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| 1634262125 | Board of Trade | the agency established for supervising economic and political affairs in the colonies | 0 | |
| 1634262126 | mercantilism | the economic policy under which a nation sought to increase its wealth and power by exporting more goods than they imported, thereby obtaining large amounts of gold and silver bullion and becoming self-sufficient; this policy shaped the relationship between Britain and its colonies | 1 | |
| 1634262127 | Navigation Laws | the British legislation that restricted colonial commerce to solely English vessels, aimed at enforcing the mercantile system and prevent Dutch shippers to trade with the colonies; these laws were loosely enforced, resulting in a large amount of smuggling | 2 | |
| 1634262128 | royal veto | the British ability to nullify any legislation passed by colonial assemblies if it conflicted with the British policies; this was used to void only about 5% of all laws passed in the colonies | 3 | |
| 1634262129 | (George) Grenville | the Prime Minister of England responsible for securing legislation such as the Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, and the increased enforcement of the Navigation Laws; he believed these measures were reasonable and were necessary in order to pay off the British debt of £140 million after the Seven Years' War | 4 | |
| 1652296946 | Lord North | the Prime Minister of England who persuaded Parliament to repeal most of the Townshend Acts except for the tax on tea | 5 | |
| 1634262130 | Sugar Act (1764) | the British legislation that increased the duty on sugar imported from the West Indies in the colonies; this was the first law passed by Parliament in order to raise revenue for the crown by directly taxing the colonies; after bitter protests, the tax was lowered | 6 | |
| 1634262131 | Quartering Act (1765) | the British legislation that required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops both in peacetime and wartime | 7 | |
| 1634262132 | Stamp Act (1765) | the British legislation that required the use of stamped paper or specific British stamps, on which the British placed a certain tax, for commercial and legal documents such as playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of lading, and marriage licenses; in 1776, the law was repealed after much both violent and peaceful protest in the colonies | 8 | |
| 1634262133 | virtual representation | George Grenville's counterargument against the colonial cries of "no taxation without representation"; this was the idea that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, including those in the colonies | 9 | |
| 1634262134 | Stamp Act Congress | the meeting of twenty-seven delegates from nine colonies in New York, during which the members drew up a statement of grievances against the Stamp Act, asking the king and Parliament to repeal the act | 10 | |
| 1634262135 | nonimportation agreements | the effective form of organized colonial resistance against the Stamp Act, in which agreements not to import British goods were made, designed to put pressure on the British economy | 11 | |
| 1634262136 | Sons of Liberty (Daughters of Liberty) | the groups of violent colonial protestors who tarred and feathered violators of nonimportation agreements and destroyed the private property of unpopular officials | 12 | |
| 1634262137 | Declaratory Act | fthe British legislation that proclaimed that Parliament had the same authority and power over the colonies as it did over Britain | 13 | |
| 1634262138 | "Champagne Charley" Townshend | the British statesman who persuaded Parliament to pass his namesake legislation | 14 | |
| 1634262139 | Townshend Acts | the British legislation that placed an import duty on glass, white lead, paper, and tea; this was an indirect customs duty payable at American ports, distinguishing it from the Stamp Act | 15 | |
| 1637011914 | Boston Massacre | the clash between British troops and colonials that occurred in 1770 when the British sent two regiments to Boston; a crowd of roughly sixty townspeople attacked a squad of ten soldiers, who proceeded to open fire under extreme provocation, killing or wounding eleven Bostonians; both sides were somewhat to blame for the events; Paul Revere's famous engraving depicting the event is both inaccurate and propaganda in favor of the colonials; only two of the redcoats were found guilty of manslaughter, with John Adams representing them in trial | 16 | |
| 1637011915 | Crispus Attucks | one of the first to die in the Boston Massacre who was described as a leader of the mob of townspeople | 17 | |
| 1637119246 | Samuel Adams | the patriot and American revolutionary who was chiefly known for his organization of the committees of correspondence in Massachusetts; he was a skilled pamphleteer, soon to be known as the "Penman of the Revolution" | 18 | |
| 1637119247 | committees of correspondence | a network of organizations across the colonies established in order to spread propaganda and information opposing British policy; the first were organized in Boston by Samuel Adams, but soon spread to roughly eighty towns in Massachusetts; this network expanded to other colonies in 1773 with the establishment of a separate committee within the Virginia House of Burgesses, eventually spreading to every colony | 19 | |
| 1637758682 | British East India Company | the joint stock company nearing bankruptcy because of its possession of 17 million pounds of unsold tea that was granted a monopoly over the American tea business by the British; this allowed the corporation to sell the tea more cheaply than ever, even with the additional three-pence tax | 20 | |
