Last two...we are almost there...and then we'll basically have no more tests. Let's do this, Mr. Martin's APUSH classes :D.
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| 715261267 | NLRB v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp. | April 1937 - Supreme Court upheld the Wagner Act, ensuring the right to unionize, in a 5 to 4 decision. This decision signaled a change in the Court's attitude towards support of the New Deal and lead FDR to abandon his court-packing plan. | |
| 715261268 | Schechter Poultry Corp v. US | May, 1935 - The U.S. Supreme Court declared the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional. It held that Congress had improperly delegated legislative authority to the National Industrial Recovery Administration and that the federal government had exceeded its jurisdiction because Schechter was not engaged in interstate commerce. | |
| 715261269 | US v. Butler (Butler Case) | 1936 - Declared AAA unconstitutional because it involved Congress levying a tax against the general welfare. | |
| 715261270 | Atlantic Charter | August 1941 - Drawn up by FDR and Churchill with eight main principles: • Renunciation of territorial aggression • No territorial changes without the consent of the peoples concerned • Restoration of sovereign rights and self-government • Access to raw material for all nations • World economic cooperation • Freedom from fear and want • Freedom of the seas Disarmament of aggressors | |
| 715261271 | America First Committee | 1940 - Formed by die-hard isolationists who feared the U.S. going to war. | |
| 715261272 | Atomic bomb | A bomb that uses the fission of radioactive elements such as uranium or plutonium to create explosions equal to the force of thousands of pounds of regular explosives. | |
| 715261273 | Battle of the Bulge | December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses. | |
| 715261274 | Bond drives | Campaigns to get people to but government war bonds to finance the war, people traveled around America selling them and it was extremely successful in raising funds. | |
| 715261275 | Buenos Aires Conference | 1936 - The U.S. agreed to submit all disputes from the Americas to arbitration. | |
| 715261276 | Cairo Conference | November, 1943 - A meeting of Allied leaders Roosevelt, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek in Egypt to define the Allies goals with respect to the war against Japan, they announced their intention to seek Japan's unconditional surrender and to strip Japan of all territory it had gained since WW I. | |
| 715261277 | Casablanca Conference | Jan. 14-23, 1943 - FDR and Churchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies following the success of the North African campaign. They decided to launch an attack on Italy through Sicily before initiating an invasion into France over the English Channel. Also announced that the Allies would accept nothing less than Germany's unconditional surrender to end the war. | |
| 715261278 | Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies | 1940 - Formed by isolationists who believed that the U.S. could avoid going to war by giving aid in the form of supplies and money to the Allies, who would fight the war for us. | |
| 715261279 | D-Day June 6, 1944 | June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II. | |
| 715261280 | Declaration of Panama | 1939 - Latin American governments drew a security line around the Western hemisphere and warned away foreign aggressors. | |
| 715261281 | Destroyer deal | 1940 - U.S. agreed to "lend" its older destroyers to Great Britain. (Destroyers were major warships that made up the bulk of most countries' navies.) Signaled the end of U.S. neutrality in the war. | |
| 715261282 | Ethiopia | - Mussolini invaded, conquering it in 1936. The League of Nations failed to take any effective action against Mussolini, and the U.S. just looked on. - Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922-1943. Wanted to recreate the Roman Empire. | |
| 715261283 | Invasion of Poland, Blitzkrieg | September, 1939 - Germany used series of "lightning campaigns" to conquer Poland. The invasion caused Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany. | |
| 715261284 | Isolationism, Charles Lindbergh | Lindbergh, known for making the first solo flight across the Atlantic, became politically controversial because he was an isolationist and pro-Germany. | |
| 715261285 | J. Robert Oppenheimer | Physics professor at U.C. Berkeley and CalTech, he headed the U.S. atomic bomb project in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He later served on the Atomic Energy Commission, although removed for a time the late 1950's, over suspicion he was a Communist sympathizer. | |
| 715261286 | Japanese relocation | The bombing of Pearl Harbor created widespread fear that the Japanese livings in the U.S. were actually spies. FDR issued executive order 9066, which moved all Japanese and people of Japanese descent living on the west coast of the U.S. into internment camps in the interior of the U.S. | |
