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| 64708049 | act of toleration of 1649 | ensured "religious toleration" in maryland for all christians; provided death penalty for any non-christian; protestants rebellion momentarily repealed the act but it was quickly restored | |
| 64708050 | fundamental orders of 1639 | first constitution of colonial america; from connecticut; called for power of government to derive from the governed | |
| 64708051 | proclamation of 1763 | line of demarcation that barred colonists from settling west of appalachians; meant to prevent clashes with indians; colonists mostly ignored & settled in the west anyways | |
| 64708052 | sugar acts of 1764 | raised previous amount demanded on sweeteners (molasses/sugar) from older tax; tax was levied mainly to make money for england | |
| 64708053 | quartering act of 1765 | required colonists to provide room/board for british soldiers; the law was laxly enforced | |
| 64708054 | stamp act of 1765 | required all paper was to have a stamp affixed; first time the colonists had been subjected to a direct tax (paid directly by the consumer); england felt that colonists should pay for the french-indian war | |
| 64708055 | declaratory act of 1766 | replaced the stamp act; this maintained the right of england to tax the colonies in the future | |
| 64708056 | townsend acts of 1767 | brought harsh taxes on goods like glass, paper, tea; writs of assistance were issued that allowed a search of colonial homes without a warrant; boycotts of british goods began, & it was repealed in 1770 | |
| 64708057 | tea act of 1773 | lowered the price of tea; colonists were still wary at any british attempt to collect revenue | |
| 64708058 | coercive acts of 1773 | closed boston harbor until the tea ruined in the boston tea party was paid for; revoked charter of massachusetts; put colony under the control of england; expanded the quartering act | |
| 64708059 | intolerable acts of 1774 | allowed the ex-french region of quebec to be self-sufficient & expanded its borders into the ohio valley region; quebecois were allowed to freely practice catholicism; also called the quebec act | |
| 64708060 | quebec act of 1774 | allowed quebec to be self-sufficient & expanded its borders into ohio valley region; quebecois could freely practice religion; also called intolerable acts | |
| 64708061 | land ordinance of 1785 | required new townships to set aside land for public education & said that public lands would be used to pay off the national debt | |
| 64708062 | northwest ordinance of 1787 | established guidelines for attaining statehood; territories with at least 60,000 people could apply; slavery was banned from states north of the ohio river | |
| 64708063 | judiciary act of 1789 | established a supreme court consisting of 1 chief justice & 5 associate justices; provided 13 district courts & 3 circuit courts of appeal | |
| 64708064 | revenue act of 1789 | placed 8% tariff on imports, much lower than hamilton had wanted | |
| 64708065 | neutrality proclamation of 1793 | hamilton wanted to maintain relationships with england; jefferson sympathized with the french; washington made this proclamation & french/british ships set out to seize american ships crossing the atlantic, stealing cargo & impressing sailors; these seizures violated the proclamation & washington sent john jay to negotiate | |
| 64708066 | alien acts of 1798 | these increased the residency requirement for citizenship from 5 to 14 years & gave the president power to detain/deport enemy aliens in time of war | |
| 64708067 | sedition act of 1798 | this made it illegal to criticize the president/congress & imposed a heavy fine or threat of imprisonment on violators | |
| 64708068 | judiciary act of 1801 | was passed before congress was to be turned over to the majority republicans; created 16 new judgeships | |
| 64708069 | berlin decree of 1806 | made by napoleon; an attempt to cut britain off from the rest of the world & meant that US ships traveling to britain to deposit goods would get caught in the napoleonic war | |
| 64708070 | orders in council of 1807 | british response to napoleon's berlin decree; closed all ports under french control; any US ship traveling to europe that didn't stop in england first would be confiscated | |
| 64708071 | milan decree of 1807 | by napoleon; authorized his navy to seize foreign ships traveling to europe that had stopped in britain first, even though britain's orders in council said that they would seize any ship that hadn't stopped in england first; the US was basically screwed | |
| 64708072 | embargo act of 1807 | prohibited US merchant vessels from anchoring at any foreign port; jefferson hoped this would hurt british/french economies, he was WRONG; most damage inflicted on new england merchants; harsh enforcement laws were passed to uphold it | |
