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| 698329152 | Atlanta Compromise | Booker T. Washington's speech encouraged blacks to seek a vocational education in order to rise above their second-class status in society. | |
| 698329153 | Bourbons or Redeemers | Bourbons: from 1876 to 1904 to refer to a member of the Democratic Party, conservative or classical liberal, especially one who supported President Grover Cleveland in 1884-1888/1892-1896 and Alton B. Parker in 1904. After 1904, the Bourbons faded away. Redeemers: a political coalition in the Southern United States during the Reconstruction era, who sought to oust the Republican coalition of freedmen, carpetbaggers and scalawags. They were the southern wing of the Bourbon Democrats, who were the conservative, pro-business wing of the Democratic Party. | |
| 698329154 | Civil Rights Act of 1875 | The Civil Rights Act (1875) was introduced to Congress by Charles Sumner and Benjamin Butler in 1870 but did not become law until 1st March, 1875. It promised that all persons, regardless of race, color, or previous condition, was entitled to full and equal employment of accommodation in "inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement." In 1883 the Supreme Court declared the act as unconstitutional and asserted that Congress did not have the power to regulate the conduct and transactions of individuals. | |
| 698329155 | Civil Rights Cases, 1833 | In the Civil Rights Cases decision of 1883, the U.S. Supreme Court limited the powers of Congress with its finding that the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment did not pertain to actions involving private parties. This case decided five similar discrimination cases that had been grouped together as the Civil Rights Cases when they were heard by the Supreme Court. | |
| 698329156 | Disenfranchisement | 1898 - The Mississippi supreme court ruled in Williams v. Mississippi that poll taxes and literacy tests, which took away blacks' right to vote (a practice known as "disenfranchisement"), were legal. | |
| 698329157 | George Washington Carver | A black chemist and director of agriculture at the Tuskegee Institute, where he invented many new uses for peanuts. He believed that education was the key to improving the social status of blacks. | |
| 698329158 | Grandfather clause | Said that a citizen could vote only if his grandfather had been able to vote. At the time, the grandfathers of black men in the South had been slaves with no right to vote. Another method for disenfranchising blacks. | |
| 698329159 | (Joel Chandler) Harris | Wrote the "Uncle Remis" stories, which promoted black stereotypes and used them for humor. | |
| 698329160 | Jim Crow laws | State laws which created a racial caste system in the South. They included the laws which prevented blacks from voting and those which created segregated facilities. | |
| 698329161 | Lynching | The practice of an angry mob hanging a perceived criminal without regard to due process. In the South, blacks who did not behave as the inferiors to whites might be lynched by white mobs. | |
| 698329162 | Mississippi Plan | 1890 - In order to vote in Mississippi, citizens had to display the receipt which proved they had paid the poll tax and pass a literacy test by reading and interpreting a selection from the Constitution. Prevented blacks, who were generally poor and uneducated, from voting. | |
| 698329163 | NAACP | Founded in 1909 by a group of black and white intellectuals to advance black rights. | |
| 698329164 | The Crisis | The NAACP's pamphlet, which borrowed the name from Thomas Paine's speech about the American Revolution. | |
| 698329165 | New South, Henry Grady | 1886 - His speech said that the South wanted to grow, embrace industry, and eliminate racism and Confederate separatist feelings. Was an attempt to get Northern businessmen to invest in the South. | |
| 698329166 | Niagara Movement | A group of black and white reformers, including W. E. B. DuBois. They organized the NAACP in 1909. | |
| 698329167 | Sharecropping, crop lien laws | Sharecropping provided the necessities for Black farmers. Storekeepers granted credit until the farm was harvested. To protect the creditor, the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. The system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of. The results, for Blacks, was not unlike slavery. | |
| 698329168 | Slaughterhouse Cases | A series of post-Civil War Supreme Court cases containing the first judicial pronouncements on the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. The Court held that these amendments had been adopted solely to protect the rights of freed blacks, and could not be extended to guarantee the civil rights of other citizens against deprivations of due process by state governments. These rulings were disapproved by later decisions. | |