| 715261287 | Jones Act | -1916-Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years. -1917- Puerto Ricans won U.S. citizenship and the right to elect their own upper house. | |
| 715261288 | "lend lease" | March 1941 - Authorized the president to transfer, lend, or lease any article of defense equipment to any government whose defense was deemed vital to the defense of the U.S. Allowed the U.S. to send supplies and ammunition to the Allies without technically becoming a co-belligerent. | |
| 715261289 | Lima conference | 1938 - Last of the Pan-American conferences held before the outbreak of World War II. Issued the Declaration of Lima asserting the unity of the Latin American nations and their determination to resist all forms of foreign aggression. | |
| 715261290 | Manhattan Project | A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb. | |
| 715261291 | "merchants of death" | It is a liberal isolationists' term for companies, which manufactured armaments. They felt that the companies were undermining national interests by assisting aggressor nations. | |
| 715261292 | Montevideo Conference | The first of several Pan-America conferences held during the period between World War I and World War II concerning mutual defense and corporate between the countries of Latin America. The U.S. renounced the right to intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries. | |
| 715261293 | Nye Committee | Gerald Nye of North Dakota believed that the U.S. should stay out of foreign wars. | |
| 715261295 | Okinawa | The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000. | |
| 715261297 | Panay incident | 1937 - On the Yangtze River in China, Japanese aircraft sank an American gunboat escorting tankers. The U.S. accepted Japan's apologies. | |
| 715261299 | Pearl Harbor | 7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II. | |
| 715261301 | "Quarantine speech" | 1937 - In this speech Franklin D. Roosevelt compared Fascist aggression to a contagious disease, saying democracies must unite to quarantine aggressor nations. | |
| 715261304 | Rio de Janeiro Conference | 1933 - Delegation of 21 Latin American leaders, including Summer Will and Aswalina Avanna. Led to the break in diplomatic relations between the U.S. and the Latin American powers. | |
| 715261306 | Smith Act | Required fingerprinting and registering of all aliens in the U.S. and made it a crime to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the U.S. government. | |
| 715261308 | Stalingrad | Site of critical World War II Soviet victory that reversed Germany's advance to the East. In late 1942, Russian forces surrounded the Germans, and on Feb. 2, 1943, the German Sixth Army surrendered. First major defeat for the Germans in World War II. | |
| 715261310 | Teheran Conference | December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace. | |
| 715261312 | Tojo (Hideki) | Prime Minister of Japan (1941-1944) and leading advocate of Japanese military conquest during World War II. | |
| 715261314 | "unconditional surrender" | It means the victor decides all the conditions the loser must agree to. The Allies wanted Germany and Japan to agree to unconditional surrender. | |
| 715261316 | War Labor Board | Acted as a supreme court for labor cases. Did more harm than good when it tried to limit wages, which led to strikes. | |
| 715261318 | War Production Board | Converted factories from civilian to military production. Manufacturing output tripled. | |
| 715261320 | Winston Churchill | Prime minister of Great Britain during World War II. | |
| 715261322 | Alliance for Progress | 1961 - Formed by John F. Kennedy to build up Third World nations to the point where they could manage their own affairs. | |
| 715261324 | Atomic Energy Commission | Created in 1946 to oversee the research and production of atomic power. | |
| 715261326 | Bay of Pigs | 1961 - 1400 American-trained Cuban expatriates left from Nicaragua to try to topple Castro's regime, landing at the Bay of Pigs in southern Cuba. They had expected a popular uprising to sweep them to victory, but the local populace refused to support them. When promised U.S. air cover also failed to materialize, the invaders were easily killed or captured by the Cuban forces. Many of the survivors were ransomed back to the U.S. for $64 million. President Kennedy had directed the operation. | |
| 715261328 | Berlin blockade | April 1, 1948 - Russia under Stalin blockaded Berlin completely in the hopes that the West would give the entire city to the Soviets to administer. To bring in food and supplies, the U.S. and Great Britain mounted air lifts which became so intense that, at their height, an airplane was landing in West Berlin every few minutes. West Germany was a republic under France, the U.S. and Great Britain. Berlin was located entirely within Soviet-controlled East Germany. | |
| 715261330 | Bricker Amendment | Proposal that international agreements negotiated by the executive branch would become law if and only if they were approved by Congress and didn't conflict with state laws. Isolationist measure didn't pass. | |
| 715261332 | Brinkmanship | The principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy of both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War. | |