| 1647941233 | Boston Tea Party | the protest against the British East India Company's monopoly on American tea; a band of Bostonians who were disguised as Indians boarded three tea ships and smashed open and dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor | 21 | |
| 1647941234 | Repressive Acts | the series of British laws passed in response to the Boston Tea Party, designed to chastise Boston in particular; called the "Intolerable Acts" in the colonies; these laws took away many of the chartered rights of colonial Massachusetts, restricting town meetings and allowing officials who murdered colonials to be tried in England | 22 | |
| 1647941235 | Boston Port Act | the British legislation, passed as one of the "Intolerable Acts", that closed Boston Harbor until damages were paid and order could be assured | 23 | |
| 1647941236 | Quebec Act | the British legislation that determined how to govern the French subjects in Canada; this law allowed the French to retain their Catholic religion and old institutions; this accompanied the "Intolerable Acts" | 24 | |
| 1647941237 | First Continental Congress | the meeting of delegates from twelve of thirteen colonies in Philadelphia in 1774 as a response t the "Intolerable Acts"; the delegates drafted a Declaration of Rights and a number of appeals to the colonies, the king, and the British people, and perhaps most significantly created The Association | 25 | |
| 1649169635 | The Association | the document that called for a complete boycott of Britih goods: nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption; this was the closest the colonies had arrived to forming a written constitution up to that point | 26 | |
| 1649816863 | Hessians | the German mercenaries hired by Britain to fight in the Revolutionary War; England employed roughly thirty thousand of these; they were good soldiers in a mechanical sense but were more interested in acquiring a fortune through looting rather than fighting for the cause of the British; many of these mercenaries deserted and became American citizens after the war | 27 | |
| 1652122846 | Second Continental Congress | the meeting of delegates from the thirteen colonies in Philadelphia one month after the bloodshed at Lexington and Concord; managed the colonial war effort, calling for a continental army; the delegates selected George Washington to lead the army besieging Boston | 28 | |
| 1652122847 | continental army | the American Patriot army during the Revolutionary War, led by George Washington | 29 | |
| 1652122848 | George Washington | the wealthy Virginia planter chosen to lead the colonial army; he was chosen for political reasons: being from Virginia, the southern colonies were brought into the war and united with New England and the middle colonies, and being a man of wealth he could not be accused of simply seeking fortune | 30 | |
| 1652122849 | Bunker Hill | the site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War, set on a colonial-controlled hill outside of Boston; the Americans fought off the British until they ran out of ammunition; the battle was regarded as a "moral victory" because although the colonials were forced to retreat, the British were slaughtered | 31 | |
| 1652122850 | Olive Branch Petition | the document adopted by the Continental Congress in 1775 that proclaimed American loyalty to Britain and begged King George III to end his offensive in the colonies | 32 | |
| 1652296947 | Baron von Steuben | the Prussian general who drilled the American soldiers at Valley Forge in order to prepare them to fight the British | 33 | |
| 1652296948 | admiralty courts | the British courts established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts, and later extended to the Stamp Act and Sugar Act; trials were heard by judges without a jury and all defendants were guilty until proven innocent | 34 | |
| 1652296949 | Minute Men | colonial militia men who were supposed to be ready to fight the British at a moment's notice; King George III saw the training of these soldiers as a sign of rebellion | 35 | |
| 1652296950 | William Dawes | the American patriot who rode the opposite direction of Paul Revere to warn the colonials that the British were advancing on Lexington and Concord | 36 | |
| 1652296951 | (General Richard) Montgomery | the Irish-Born general of the continental army who participated in the attempt to conquer Canada; he pushed up Lake Champlain, taking Montreal and meeting General Arnold at Quebec; he was killed in the failed assault on Quebec | 37 | |
| 1652296952 | (General Benedict) Arnold | the American general who participated in the attempt to conquer Canada and in fighting off the British during their attempted invasion of the Hudson River Valley; he pushed through Maine with starving men and met General Montgomery at Quebec, where he was shot in the leg during the failed assault; he retreated to the Lake Champlain area, where he created major delays for the British army by assembling a small naval fleet and forcing the British to stop and construct a larger one; Arnold later | 38 | |
| 1652672967 | Thomas Paine | the radical Revolutionary leader who argued that the colonies needed to form an independent republic and questioned why England had the right to control the vast colonies in his pamphlet Common Sense | 39 | |
| 1652672968 | Common Sense | the pamphlet written by Thomas Paine, in which he called for colonial independence and the formation of a republic | 40 | |