| 698329169 | Springfield, IL riot 1908 | On the evening of August 14,1908, a race war broke out in the Illinois capital of Springfield. Angry over reports that a black man had sexually assaulted a white woman, a white mob wanted to take a recently arrested suspect from the city jail and kill him. | |
| 698329170 | "Talented tenth" | According to W.E.B. Dubois, the ten percent of the black population that had the talent to bring respect and equality to all blacks. | |
| 698329171 | W.E.B. Du Bois | A black orator and essayist. Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He disagreed with Booker T. Washington's theories, and took a militant position on race relations. | |
| 698329172 | 16 to 1 | Standard proposed by "Coin Harvey" for bimetallism in which gold was worth 16X silver. | |
| 698329173 | Barbed wire, Joseph Glidden | He marketed the first barbed wire, solving the problem of how to fence cattle in the vast open spaces of the Great Plains where lumber was scarce, thus changing the American West. | |
| 698329174 | Battle of the Little Big Horn | 1876 - General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. | |
| 698329175 | Battle of Wounded Knee | 1890 - The Sioux, convinced they had been made invincible by magic, were massacred by troops at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. | |
| 698329176 | Bimetallism | Use of two metals, gold and silver, for currency as America did with the Bland-Allison Act and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. Ended in 1900 with the enactment of the Gold Standard Act. | |
| 698329177 | Bland-Allison Act | 1878 - Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900. | |
| 698329178 | Chief Joseph | Lead the Nez Perce during the hostilities between the tribe and the U.S. Army in 1877. His speech "I Will Fight No More Forever" mourned the young Indian men killed in the fighting. | |
| 698329179 | Chivington massacre | November 28, 1861 - Colonel Chivington and his troops killed 450 Indians in a friendly Cheyenne village in Colorado. | |
| 698329180 | Comstock Lode | Rich deposits of silver found in Nevada in 1859. | |
| 698329181 | "Cross of Gold" speech | Given by Bryan on June 18, 1896. He said people must not be "crucified on a cross of gold", referring to the Republican proposal to eliminate silver coinage and adopt a strict gold standard. | |
| 698329182 | Dawes Severalty Act, 1887 | Also called the General Allotment Act, it tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land. Designed to forestall growing Indian poverty, it resulted in many Indians losing their lands to speculators. | |
| 698329183 | Depression of 1893 | In some places it began before 1890, in a deep agricultural crisis that hit Southern cotton-growing regions and the Great Plains in the late 1880s. The shock hit Wall Street and urban areas in 1893, as part of a massive worldwide economic crisis. A quarter of the nation's railroads went bankrupt; in some cities, unemployment among industrial workers exceeded 20 or even 25 percent. | |
| 698329184 | Election of 1896 | McKinley (Gold, Republican) vs. Bryan (Silver, Democrat) | |
| 698329185 | Farmer's Alliance | Movement which focused on cooperation between farmers. They all agreed to sell crops at the same high prices to eliminate competition. Not successful. | |
| 698329186 | Frederick Jackson Turner, Frontier Thesis | American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems. | |
| 698329187 | Free silver | Movement for using silver in all aspects of currency. Not adopted because all other countries used a gold standard. | |
| 698329188 | Gold Standard Act, 1900 | 1900 - This was signed by McKinley. It stated that all paper money would be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold gold in reserve in case people decided they wanted to trade in their money. Eliminated silver coins, but allowed paper Silver Certificates issued under the Bland-Allison Act to continue to circulate. | |
| 698329189 | Granger Movement | 1867 - Nation Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. A group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers. They opposed corrupt business practices and monopolies, and supported relief for debtors. Although technically not a political party, local granges led to the creation of a number of political parties, which eventually joined with the growing labor movement to form the Progressive Party. | |
