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| 101849901 | midnight appointments | Adams signed the commissions for these Federal judges during his last night in office. Demonstrated the Federalists' last minute attempt to keep some power in the newly Republican Government. | |
| 101849902 | marbury vs. madison | Case in which the supreme court first asserted th power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional | |
| 101849903 | john marshall | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams | |
| 101849904 | judicial review | the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional | |
| 101849905 | louisiana purchase | The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size. | |
| 101849906 | lewis and clark | Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase. | |
| 101849907 | war of 1812 | War between the U.S. and Great Britain which lasted until 1814, ending with the Treaty of Ghent and a renewed sense of American nationalism | |
| 101849908 | impressing | capturing sailors and forcing them to work in the navy | |
| 101849909 | embargo act of 1807 | This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act. | |
| 101849910 | james madison | Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812 | |
| 101849911 | war hawks | Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand. | |
| 101849912 | henry clay | Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state | |
| 101849913 | john calhoun | He wrote the anonymous essay arguing that as creators of the federal union, states could nullify any act of congress they found unconstitutional | |
| 101849914 | american manufacturing | fostered by embargoes of War of 1812. America was made more self-sufficient | |
| 101849915 | national road | First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition. | |
| 101849916 | american system | an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power. | |
| 101849917 | mcculloch vs. maryland | The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank. | |
| 101849918 | panic of 1819 | A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank. | |
| 101849919 | john q adams | won first election over jackson by having Henry Clay Sway vote in house of representatives | |
| 101849920 | monroe doctrine | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. | |
| 101849921 | missouri compromise | an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories | |
| 101849922 | election of 1824 | No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain." | |
| 101849923 | congressional caucuses | party or special interest groups formed by like-minded members of congress to confer on issues of mutual concern | |
| 101849924 | corrupt bargain | In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State. | |
| 101849925 | modern democratic party | the modern-day, major political party whose antecedents can be traced to the Democratic Republican Party of the early 1800s; it was born after the disputed election of 1824, in which candidates-all Democratic Republicans-divided on issues and by sections. Supporters of Andrew Jackson, outraged by the election's outcome, organized around Jackson to prepare for the election of 1828. After that election, this organization became known as the Democratic Party. | |
| 101849926 | spoils system | the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power | |
| 101849927 | jacksonian democracy | A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme. | |
| 101849928 | universal manhood suffrage | principle that every man had the right to vote, regardless of whether he owned property. | |
| 101849929 | indian removal act | removed indians from southern states and put them on reservations in the midwest | |
| 101849930 | second bank of the united states | chartered in 1816, ; it could not forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel the state banks to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business. | |
| 101849931 | nullification | The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution. | |
| 101849932 | tariff of 1828 | a protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress that came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy; it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products. | |
| 101849933 | tariff of 1832 | a tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act | |
| 101849934 | specie circular | Issued by Jackson - attempt to stop states from speculating land with money they printed that was not backed by anything - required land speculation in speci; Provided that in payment for public lands, the government would accept only gold or silver | |
| 101849935 | nat turner's rebellion | Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families | |
| 101849937 | martin van buren | Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836 | |
| 101849939 | panic of 1837 | First Depression in American history; Banks lost money, people lost faith in banks, and country lost faith in President Martin van Buren; lasted four years; due to large state debts, expansion of credit by numerous, unfavorable balance of crop failures, and frenzy that was caused by the avalanche of land speculation. | |
| 101849941 | william henry harrison | 9th president. Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe. Nominated as the Whig's presidential candidate for 1840. Proven vote getter. Military hero who expressed few opinions on national issues and had not political record to defend. | |
| 101849943 | john tyler | elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery | |
| 101849945 | market economy | economic system in which decisions on production and consumption of goods and services are based on voluntary exchange in markets | |
| 101849947 | boom and bust cycles | free markets go from economic boom to losing a lot | |
| 101849949 | eli whitney | United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825) | |
| 101849951 | interchangeable parts | identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufactoring | |
| 101849953 | power loom | The power loom was a steam-powered, mechanically operated version of a regular loom, an invention that combined threads to make cloth. It was invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785 | |
| 101849955 | lowell system | dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills | |
| 101849957 | national road | First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition. | |
| 101849959 | erie canal | A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. | |
| 101849961 | steamships | Originated in Britain in the early 1800s. Originally not faster but more accurate; eventually became faster and really affected trade By 1850 passengers could travel | |
| 101849963 | railroads | Networks of iron rails on which steam locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. First railroads were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused a railroad building boom lasting into the 20th Century | |
| 101849965 | telegraph | apparatus used to communicate at a distance over a wire (usually in Morse code) | |
| 101849967 | morse code | a telegraph code in which letters and numbers are represented by strings of dots and dashes (short and long signals) |
