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| 322996778 | new immigrants | These were immigrants that were recently arriving into America. These were unskilled laborers that filled the jobs no one else wanted. (second phase) | |
| 322996779 | old immigrants | These were immigrants that came during the first phase of immigration (1840s) who were usually Irish and German. These people were second generation, which meant that they have assimilated into America, gotten into politics, and opened their own shops. Their position in government and hypocritical nature made them hostile to new immigrants, passing laws against them. | |
| 322996780 | radical reconstruction | Was a period in United States history, 1863-1877, that resolved the issues of the American Civil War when both the Confederacy and its system of slavery were destroyed | |
| 322996781 | black codes | laws passed in the south just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit african american workers | |
| 322996782 | 13th amendment | This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States. | |
| 322996783 | 14th amendment | This amendment declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels. | |
| 322996784 | 15th amendment | Ratified 1870. One of the "Reconstruction Amendments". Provided that no government in the United States shall prevent a citizen from voting based on the citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude. | |
| 322996785 | Plessy vs. Ferguson | (1896) The Court ruled that segregation was not discriminatory (did not violate black civil rights under the Fourteenth Amendemnt) provide that blacks received accommodations equal to those of whites. | |
| 322996786 | Populist Party | U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies | |
| 322996787 | bread and butter unionisms | 1880s - Also known as Business Unionism - solely focused on wages, hours, and working conditions (not Socal problems) | |
| 322996788 | Joseph Pulitzer | United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911), developed yellow journalism | |
| 322996789 | Molly McGuires | Irish miners that employed the tactics of intimidation and violence in a confrontation against the hard coal mining companies in the 19th century. | |
| 322996790 | Spanish-American War | War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. | |
| 322996791 | Knights of Labor | 1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed | |
| 322996792 | American Federation of Labor | a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955 | |
| 322996793 | National Labor Union | 1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers | |
| 322996794 | crop lien system | System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans. | |
| 322996795 | sharecropping | a system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops | |
| 322996796 | Helen Hunt Jackson | A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture. | |
| 322996797 | Century of Dishonor | written by Helen Hunt Jackson. aroused public awareness of the federal government's long record of betraying and cheating the Natives, | |
| 322996798 | Booker T. Washington | Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery." | |
| 322996799 | Social Gospel | A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation. | |
| 322996800 | Gospel of Wealth | This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. | |
| 322996801 | Dawes Act | An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism. | |
| 322996802 | jingoism | extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy | |
| 322996803 | yellow journalism | Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers | |
| 322996804 | Sherman Anti-Trust Act | First United States law to limit trusts and big business. Said that any trust that was purposefully restraining interstate trade was illegal. | |
| 322996805 | Alfred Thayer Mahan | a United States Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. Several ships were named USS Mahan, including the lead vessel of a class of destroyers. His research into naval History led to his most important work, The Influence of Seapower Upon History,1660-1783, published in 1890 | |
| 322996806 | social Darwinism | The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. | |
| 322996807 | settlement house movement | Starting in England, they were houses which connected the students of universities with their neighbors in slum cities. These houses helped education, savings, sports, and arts for people. The Hull House is one of the most famous. | |
| 322996808 | horizontal integration | absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level | |
| 322996809 | vertical integration | Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution | |
| 322996810 | William Jennings Bryan | This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial. | |
| 322996811 | Freedmen's Bureau | 1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs | |
| 322996812 | cult of domesticity | the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house | |
| 322996813 | Battle of Little Bighorn | In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died | |
| 322996814 | Sioux Wars | lasted from 1876-1877. These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and white men. They were spurred by gold-greedy miners rushing into Sioux land. The white men were breaking their treaty with the Indians. The Sioux Indians wre led by Sitting Bull and they were pushed by Custer's forces. Custer led these forces until he was killed at the battle at Little Bighorn. Many of the Indian were finally forced into Canada, where they were forced by starvation to surrender. | |
| 322996815 | Boxer Rebellion | Also known as The Boxer Uprising, this was the popular peasant uprising in China (supported nationally), that blamed foreign people and institutions for the loss of the traditional Chinese way of life. "Boxers" were traditionally skilled fighters that attacked Westerners, beginning with Christian missionaries. | |
| 322996816 | Turner (Frontier) Thesis | Theory put forth by Frederick Turner that stated the frontier was the source of American vitality and exceptionalism. | |
| 322996817 | Gilded Age | A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government. | |
| 322996818 | Samuel Gompers | He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers. | |
| 332626555 | pragmatism | A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations. | |
| 332626556 | William James | United States pragmatic philosopher and psychologist (1842-1910) | |
| 332626557 | Tenure of Office Act | 1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet | |
| 332626558 | William Randolph Hearst | A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism." | |
| 332626559 | Granger Laws | A set of laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates. | |
| 332626560 | Henry George | He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism. (limited land and growing population raised property values) | |
| 332626561 | Bland-Allison Act | 1878 - Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900. | |
| 332626562 | Edwin Stanton | Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln. President Andrew Johnson dismissed him in spite of the Tenure of Office Act, and as a result, Congress wanted Johnson's impeachment. | |