| 698329190 | Great American Desert | Region between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains. Vast domain became accessible to Americans wishing to settle there. This region was called the "Great American Desert" in atlases published between 1820 and 1850, and many people were convinced this land was a Sahara habitable only to Indians. The phrase had been coined by Major Long during his exploration of the middle of the Louisiana Purchase region. | |
| 698329192 | Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor | A muckraker whose book exposed the unjust manner in which the U.S. government had treated the Indians. Protested the Dawes Severalty Act. | |
| 698329194 | Homestead Act, 1862 | 1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration. | |
| 698329196 | Ignatius Donnelly | A leader of the Populist Party in Minnesota. | |
| 698329198 | Indian Appropriations Act, 1871 | 1851 - The U.S. government reorganized Indian land and moved the Indians onto reservations. | |
| 698329200 | James B. Weaver | He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West. | |
| 698329202 | Mary Ellen Lease | A speaker for the Populist Party and the Farmer's Alliance. One of the founders of the Populist Party. | |
| 698329205 | Ocala Demands | The platform called for an eight-hour workday and immigration restriction, strongly condemned the use of Pinkerton detectives against strikers, and supported such political reforms as the secret ballot, initiative, and referendum. | |
| 698329207 | Oliver H. Kelley | Worked in the Department of Agriculture and lead the Granger Movement. | |
| 698329208 | Plains Indians | Posed a serious threat to western settlers because, unlike the Eastern Indians from early colonial days, the Plains Indians possessed rifles and horses. | |
| 698329210 | Populist Party platform , Omaha Platform, 1892 | -Officially named the People's Party, but commonly known as the Populist Party, it was founded in 1891 in Cincinnati, Ohio. -Wrote a platform for the 1892 election (running for president-James Weaver, vice president-James Field) in which they called for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers. The part was split between South and West. | |
| 698329212 | Repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchases Act | 1893 - Act repealed by President Cleveland to protect gold reserves. | |
| 698329214 | Safety valve thesis | Proposed by Frederick Jackson Turner to explain America's unique non-European culture, held that people who couldn't succeed in eastern society could move west for cheap land and a new start. | |
| 698329216 | Sherman Silver Purchase Act | 1890 - Directed the Treasury to buy even larger amounts of silver that the Bland-Allison Act and at inflated prices. The introduction of large quantities of overvalued silver into the economy lead to a run on the federal gold reserves, leading to the Panic of 1893. Repealed in 1893. | |
| 698329218 | William Jennings Bryan | Democratic and Populist leader and a magnetic orator who ran unsuccessfully three times for the U.S. presidency (1896, 1900, 1908). His enemies regarded him as an ambitious demagogue, but his supporters viewed him as a champion of liberal causes. | |
| 698329220 | Aguinaldo, Philippine insurrection | Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) led a Filipino insurrection against the Spanish in 1896 and assisted the U.S. invasion. He served as leader of the provisional government but was removed by the U.S. because he wanted to make the Philippines independent before the U.S. felt it was ready for independence. | |
| 698329222 | American Anti-Imperialist League | A league containing anti-imperialist groups; it was never strong due to differences on domestic issues. Isolationists. | |
| 698329224 | Annexation of Hawaii | By the late 1800s, U.S. had exclusive use of Pearl Harbor. In July 1898, Congress made Hawaii a U.S. territory, for the use of the islands as naval ports. | |
| 698329226 | Assistant Secretary of Navy Theodore Roosevelt | In charge of the navy when the Maine crisis occurred, he had rebuilt the navy and tried to start a war with Cuba. | |
| 698329228 | Boxer Rebellion | 1900 - A secret Chinese society called the Boxers because their symbol was a fist revolted against foreigners in their midst and laid siege to foreign legislations in Beijing. | |
| 698329230 | Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan | In 1890, he wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History. He was a proponent of building a large navy. He said that a new, modern navy was necessary to protect the international trade America depended on. | |
