Provided by America: A Narrative History (8th ed.)
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| 321616607 | welfare capitalism | Term for the sense of entitlement to federal support programs that workers developed due to Franklin Roosevelt's measures to relieve the human suffering and promote economic recovery. | |
| 321616608 | totalitarianism | Form of government based around autocratic control that developed in opposition to democratic capitalism in the 1930s. | |
| 321616609 | New Deal | Franklin D. Roosevelt's campaign promise, in his speech to the Democratic National Convention of 1932, to combat the Great Depression with a "new deal for the American people"; the phrase became a catchword for his ambitious plan of economic programs. | |
| 321616610 | Twentieth Amendment | Amendment ratified on February 6, 1933, that provided that presidents would thereafter take office on January 20 and the newly elected Congress on January 3. | |
| 321616611 | brain trust | Group of advisers-many of them academics-that Franklin D. Roosevelt assembled to recommend New Deal policies during the early months of his presidency. | |
| 321616612 | fireside chat | Radio addresses by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. | |
| 321616613 | Twenty-First Amendment | Amendment of 1933 that repealed prohibition on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, effectively nullifying the Eighteenth Amendment. | |
| 321616614 | Hundred Days | Extraordinarily productive first three months of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration in which a special session of Congress enacted fifteen of his New Deal proposals. | |
| 321616615 | Emergency Banking Relief Act | First New Deal measure that in 1933 provided for reopening the banks under strict conditions and took the United States off the gold standard. | |
| 321616616 | Federal Art Project | Program that employed artists as part of Franklin Roosevelt's Work Progress Administration (WPA). | |
| 321616617 | National Youth Administration | Created in 1935 as part of the Works Progress Administration, it employed millions of youths who had left school. | |
| 321616618 | dust bowl | Great Plains counties where millions of tons of topsoil were blown away from parched farmland in the 1930s; massive migration of farm families followed. | |
| 321616619 | U.S. v. Butler | Supreme Court ruling from 1936 that declared unconstitutional the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 tax on food processors. | |
| 321616620 | National Industrial Recovery Act | Act of 1933 passed on the last of the Hundred Days that created public-works jobs through the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and established a system of self-regulation for industry through the National Recovery Administration, which was ruled unconstitutional in 1935. | |
| 321616621 | blanket code | Code pledging employers generally to observe the same labor standards as applied to cotton textiles, proposed by National Recovery Administration (NRA) head Hugh S. Johnson to stabilize business by reducing chaotic competition through the implementation of codes that set wages and prices. | |
| 321616622 | section 7a | Section of the National Industrial Recovery Act that demanded in every industry code a statement of the workers' right to organize. | |
| 321616623 | Tennessee Valley Authority | Created in 1933 to control flooding in the Tennessee River Valley, provide work for the region's unemployed, and produce inexpensive electric power for the region. | |
| 321616624 | Okies | Displaced farm families from the Oklahoma dust bowl who migrated to California during the 1930s in search of jobs. | |
| 321616625 | John Collier | Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) under President Franklin Roosevelt who increased the number of Native Americans employed by the BIA and lobbied strenuously with the heads of New Deal agencies to ensure that Indians gained access to the various relief programs, as well as proposed the Indian Reorganization Act that was ultimately passed in a diluted form. | |
| 321616626 | Scottsboro case | In overturning verdicts in 1931 against nine black youths accused of raping two white women, the U.S. Supreme Court established precedents in Powell v. Alabama (1932), that adequate counsel must be appointed in capital cases, and in Norris v. Alabama (1935), that African Americans cannot be excluded from juries. | |
| 321616627 | Norris v. Alabama | Ruling of 1935 that stated that the systematic exclusion of blacks from Alabama juries had denied the defendants in the Scottsboro case equal protection of the law-a principle that had significant and widespread impact on state courts. | |
| 321616628 | black cabinet | De facto cabinet in Franklin Roosevelts's administration of some thirty to forty advisers in government departments and agencies who were wrestling with racial issues and the plight of African Americans. | |