| 715261334 | Castro-revolution | 1959 - A band of insurgents led by Fidel Castro succeeded in overthrowing the corrupt government of Juan Baptista, and Cuba became Communist. | |
| 715261336 | Charles de Gaulle | He formed the French resistance movement in London immediately after the French surrender at Vichy. He was elected President of the Free French government in exile during the war and he was the first provisional president of France after its liberation. | |
| 715261338 | Chiang Kai-shek | Chiang and the nationalists were forced to flee to Formosa, a large island off the southern coast of China, after the Communist victory in the civil war. Throughout the 1950's, the U.S. continued to recognize and support Chiang's government in Formosa as the legitimate government of China, and to ignore the existence of the Communist People's Republic on the mainland. | |
| 715261340 | Common Market | Popular name for the European Economic Community established in 1951 to encourage greater economic cooperation between the countries of Western Europe and to lower tariffs on trade between its members. | |
| 715261341 | Containment, George F. Kennan | A member of the State Department, he felt that the best way to keep Communism out of Europe was to confront the Russians wherever they tried to spread their power. | |
| 715261342 | Cuban missile crisis | October 14-28, 1962 - After discovering that the Russians were building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, the U.S. announced a quarantine of Cuba, which was really a blockade, but couldn't be called that since blockades are a violation of international law. After 6 days of confrontation that led to the brink of nuclear war, Khrushchev backed down and agreed to dismantle the launch sites. | |
| 715261343 | Czechoslovakian coup | 1948 - Czechoslovakia succumbed to Soviet subversion. Although moderates and Communists shared power after WWII, in 1947-1948, fearing a loss of popular support, the Communists seized control of the government and the moderates gave in to avoid civil war. | |
| 715261344 | Department of Defense created | Headed by McNamara, it succeeded in bringing the armed services under tight civilian control. | |
| 715261345 | Dien Bien Phu | France had exercised colonial control of Indochina until WWII. After Japan's defeat in 1945, the Viet Minh seized Hanoi and declared the North an independent republic. War with France broke out in 1946. In the Spring of 1954, the Viet Minh surrounded and destroyed the primary French fortress in North Vietnam at Dien Bien Phu. Lead to the withdrawal of France from Indochina. | |
| 715261346 | Dumbarton Oaks Conference | In a meeting near Washington, D.C., held from August 21 to October 7, 1944, U.S., Great Britain, U.S.S.R. and China met to draft the constitution of the United Nations. | |
| 715261347 | Eisenhower Doctrine | Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East. | |
| 715261348 | Fall of China, Mao Zedong | Mao Tse-Tung led the Communists in China. Because of the failure to form a coalition government between Chiang Kai-Shek and the Communists, civil war broke out in China after WWII. The Communists won in 1949, but the new government was not recognized by much of the world, including the U.S. | |
| 715261349 | Gandhi | Great revolutionary who led India to independence from Great Britain through passive resistance and civil disobedience based upon Henry David Thoreau's doctrines. | |
| 715261350 | Hungarian revolt | 1956 - Hungary tried to overthrow the Communist government, partly encouraged by the U.S. The rebellion was quickly crushed. | |
| 715261351 | ICBM | Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles, long-range nuclear missiles capable of being fired at targets on the other side of the globe. The reason behind the Cuban Missile Crisis -- Russia was threatening the U.S. by building launch sites for ICBM's in Cuba. | |
| 715261352 | Israel created | 1948 - In 1947 the UN General Assembly had approved the creation of a Jewish homeland by ending the British mandate in Palestine and partitioning it into two states: one Jewish and one Arab. On May 14, 1948, the Jews proclaimed the State of Israel, and all of the surrounding Arab nations declared war and invaded. After a short war, the Israelis gained control of the country. | |
| 715261353 | John Foster Dulles | As Secretary of State. He viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine. | |
| 715261354 | Khrushchev, 1955 Geneva Summit | Stalin's successor, wanted peaceful coexistence with the U.S. Eisenhower agreed to a summit conference with Khrushchev, France and Great Britain in Geneva, Switzerland in July, 1955 to discuss how peaceful coexistence could be achieved. | |
| 715261355 | Korean War, limited war | After WWII, Korea had been partitioned along the 38th parallel into a northern zone governed by the Soviet Union, and a southern zone controlled by the U.S. In 1950, after the Russians had withdrawn, leaving a communist government in the North, the North invaded the South. The U.N. raised an international army led by the U.S. to stop the North. It was the first use of U.N. military forces to enforce international peace. Called a limited war, because the fighting was to be confined solely to the Korean peninsula, rather than the countries involved on each side attacking one another directly. | |
