and Britain, which Washington had pointedly declared in his Neutrality Proclamation. | |
| 465370204 | Alien and Sedition Acts | These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at war with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts. | |
| 465370205 | Pinckney Treaty | agreement between Spain and the United States, fixing the southern boundary of the United States at 31° N latitude and establishing commercial arrangements favorable to the United States. U.S. citizens were accorded free navigation of the Mississippi River through Spanish territory as well as privilege of a tax-free deposit. This treaty showed that the U.S. was slowly becoming a world player, as they made a treaty with Britain the previous year. |