| 321616629 | John Steinbeck | Writer whose novel The Grapes of Wrath (1939) captured the ordeal of the depression with its vivid tale of the Joad family's painful journey west from Oklahoma. | |
| 321616630 | Richard Wright | One of the most talented young novelists to emerge in the 1930s whose Native Son (1940) managed to sublimate into literary power his bitterness and rage at what he called "The Ethics of Living Jim Crow". | |
| 321616631 | Eleanor Roosevelt | Wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt who became one of the most influential and revered leaders of her time and redefined the role of presidential spouse; an activist and agitator who was ardently concerned about issues of human welfare and rights for women and blacks, she was the first woman to address a national political convention, to write a nationally syndicated column, and to hold regular press conferences. | |
| 321616632 | American Liberty League | Group of conservative businessmen and politicians, including Al Smith and John W. Davis, two previous Democratic presidential candidates, formed in 1934 to oppose New Deal measures as violations of personal and property rights. | |
| 321616633 | Huey P. Long | Louisiana Senator and political boss who was an outspoken critic of President Franklin Roosevelt and proposed his own Share Our Wealth program to rival Roosevelt's New Deal; was assassinated in 1935. | |
| 321616634 | Share Our Wealth | Program advocated by Louisiana Senator Huey P. Long, Jr. that appealed to desperate lower middle-class Americans during depression; one version proposed confiscating large personal fortunes, guaranteeing every family a cash grant of $5,000 and every worker an annual income of $2,500, providing pensions to aged, reducing working hours, paying veterans' bonuses, and ensuring college education for every qualified student; the figures did 't add up and offered little to promote an economic recovery. | |
| 321616635 | Frances E. Townsend | California doctor who thought up a popular social scheme based on government pensions for the aged as a solution to the hardships of the Depression. | |
| 321616636 | Charles E. Coughlin | Roman Catholic "radio priest'' who founded the National Union for Social Justice in 1934, promoted schemes for the coinage of silver and made attacks on bankers that carried growing overtones of anti-Semitism. | |
| 321616637 | Wagner Act | Also known as the National Labor Relations Act of 1935; established the National Labor Relations Board and facilitated unionization by regulating employment and bargaining practices. | |
| 321616638 | Social Security Act | Act of 1935 that created the Social Security system with provisions for a retirement pension, unemployment insurance, disability insurance, and public assistance (welfare). | |
| 321616639 | Wealth Tax Act | Revenue Act of 1935 that was the last of the major bills making up the "Second New Deal,'' popularly known as the "Soak the Rich'' tax; raised tax rates on incomes above $50,000, estate and gift taxes, and the corporate tax on all but small corporations. | |
| 321616640 | Alfred M. Landon | Republican who ran against and lost to President Franklin Roosevelt in the 1936 election. | |
| 321616641 | court-packing plan | President Franklin D. Roosevelt's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of U.S. Supreme Court justices from nine to fifteen in order to save his Second New Deal programs from constitutional challenges. | |
| 321616642 | industrial union | Unions made up of all workers. | |
| 321616643 | craft union | Restrictive unions made up of skilled male workers. | |
| 321616644 | Committee for Industrial Organizations | Umbrella organization of semiskilled industrial unions formed in 1935 as the Committee for Industrial Organization within the American Federation of Labor, but expelled from the AFL and renamed in 1938 the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). | |
| 321616645 | Walter Reuther | Autoworker and union organizer who led thousands of employees in 1937 at General Motors' assembly plants in Flint, Michigan, to occupy the factories and stop all production; the standoff lasted over a month until the company relented and signed a contract recognizing the United Auto Workers (UAW). | |
| 321616646 | sit-down strike | Union strike technique in which workers refused to leave the workplace until the employers granted collective-bargaining rights. | |
| 321616647 | John L. Lewis | Union leader of the United Mine Workers who was among the first to exploit the spirit of the NIRA, and promoted a campaign to organize workers in the mass-production industries. | |
| 321616648 | broker state | A powerful federal government that mediated among major interest groups; government's role was to act as an honest broker protecting a variety of interests, not just business but workers, farmers, consumers, small business, and the unemployed. |