| 715261356 | Marshall Plan | Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism. | |
| 715261357 | "massive retaliation" | In the 1950's after Stalin died, Dulles and Eisenhower warned the Soviets that if aggression was undertaken, the U.S. would retaliate with its full nuclear arsenal against the Soviet Union itself. However, the U.S. would not start conflicts. | |
| 715261358 | Nasser, Suez Canal Crisis | Egypt's dictator, Abdul Gamal Nasser, a former army officer who had led the coup that overthrew King Farouk, nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956, and was attacked by British, French and Israeli forces. The U.S. intervened on behalf of Egypt. Damaged Britain and France's standing as world powers. | |
| 715261359 | NATO | Chartered April, 1949. The 11 member nations agreed to fight for each other if attacked. It is an international military force for enforcing its charter. | |
| 715261360 | Warsaw Pact | To counter the NATO buildup, the Soviets formed this military organization with the nations of Eastern Europe. Also gave Russia an excuse for garrisoning troops in these countries. | |
| 715261361 | Organization of American States (OAS) | Founded in 1948 by 21 nations at the Ninth Pa-American Conference, now consists of 32 nations of Central and South America and the U.S. Settled disputes between its members and discouraged foreign intervention in American disputes. | |
| 715261362 | Partitioning of Korea, Vietnam, Germany | The U.S. played a role in dividing these countries into sections, each of which would be ruled by different authority figures and managed by one of the Allied powers. | |
| 715261363 | Peaceful coexistence | Khrushchev's proposal that the U.S. and U.S.S.R. could compromise and learn to live with each other. | |
| 715261364 | Point Four | Program proposed by Truman to help the world's backwards areas. | |
| 715261365 | Potsdam Conference | July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction. | |
| 715261366 | Preemptive strike | The doctrine of attacking an enemy force before they can attack you. | |
| 715261367 | Quemoy, Matsu (Formosa) | Small islands off the coast of China occupied by the nationalists and claimed by the People's Republic. Late in 1954, the U.S. hinted at defending them because they were considered vital to the defense of Formosa, even though they were not expressly covered by the mutual defense treaty. | |
| 715261368 | San Francisco Conference, UN Charter | 1945 - This conference expanded the drafts of the Yalta and Dumbarton Oaks conferences and adopted the United Nations Charter. | |
| 715261369 | Satellites | Eastern European countries conquered by the U.S.S.R. during the Cold War. | |
| 715261370 | SEATO | September, 1954 - Alliance of non-Communist Asian nations modeled after NATO. Unlike NATO, it didn't establish a military force. | |
| 715261371 | Hitler, Hiroshima, Nagasaki | German fascist dictator. Leader of the National Socialist Workers Party, or Nazis. Elected Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he quickly established himself as an absolute dictator. First and second cities to be hit by atomic bombs, they were bombed after Japan refused to surrender and accept the Potsdam Declaration. Hiroshima was bombed on August 6, 1945 and Nagasaki was bombed on August 9, 1945. | |
| 715261372 | Truman Doctrine | 1947 - Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism. | |
| 715261373 | Truman-MacArthur conflict | Truman removed MacArthur from command in Korea as punishment for MacArthur's public criticism of the U.S. government's handling of the war. Intended to confirm the American tradition of civilian control over the military, but Truman's decision was widely criticized. | |
| 715261374 | U-2 incident | The U-2 Crisis of 1960 occurred when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane, but was forced to admit it when the U.S.S.R produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to corroborate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States. | |
| 715261375 | Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh | North Vietnamese leader who had led the resistance against the Japanese during WW II and at the end of the war had led the uprising against the French Colonial government. He had traveled in Europe, educated in Moscow, and was an ardent Communist. Became President of the North Vietnamese government established after the French withdrawal. Often called the George Washington of North Vietnam. | |
| 715261376 | Winston Churchill, "Iron Curtain" Speech | Prime minister of Great Britain during World War II. | |
| 715261377 | Yalta Conference | February, 1945 - Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula. | |