| 1652672969 | Declaration of Independence | the document prepared by a committee of the Continental Congress and drafted officially by Thomas Jefferson that proclaimed the independence of the colonies from Britain and included a list of grievances against King George III; influenced by Enlightenment thought, Thomas Jefferson argued that the king had denied the colonials their "natural rights", and therefore they had the right to overthrow the existing government; approved by Congress on July 4, 1776 | 41 | |
| 1652672970 | Loyalists | the colonials loyal to the king who fought the American rebels; called "Tories" after the conservative British political faction; included the wealthy conservatives and most officers or agents employed by the British; usually most numerous where the Anglican church was strongest with the exception of Virginia; roughly eighty thousand supporters of the crown were driven out of the colonies or fled out of fear | 42 | |
| 1652672971 | Patriots | the American rebels who fought the British redcoats and the Loyalists; called "Whigs" after the more liberal and opposition faction in Britain | 43 | |
| 1652672972 | (General William) Howe | the British general who participated in the attempted invasion of the Hudson River Valley; his troops were stationed in New York and could advance up the Hudson River to meet General Burgoyne's forces if needed; instead of meeting Burgoyne, he attacked Philadelphia in an attempt to destroy Washington's army and leave a path open for the slow-moving Burgoyne; after capturing Philadelphia, he settled down comfortably in the city and did not return to the invasion | 44 | |
| 1652672973 | (General "Gentleman Johnny") Burgoyne | the British general who participated in the attempted invasion of the Hudson River Valley; he commanded the main invading force that pushed down through Lake Champlain, making slow progress because of the forested area his troops had to march through; he was swarmed by American militia men in Albany and was forced to surrender his entire command at Saratoga on October 17, 1777 | 45 | |
| 1652672974 | (Colonel) St. Leger | the British commander who participated in the attempted invasion of the Hudson River Valley; he controlled a small force that would come in from the west | 46 | |
| 1652854518 | Valley Forge | the hilly position where George Washington stationed his men after General Howe's capture of Philadelphia | 47 | |
| 1652854519 | Saratoga | the site of the battle in which the continental army defeated the British under General Burgoyne, who was forced to surrender his entire command; this proved to be a turning point in the war, reviving the American cause and making foreign aid from the French possible; after their defeat, the British essentially gave Americans home rule but it was too late, the Patriots were fighting for independence | 48 | |
| 1653461144 | Armed Neutrality | the term for the alliance of Catherine the Great of Russia and other European powers who did not declare war against Britain but instead assumed a hostile neutrality | 49 | |
| 1653794805 | (Comte de) Rochambeau | the commander of the six thousand French troops sent to America after the treaty of open alliance between the United States and France was signed | 50 | |
| 1653794806 | (General Nathanael) Greene | the American general who successfully clreared most of Georgia and South Carolina of British troops; he became known as the "Fighting Quaker" | 51 | |
| 1653794807 | (Genearl Charles) Cornwallis | the British general who was ousted from the southern states by General Greene and later was forced to surrender his entire force of seven thousand men at Yorktown when he was completely cornered by Washington's men, the forces of Rochambeau, and the navy of French Admiral de Grasse | 52 | |
| 1653794808 | Joseph Brant | the Mohawk chief who converted to Anglicanism and argued that if Britain was victorious it would restrain American expansion into the west; united many members of the Six Nations of the Iroquois and joined the British, ravaging large areas of backcountry of Pennsylvania and New York until defeated by an American force | 53 | |
| 1653794809 | Treaty of Fort Stanwix | the treaty that the pro-British Iroquois under Joseph Brant were forced to sign after their defeat; under its terms the Indians ceded most of their land; this was the first treaty between the United States and an Indian nation | 54 | |
| 1653794810 | George Rogers Clark | the frontiersman who captured scattered British forts along the Ohio River | 55 | |
| 1653794811 | John Paul Jones | the Scotsman who commanded America's small navy | 56 | |
| 1653794812 | privateers | the armed civilian ships specificallly authorized by Congress to attack British ships and keep their goods | 57 | |
| 1653794813 | (Admiral) de Grasse | the French admiral who commanded the naval forces that fought for the American cause; he blockaded General Cornwallis's men at Yorktown, working with Washington and Rochambeau to corner the British and force them to surrender | 58 | |
| 1653794814 | Yorktown | the site of General Cornwallis's surrender after he was cornered by Washington's men, the forces of Rochambeau, and the navy of French Admiral de Grasse; this was the last decisive battle of the Revolution | 59 | |
| 1653794815 | Treaty of Paris | the treaty that ended the American war for independence; this provided that the British recognized the independence of the United States and granted generous boundaries | 60 |