| 698329232 | Clayton-Bulwer Treaty | 1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881. | |
| 698329234 | Cleveland and Hawaii | President Cleveland did not want to forcibly annex Hawaii, so he waited five years to do so. McKinley finally did it. Cleveland felt the annexation overstepped the federal government's power. | |
| 698329235 | "Colossus of the North" | 1906 - Relations between U.S. and Canada including a reciprocal trade agreement. Tight relations made the U.S. and Canada a "Colossus." | |
| 698329237 | Commodore Dewey, Manila Bay | May 1, 1898 - Commodore Dewey took his ship into Manila Bay, in the Philippine Islands, and attacked the Spanish Pacific fleet there. The U.S. had been planning to take this strategic port in the Pacific. Dewey caught the Spanish at anchor in the bay and sank or crippled their entire fleet. | |
| 698329239 | Dominican Republic | In 1905, the U.S. imposed financial restrictions upon this Caribbean nation. Part of making sure Latin America traded with the U.S. and not Europe. | |
| 698329241 | Drago Doctrine | Argentine jurist, Luis Drago, proposed that European countries could not use force to collect debts owed by countries in the Americas. They could not blockade South American ports. Adopted as part of the Hague Convention in 1907. | |
| 698329243 | Elihu Root | Secretary of War under Roosevelt, he reorganized and modernized the U.S. Army. Later served as ambassador for the U.S. and won the 1912 Nobel Peace Prize. | |
| 698329244 | Extraterritoriality | In the 1920's, China awaited an end to the exemption of foreigners accused of crimes from China's legal jurisdiction. | |
| 698329246 | Gentleman's Agreement | In 1907 Theodore Roosevelt arranged with Japan that Japan would voluntarily restrict the emmigration of its nationals to the U.S. | |
| 698329248 | Great White Fleet | 1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement." | |
| 698329250 | Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty | 1903 - U.S. guaranteed the independence of the newly-created Republic of Panama. | |
| 698329252 | Hay-Herran Treaty | Kept the purchase price of the canal strip in Panama the same but enlarged the area from 6 to 10 miles. | |
| 698329254 | Hay-Pauncefote Treaty | 1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama Canal Zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal. | |
| 698329256 | Insular Cases | A group of‐some fourteen decisions of the period 1901-1904 that involve the application of the Constitution and Bill of Rights to overseas territories. The cases arose after the United States acquired island territories through the treaty ending the Spanish‐American War (1898). The nation's determination to become a world power, as evidenced by the war and the acquisition of foreign territories, received overwhelming popular endorsement in the presidential election of 1900. | |
| 698329258 | James G. Blaine, Pan-Americanism | The 1884 nomination for the Republican presidential candidate. Pan-Americanism stated that events in the Americans affected the U.S. and we thus had reason to intervene. | |
| 698329260 | Josiah Strong, Our Country | In this book, Strong argued that the American country and people were superior because they were Anglo-Saxon. | |
| 698329262 | Lansing-Ishii Agreement, 1917 | Lessened the tension in the feuds between the U.S. and Japan by recognizing Japan's sphere of influence in China in exchange for Japan's continued recognition of the Open Door policy in China. | |
| 698329264 | Maine explosion | February 15, 1898 - An explosion from a mine in the Bay of Havana crippled the warship Maine. The U.S. blamed Spain for the incident and used it as an excuse to go to war with Spain. | |
| 698329266 | Most favored nation clause | Part of RTA Act in 1834, allowed a nation to make a special agreement with another nation and give them a preferential low tariff rate. | |
| 698329268 | Panama Canal | Built to make passage between Atlantic and Pacific oceans easier and faster. | |
| 698329270 | Panama revolution | The Isthmus of Panama had been part of Columbia. U.S. tried to negotiate with Columbia to build the Panama Canal. Columbia refused, so U.S. encouraged Panama to revolt. Example of Big Stick diplomacy. | |
| 698329272 | Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico | The U.S. acquired these territories from Spain through the Treaty of Paris (1898), which ended the Spanish-American War. | |
| 698329274 | Platt Amendment | A rider to the Army Appropriations Bill of 1901, it specified the conditions under which the U.S. could intervene in Cuba's internal affairs, and provided that Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation that might impair its independence. Its provisions where later incorporated into the Cuban Constitution. | |