| 715261378 | 1948 election: candidates, issues | Democrat - Harry Truman Republican - John Dewey States' Rights Democrat (Dixiecrat) - Strom Thurmond Progressive - Henry Wallace The Democratic party was torn apart by the dispute between the liberal civil rights platform of the majority and the conservative, states' rights views of the southern membership, and the Progressive party pulled away liberal votes as well. Although everyone expected Dewey to win, Truman managed a surprise victory. | |
| 715261379 | 1952 election: candidates, issues | Republicans - Eisenhower/Nixon, Democrats - Adlai Stevenson Issues were conservatism and containment of Communism. Republicans won by a landslide. | |
| 715261380 | 22nd Amendment | Proposed in 1947 and ratified in 1951. It limited the number of terms that a president may serve to two. Was brought on by FDR's 4-term presidency. | |
| 715261381 | AFL-CIO merger | In 1955 at a New York City Convention, these two once-rival organizations decided to put aside their differences and unite. Had a total membership of over 15 million. | |
| 715261382 | Alaska, Hawaii | McKinley had purchased Alaska in 1867 for nine cents an acre and it was admitted to the Union in 1959. Alaska had great natural resources, including gold and oil reserves. Hawaii became the 50th state in 1959. | |
| 715261383 | Alger Hiss | A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon. | |
| 715261384 | Baby boom | 30 million war babies were born between 1942 and 1950. | |
| 715261385 | Dixiecrats, J Strom Thurmond | Southern Democrats disgruntled over the strong civil rights proposals of the Democrats' 1948 National Convention. Formed the States' Rights Democratic Party and nominated Thurmond (governor of South Carolina) for president. | |
| 715261386 | Fair Deal | Truman's policy agenda -- he raised the minimum wage from 65 to 75 cents an hour, expanded Social Security benefits to cover 10 million more people, and provided government funding for 100,000 low-income public housing units and for urban renewal. | |
| 715261387 | G.I. Bill of Rights | 1944 - Servicemen's Readjustment Act, also called the G.I. Bill of Rights. Granted $13 billion in aid for former servicemen, ranging from educational grants to housing and other services to assist with the readjustment to society after demobilization. | |
| 715261388 | House of Un-American Activities Committee | Committee in the House of Representatives founded on a temporary basis in 1938 to monitor activities of foreign agents. Made a standing committee in 1945. During World War II it investigated pro-fascist groups, but after the war it turned to investigating alleged communists. From 1947-1949, it conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist infiltration of the U.S. government and Hollywood film industry. | |
| 715261389 | Ike and Modern Republicans | Conservative about federal spending, liberal about personal freedoms. Believed in a balanced budget and lower taxes, but not in getting rid of existing social and economic legislation. | |
| 715261390 | Interstate Highway Act | 1944 - Began federal funding for an interstate highway system. | |
| 715261391 | Julius and Ethel Rosenberg | Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. | |
| 715261392 | Landrum-Griffin Act | 1959 - Specially tailored to make labor officials responsible for the union's financial affairs, to prevent bully-boy tactics, ensure democratic voting practices within unions, outlaw secondary boycotts, and restrict picketing. | |
| 715261393 | McCarran Internal Security Act | 1950 - Required Communists to register and prohibited them from working for the government. Truman described it as a long step toward totalitarianism. It was a response to the onset of the Korean War. | |
| 715261394 | McCarran-Walter Immigration Act | 1952 - Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952, it kept limited immigration based on ethnicity, but made allowances in the quotas for persons displaced by WWII and allowed increased immigration of European refugees. Tried to keep people from Communist countries from coming to the U.S. People suspected of being Communists could be refused entry or deported. | |
| 715261395 | McCarthyism, Senator Joseph McCarthy | Wisconsin Senator who began sensational campaign in February, 1950 by asserting that the U.S. State Department had been infiltrated by Communists. In 1953 became Chair of the Senate Sub- Committee on Investigations and accused the Army of covering up foreign espionage. The Army-McCarthy Hearings made McCarthy look so foolish that further investigations were halted. | |
| 715261396 | "military-industrial complex" | Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending. | |
| 715261397 | Revenue Act of 1942 | Effort to increase tax revenues to cover the cost of WWII by adding additional graduated steps to the income tax and lowering the threshold at which lower income earners began to pay tax. | |
| 715261398 | "right-to-work" laws | State laws that provide that unions cannot impose a requirement that workers join the union as a condition of their employment. | |
| 715261399 | Sen. Robert A. Taft | A key Republican leader in the Senate and a supporter of Joseph McCarthy. | |
| 715261400 | Sputnik | October, 1957 - The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets. | |