| 332626563 | the Grange | It was a farmers' movement involving the affiliation of local farmers into area "granges" to work for their political and economic advantages. The official name of the National Grange is the Patrons of Husbandry the Granger movement was successful in regulating the railroads and grain warehouses | |
| 332626564 | Young Men's Christian Association | YMCA, came from England in the 1850's and grew rapidly, to respond to human needs, devoting themselves to community service and care of the unfortunate, they had facilities for social programs, gyms, libraries, etc. It developed due to the social problems of the crowded cities | |
| 332626565 | open range | A vast area of grassland owned by the government where ranchers could graze their herds for free | |
| 332626566 | Pullman strike | in Chicago, 1894 - nonviolent strike (brought down the railway system in most of the West) at the Pullman Palace Car Co. over wages - Prez. Cleveland shut it down because it was interfering with mail delivery | |
| 332626567 | Frederick Olmstead | Architect of New York's Central Park, first major public park in the United States. Helped harmonize the city and bring rural beauty. Influenced the behavior of lawless and unfortunate people. Built in the 1850s. | |
| 332626568 | injunction | (law) a judicial remedy issued in order to prohibit a party from doing or continuing to do a certain activity | |
| 332626569 | Crime of '73 | through the coinage act of 1873, the US ended the minting of silver dollars and placed the country on the gold standard. this was attacked by those who supported an inflationary monetary policy, particularly farmers and believed in the unlimited coinage of silver | |
| 332626570 | Platt amendment | Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble | |
| 332626571 | Horatio Alger | Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work | |
| 332626572 | John D. Rockefeller | Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. (Standard Oil Company) | |
| 332626573 | Jacob Riis | Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen | |
| 332626574 | Haymarket Incident | (1886) Chicago police advanced on a meeting that had been called to protest supposed brutalities by authorities. Dynamite bomb thrown and dozens were killed. Knights of labor were blamed for this incident, and lost public support | |
| 332626575 | scalawags | A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners | |
| 332626576 | Compromise of 1877 | Ended Reconstruction. between Hayes and Tilden Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river | |
| 332626577 | Atlanta Compromise | argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement. | |
| 332626578 | John Dewey | He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard." | |
| 332626579 | Thomas Nast | Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed. | |
| 332626580 | Sherman Silver Act | Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency. | |
| 332626581 | Pendleton Act | Passed in 1883, an Act that created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage. | |
| 332626582 | Salvation Army | a charitable and religious organization to evangelize and to care for the poor and homeless | |
| 332626583 | Munn vs. Illinios | Allowed states to regulate certain business within their borders including railroads. (upheld Granger laws) | |
| 332626584 | Interstate Commerce Act | Approved on February 4, 1887 the Interstate Commerce Act created an Interstate Commerce Commission to oversee the conduct of the railroad industry. With this act the railroads became the first industry subject to Federal regulation. | |
| 332626585 | Louis Sullivan | Known as the father of the skyscraper because he designed the first steel-skeleton skyscraper. | |
| 332626586 | long drives | A cattle drive in which Texas ranchers drove herds of cattle north to be sold in northern markets | |
| 332626587 | John Peter Altgeld | Governor of Illinois (1893-1897); improved child labor & safety laws; pardoned those accused in Haymarket riot & lost his job. | |
| 332626588 | J.P. Morgan | Business man -refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads - marketed US governemnt securities on large scale | |
| 332626589 | Chief Joseph | Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations, gave a speech ientitled "I will fight no more forever" | |
| 332626590 | Cross of Gold | William Jennings Bryan's famous speech that criticized the monetary policy of the government for being too hard on the farmer; said in the speech that farmers were being crucified on this | |
| 332626591 | Ida Wells | the lynching of blacks outraged her, an african american journalist. in her newspaper, free speech, wells urged african americans to protest the lynchings. she called for a boycott of segregated street cars and white owned stores. she spoke out despite threats to her life. | |
| 332626592 | Civil Rights Act of 1866 | Passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition. | |
| 332626593 | Farmer's Alliance | A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy | |
| 332626594 | Jim Crow Laws | Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights | |
| 332626595 | redemption | repayment of the principal amount of a debt or security at or before maturity (as when a corporation repurchases its own stock) | |
| 332626596 | "waving the bloody shirt" | This was a campaign tactic used by post-Civil War Republicans to remind northern voters that the Confederates were Democrats. The device was used to divert attention away from the competence of candidates and from serious issues. It was also used to appeal to black voters in the South. | |
| 332626597 | Seward's Folly | many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly. | |
| 332626598 | Edward Bellamy | In 1888, he wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a description of a utopian society in the year 2000. (capitalism will result in socialism) | |
| 332626599 | Boss Tweed | William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million. | |
| 332626600 | Chautauqua Movement | One of the first adult education programs. Started in 1874 as a summer training program for Sunday School teachers, it developed into a travelling lecture series and adult summer school which traversed the country providing religious and secular education though lectures and classes. | |
| 332626601 | forty acres and a mule | failed attempt to help freed blacks during reconstruction - had promised blacks forty acres of land and a mule to plow with | |
| 332626602 | Coxey's Army | a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time | |
| 332626603 | Chinese Exclusion Act | Pased in 1882; banned Chinese immigration in US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease. | |
| 332626604 | Andrew Carnegie | Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons" | |
| 332626605 | Credit Moblier Scandal | Union Pacific Railway created a ficticious construction company and hired itself to work (using government funds), scandal broke loose and leaders attempted to bribe Congress with Union Pacific stock | |
| 332626606 | Teller Amendment | This Amendment was drafter by Henry M. Teller which declared that the US had no desire for control in Cuba & pledged the US would leave the island alone. | |
| 332626607 | Wounded Knee | In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived. | |
| 332626608 | Anti-Saloon League | National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking. | |
| 332626609 | Women's Christian Temperance Union | This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol. |