| 698329276 | Protectorate | A weak country under the control and protection of a stronger country. Puerto Rico, Cuba, etc. were protectorates of the U.S. | |
| 698329278 | Queen Liliuokalani | Queen of Hawaii who gave the U.S. naval rights to Pearl Harbor in 1887. Deposed by American settlers in 1893. | |
| 698329280 | Re-concentration policy | General Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau began a policy of moving Cuban civilians to central locations where they would be under the control of the Spanish army. In addition, he put the entire island under martial law. The Cuban civilians alive and protected until the Spanish were victorious. Unfortunately at least 30% perished from lack of proper food, sanitary conditions, and medicines. The policy generated severe anti-Spanish feeling in the United States which helped propel it into war in 1898. Finally, it did not benefit the Spanish in the war. | |
| 698329282 | Roosevelt's Big Stick diplomacy | Roosevelt said, "walk softly and carry a big stick." In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen. It was his foreign policy in Latin America. | |
| 698329284 | Roosevelt Corollary | U.S. would act as international policemen. An addition to the Monroe Doctrine. | |
| 698329286 | Root-Takahira Agreement | 1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China. | |
| 698329288 | Rough Riders, San Juan Hill | 1898 - Theodore Roosevelt formed the Rough Riders (volunteers) to fight in the Spanish- American War in Cuba. They charged up San Juan Hill during the battle of Santiago. It made Roosevelt popular. | |
| 698329289 | Russo-Japanese War, Treaty of Portsmouth | Japan had attacked the Russian Pacific fleet over Russia's refusal to withdraw its troops from Manchuria after the Boxer Rebellion (1904-1905) War fought mainly in Korea. Japan victorious, the U.S. mediated the end of the war. Negotiating the treaty in the U.S. increased U.S. prestige. Roosevelt received a Nobel Peace Prize for the mediation. | |
| 698329291 | San Francisco School Board incident | 1906 - Racist schools segregated Chinese, Korean and Japanese students because of anti-oriental sentiment in California. | |
| 698329293 | Secretary of State John Hay, Open Door Notes | September, 1899 - Hay sent imperialist nations a note asking them to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market. | |
| 698329295 | Spheres of influence | Region in which political and economic control is exerted by on European nation to the exclusion of all others. Spheres of influence appeared primarily in the East, and also in Africa. | |
| 698329297 | Teller Amendment | April 1896 - U.S. declared Cuba free from Spain, but the Teller Amendment disclaimed any American intention to annex Cuba. | |
| 698329299 | Treaty of Paris, 1898 | Approved by the Senate on February 6, 1898, it ended the Spanish-American War. The U.S. gained Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. | |
| 698329301 | USS Oregon | Warship involved in Spanish-American blockade in Cuba in 1898. Went from Cuba to the Philippines by going around the Southern tip of South America. Showed that we need a better route between the Atlantic and the Pacific | |
| 698329303 | Walter Reed | Discovered that the mosquito transmitted yellow fever and developed a cure. Yellow fever was the leading cause of death of American troops in the Spanish-American War. | |
| 698329305 | "Yellow journalism" | Term used to describe the sensationalist newspaper writings of the time. They were written on cheap yellow paper. The most famous yellow journalist was William Randolf Hearst. Yellow journalism was considered tainted journalism - omissions and half-truths. | |
| 698329307 | 16th Amendment | Amendment authorized Congress to levy an income tax. 1913 | |
| 698329309 | 17th Amendment | Amendment gave the power to elect senators to the people. Senators had previously been appointed by the legislatures of their states. 1919 | |
| 698329311 | 18th Amendment | Amendment prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. 1920 | |
| 698329313 | 19th Amendment | Amendment gave women the right to vote. | |
| 698329315 | ABC powers | Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. | |
| 698329317 | Anthracite coal strike, 1902, George F. Baer | Large strike by coal miners. Baer led the miner's union at the time. | |