| 715261401 | Taft-Hartley Act | 1947 - Senator Robert A. Taft co-authored the labor-Management Relations Act with New Jersey Congressman Fred Allan Hartley, Jr. The act amended the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 and imposed certain restrictions of the money and power of labor unions, including a prohibition against mandatory closed shops. | |
| 715261402 | A. Philip Randolph | President of the Brotherhood of Car Porters and a Black labor leader, in 1941 he arranged a march on Washington to end racial discrimination. | |
| 715261403 | Civil Rights Act, 1957 | Created by the U.S. Commission of Civil Rights and the Civil Rights division of the Justice Department. | |
| 715261404 | Civil Rights Act, 1960 | It gave the Federal Courts the power to register Black voters and provided for voting referees who served wherever there was racial discrimination in voting, making sure Whites did not try to stop Blacks from voting. | |
| 715261405 | Desegregation of the armed forces | In July, Truman issued an executive order establishing a policy of racial equality in the Armed Forces "be put into effect as rapidly as possible." He also created a committee to ensure its implementation. | |
| 715261406 | Detroit race riots | June 25, 1943 - Outright racial war broke out between Blacks and Whites and the government did not send help. | |
| 715261407 | Fair Employment Practices Committee | Enacted by executive order 8802 on June 25, 1941 prohibit discrimination in armed forces. | |
| 715261408 | Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma | He wrote this to increase White awareness of the awful discrimination against Blacks. | |
| 715261409 | Korean War | At the end of WW II, Korea had been divided into a northern sector occupied by the U.S.S.R. and a southern sector occupied by the U.S. who instituted a democratic government. On June 25, 1950, the North invaded the South. The United Nations created an international army, lead by the U.S. to fight for the South and China joined the war on the side of North Korea. This was the first time the United Nations had intervened militarily. | |
| 715261410 | Literacy tests, grandfather clause, poll taxes | Literacy tests: Voters had to prove basic literacy to be entitled to vote. Because of poor schools, Blacks were often prevented from voting. Grandfather clause: Said that a person could vote only if their grandfather had been registered to vote, which disqualified Blacks whose grandparents had been slaves. Poll taxes and White primaries were other methods used to keep Blacks from voting. | |
| 715261411 | White primaries | A method of electoral discrimination against African-American, Latino, and other minority voters widely used in the South until the U.S. Supreme Court intervened in the early 1940s. States and party organizations previously had great leeway to set their own rules regarding participation in primary elections which nominate party candidates. In the South which was overwhelmingly Democratic, victory in the primary was tantamount to winning the election. To preclude minority political participation, segregationist authorities imposed a variety of discriminatory rules on voters such as limiting voting in primary elections to whites only. | |
| 715261412 | Little Rock, Arkansas crisis | 1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class. | |
| 715261413 | Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. | An Atlanta-born Baptist minister, he earned a Ph.D. at Boston University. The leader of the Civil Rights Movement and President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, he was assassinated outside his hotel room. | |
| 715261414 | Rosa Parks, Montgomery bus boycotts | December, 1955 - In Montgomery, Alabama, she refused to give up her bus seat for a White man as required by city ordinance. It started the Civil Rights Movement and an almost nation-wide bus boycott lasting 11 months. | |
| 715261415 | "separate but equal" | In 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that separate but supposedly equal facilities for Blacks and Whites were legal. | |
| 715261416 | Thurgood Marshall | In 1967, appointed the first Black Supreme Court Justice, he had led that NAACP's legal defense fund and had argued the Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas case before the Supreme Court. | |
| 715261417 | Brown v. Board of education of Topeka | 1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated. | |
| 715261418 | Dennis vs. US | In 1948, the Attorney General indicted two key Communist leaders for violation of the Smith Act of 1940 which prohibited conspiring to teach violent overthrow of the government. They were convicted in a 6-2 decision and their appeal was rejected. | |
| 715261419 | Korematsu v. US | Upheld the U.S. government's decision to put Japanese-Americans in internment camps during World War II. | |
| 715261420 | Smith v. Allwright | Outlawed White primaries held by the Democratic Party, in violation of the 15th Amendment. | |
| 715261421 | Sweatt vs. Painter | Segregated law school in Texas was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment. |