| 698329318 | Ballinger-Pinchot controversy | Cabinet members who had fought over conservation efforts and how much effort and money should be put into conserving national resources. Pinchot, head of the Forestry Department, accused Ballinger, Secretary of the Interior, of abandoning federal conservation policy. Taft sided with Ballinger and fired Pinchot. | |
| 698329319 | Bull Moose Party | The Progressive Party, it was Roosevelt's party in the 1912 election. He ran as a Progressive against Republican Taft, beating him but losing to Democrat Woodrow Wilson. | |
| 698329320 | Charles Evans Hughes | Started government regulation of public utilities. He was Secretary of State under Harding and later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He was the Republican candidate in 1916, and lost to Wilson by less that 1% of the vote. | |
| 698329321 | Clayton Antitrust Act, labor's Magna Carta | 1914, passed by the U.S. Congress as an amendment to clarify and supplement the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. It was drafted by Henry De Lamar Clayton. The act prohibited exclusive sales contracts, local price cutting to freeze out competitors, rebates, interlocking directorates in corporations capitalized at $1 million or more in the same field of business, and intercorporate stock holdings. Labor unions and agricultural cooperatives were excluded from the forbidden combinations in the restraint of trade. The act restricted the use of the injunction against labor, and it legalized peaceful strikes, picketing, and boycotts. | |
| 698329322 | Daniel DeLeon | DeLeon denounced populists because they believed in free enterprise. Haywood was the leader of the Wobblies. The International Workers of the World (Wobblies) were a militant, radical union. They favored socialism and opposed free enterprise. They were disliked by big business and less radical unions. | |
| 698329323 | Department of Labor | Originally started in 1903 as the Department of Commerce and Labor, it was combined with the Bureau of Corporations in 1913 to create the Department of Labor | |
| 698329324 | Direct primary | An election where people directly elect their party's candidates for office. Candidates had previously been selected by party caucuses that were considered elitist and undemocratic. This made elected official more accountable to the people. | |
| 698329325 | "Dollar diplomacy" | Taft and Knox cam up with it to further foreign policy in the U.S. in 1909-1913 under the Roosevelt Corollary. It was meant to avoid military intervention by giving foreign countries monetary aid. | |
| 698329326 | Election of 1908: candidates, issues | Taft, Republican, won over Bryan, Democrat, because of his support of Roosevelt. | |
| 698329327 | Election of 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft, Debs, issues | Wilson, Democrat beat Roosevelt, Progressive (Bull Moose), Taft, Republican and Debs, Socialist. The issues were the economy and growing conflict in Europe. | |
| 698329328 | Elkins Act, 1903, rebates | This strengthened earlier federal legislation that outlawed preferential pricing through rebates. Rebates are returns of parts of the amount paid for goods or services, serving as a reduction or discount. This act also prohibited railroads from transporting goods they owned. As a dodge around previous legislation, railroads were buying goods and transporting them as if they were their own. | |
| 698329329 | Eugene V. Debs, Socialist Party | Debs repeatedly ran for president as a socialist, he was imprisoned after he gave a speech protesting WWI in violation of the Sedition Act. | |
| 698329330 | Federal Highways Act, 1916 | Passed by Wilson, it provided federal money to build roads. It helped to provide competition to the railroads' monopoly on public transportation. | |
| 698329331 | Federal Reserve Act | Regulated banking to help small banks stay in business. A move away from laissez-faire policies, it was passed by Wilson. | |
| 698329332 | Federal Trade Commission, cease and desist order | A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy. | |
| 698329333 | Florence Kelly, consumerism | Founded the National Consumer's League, which wanted legislation to protect consumers from being cheated or harmed by big business. | |
| 698329334 | Forest Reserve Act, 1891 | First national forest conservation policy, authorized the president to set aside areas of land for national forests. | |
| 698329335 | Frank Norris, the Octopus | A leader of the naturalism movement in literature, he believed that a novel should serve a moral purpose. Wrote The Octopus in 1901 about how railroads controlled the lives of a group of California farmers. A muckraker novel. | |
| 698329336 | Henry Demarest Lloyd, Wealth Against Comonwealth | American writer, he won fame for revealing illegal business practices in the U.S. in the late 1800's. Said many corporations put their interest above the good of the workers. Muckraker novel. | |
| 698329337 | Hepburn Act, 1906 | It imposed stricter control over railroads and expanded powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission, including giving the ICC the power to set maximum rates. | |
| 698329338 | Ida Tarbell, History of the Standard Oil Co. | This 1904 book exposed the monopolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company. Strengthened the movement for outlawing monopolies. A muckraker novel. | |
| 698329339 | Income tax | The first step toward building government revenues and redistributing wealth, a tax that was levied on annual income over a specific amount and with certain legally permitted deductions. | |
| 698329340 | Initiative, referendum, recall | Initiative: people have the right to propose a new law. Referendum: a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto. Recall: the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. These all made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific. | |
| 698329341 | Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives | Early 1900's writer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. Muckraker novel. | |
| 698329342 | Jane Addams, Hull House | Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English. | |
| 698329343 | John Dewey, The School and Society | American philosopher and educator, he led the philosophical movement called Pragmatism. Influenced by evolution, he believed that only reason and knowledge could be used to solve problems. Wanted educational reforms. | |
| 698329344 | John Spargo, The Bitter Cry of the Children | Journalist and novelist, he wrote of the unfair treatment of children used as child labor. Stressed better education, better schools and teachers. A muckraker novel. | |
| 698329345 | Jones Act, 1916 (Phillipines) | Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years. | |
| 698329346 | Jones Act, 1917 (Puerto Rico) | 1917 - Puerto Ricans won U.S. citizenship and the right to elect their own upper house. | |
| 698329347 | La Follette Seaman's Act | providing the merchant marine with rights similar to those gained by factory workers. This law had been prompted by the sinking of the Titanic in 1912, a disaster that had clearly illustrated the lack of planning and concern exhibited by the major shipping companies. | |
| 698329348 | Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of the Cities | A muckraker novel concerning the poor living conditions in the cities. | |
| 698329349 | Louis Brandeis, "Brandeis brief" | A lawyer and jurist, he created the "Brandeis Brief," which succinctly outlines the facts of the case and cites legal precedents, in order to persuade the judge to make a certain ruling. | |
| 698329350 | Mann-Elkins Act, 1910 | Signed by Taft, it bolstered the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission and supported labor reforms. It gave the ICC the power to prosecute its own inquiries into violations of its regulations. | |
| 698329351 | Margaret Sanger | American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. | |
| 698329352 | Meat Inspection Act | 1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines. | |
| 698329353 | IWW, "Big Bill" Haywood | Haywood wanted his IWW to be "One Big Union" for the entire American working class to battle the Corporate Plutocrats of J.P. Morgan's Gilded Age. IWW organizers faced lynching or murder by company detectives. Strikers faced beatings, blacklists, and trumped-up prosecutions. Still, the IWW attracted some 300,000 members at its peak. | |
| 698329354 | Mexican migration to the US | In the 1800's, Mexicans began moving north to work in agriculture. In the 1920's, they moved into the cities. Men outnumbered women. They faced racial discrimination from Whites. | |
| 698329355 | "Muckrakers" | Journalists who searched for and publicized real or alleged acts of corruption of public officials, businessmen, etc. Name coined by Teddy Roosevelt in 1906. | |
| 698329356 | New lands Reclamation Act. 1902 | Authorized the use of federal money to develop the west, it helped to protect national resources. | |
| 698329357 | Northern Securities Co. case | The Supreme Court ordered this company to dissolve because it was a trust. | |
| 698329358 | Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Supreme Court | A famous justice of the Supreme Court during the early 1900s. Called the "Great Dissenter" because he spoke out against the imposition of national regulations and standards, and supported the states' rights to experiment with social legislation. | |
| 698329359 | Payne-Aldrich Tariff, 1909 | With the fear of foreign competition gone, it lowered rates to 38%. Democrats felt it did not go far enough and passed the Underwood Tariff in 1913 to further lower taxes. | |
| 698329360 | Pure Food and Drug Act | 1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA. | |
| 698329361 | *Frederick Taylor, scientific management | Frederick Winslow Taylor is a controversial figure in management history. His innovations in industrial engineering, particularly in time and motion studies, paid off in dramatic improvements in productivity. At the same time, he has been credited with destroying the soul of work, of dehumanizing factories, making men into automatons. Published essays in 1911. | |
| 698329362 | Regulatory commissions | Formed to set safety standards and to enforce fair practices of business competition for the sake of the U.S. public. | |
| 698329363 | Richard Ely | He asserted that economic theory should reflect social conditions, and believed that the government should act to regulate the economy to prevent social injustice. | |
| 698329364 | Robert M. La Follette | A great debater and political leader who believed in libertarian reforms, he was a major leader of the Progressive movement from Wisconsin. | |
| 698329365 | Roosevelt's Osawatomie, Kansas's speech | On August 31, 1910, Theodore Roosevelt delivered what was perhaps the most important speech ever given in Kansas. This speech, later called the "New Nationalism Address," evoked a wide variety of responses. It was labeled "Communistic," "Socialistic," and "Anarchistic" in various quarters. | |
| 698329366 | *Scientific management, Taylor (description above) | 1911 - Increased industrial output by rationalizing and refining the production process. | |
| 698329367 | Secretary of State Knox | Developed dollar diplomacy with Taft, he encouraged and protected U.S. investment abroad. | |
| 698329368 | Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan | Served as Secretary of State under Wilson from 1913-1915, he resigned in protest of U.S. involvement in WW I. | |
| 698329369 | Square Deal | Roosevelt used this term to declare that he would use his powers as president to safeguard the rights of the workers. | |
| 698329370 | Taft-Roosevelt split | They split over ideology. Roosevelt believed in breaking up "bad" trusts while allowing "good" trusts to continue. Taft opposed all trusts. Roosevelt wanted more involvement in foreign affairs, and Taft was an isolationist. Roosevelt ran against Taft in 1912. | |
| 698329371 | Theodore Roosevelt, New Nationalism | A system in which government authority would be balanced and coordinate economic activity. Government would regulate business. | |
| 698329372 | Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class | An economist, he believed that society was always evolving, but not that the wealthiest members of society were the "fittest." Attacked the behavior of the wealthy. Muckraker novel. | |
| 698329373 | Tom Johnson, Sam Jones, Whitlock, Pingree | Mayors for social reform, they wanted a reform of values over more legislation. | |
| 698329374 | "trustbuster" | Nicknamed for Teddy Roosevelt, this is a federal official who seeks to dissolve monopolistic trusts through vigorous enforcement of antitrust laws. | |
| 698329375 | Underwood-Simmons Tariff | October 13, 1913 - Lowered tariffs on hundreds of items that could be produced more cheaply in the U.S. than abroad. | |
| 698329376 | Upton Sinclair, The Jungle | The author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906, the bad quality of meat and the dangerous working conditions. | |
| 698329377 | "watchful waiting" | Often said by President Monroe during the U.S.'s isolationism period, when the U.S. was trying to stay out of the affairs of other countries in order to avoid war. | |
| 698329378 | William Howard Taft | 27th President (1908-1912), he was the only man to serve as both President of the U.S. and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Overweight, he was the only president to get stuck in the White House bathtub. Roosevelt supported he in 1908, but later ran against him. | |
| 698329379 | Wisconsin, "laboratory of democracy" | Wisconsin was called the "Laboratory of Democracy" because many of the reform ideas of the Progressive era came out of Wisconsin, specifically from Robert M. LaFollette. | |
| 698329380 | Woodrow Wilson, New Freedom | He believed that monopolies had to be broken up and that the government must regulate business. He believed in competition, and called his economic plan "New Freedom." |