| 64708073 | non-intercourse act of 1809 | passed in last days of jeffersons presidency; replaced embargo act; allowed US to trade with foreign nations except britain & france | |
| 64708074 | macon's bill number 2 of 1810 | sought to lift trade restrictions against britain/france but only after those nations agreed to honor US neutrality; napoleon agreed & madison issued britain an ultimatum to remove their orders in council or US would not trade with them; napoleon didn't honor his promise, however | |
| 64708075 | tariff of 1816 | created to prevent cheap british goods from flooding the market/hurting manufacturing; imposed 20% duty on all imported goods | |
| 64708076 | tallmadge amendment | added to missouri's bid for statehood; this would not allow any more slaves to be brought into the state & would provide for emancipation of slave children at 25 years old; did not pass through the senate | |
| 64708077 | specie circular | this issuance of jackson required the payment of federal lands to be made in hard coin (specie) rather than banknotes; caused paper money's value to drop, leading to the panic of 1837 | |
| 64708078 | tariff of 1828 | new englanders pushed for this tax to protect themselves from foreign competition; called "tariff of abominations" by the south | |
| 64708079 | tariff of 1832 | to appease the south, jackson sought to lower this tariff from 45% duties to 35%; didn't placate the south very much; SC nullified this tariff & threatened to secede if jackson attempted to collect | |
| 64708080 | force bill | gave the president power to use military force to collect tariffs if the need arose | |
| 64708081 | indian removal act of 1830 | provided for immediate resettlement of indians in MS, AL, FL, GA, & IL; these were "civilized" tribes; by 1835 100,000 were forcibly removed | |
| 64708082 | maine law of 1851 | prohibited the manufacture/sale of alcoholic beverages in this state; soon after 12 other states would pass similar laws | |
| 64708083 | wilmot proviso | aimed to forbid slavery in the new land acquired from the war with mexico; bill passed through the house but not senate | |
| 64708084 | fugitive slave law of 1850 | designed to reenslave those slaves who had made it to freedom; law denied legal rights to captured blacks & sentenced whites who harbored fugitives to heavy fines or jail time | |
| 64708085 | compromise of 1850 | drafted by henry clay to avert a national crisis; admitted CA as free state, divide mexican cession into new mexico & utah territories with popular sovereignty to determine slave status, ban the slave trade in washington DC, have stricter fugitive slave laws, & give texas $ for their lost new mexico territory | |
| 64708086 | kansas-nebraska act of 1854 | came when stephen a. douglas proposed to divide the nebraska territory into 2 regions; both regions lay above the 36'30 line of demarcation stipulated by the missouri compromise, theoretically opening these lands to slavery; this would repeal the missouri compromise | |
| 64708087 | homestead act of 1862 | granted 160 acres to any family that would agree to farm it for at least 5 years | |
| 64708088 | morrill land grant of 1862 | gave federal lands to states for the purpose of building schools that would teach agriculture & technical trades | |
| 64708089 | pacific railway act of 1862 | approved the building of a transcontinental railroad that would completely transform the west by linking the atlantic ocean with the pacific | |
| 64708502 | tenure of office act | disallowed the president to discharge a federal appointee without consulting senate; an attempt by republicans to protect their numbers from the angry hand of president johnson; johnson ignored this & fired secretary of war edwin stanton; the house submitted articles of impeachment; johnson was impeached by the house but not the senate | |
| 64708503 | proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction of 1863 | way to reintroduce the south into the union; would begin by the reestablishment of state governments that would gain legitimacy by obtaining at least 10% of their voting populace to swear an oath of loyalty to the US; then the president was ready to grant pardons to any former confederate, as long as he took an oath of allegiance & agreed to eliminate slavery | |
| 64891324 | wade-davis bill of 1864 | required 50% of southern voters take the oath of loyalty before rejoining the union; let only those who had not been active members/supporters of the confederacy to approve new state constitutions; lincoln pocket-vetoed this bill even though it was passed in both houses | |
| 64891325 | military reconstruction act of 1867 | radical republicans passed this; divided the south into 5 districts that would be managed by military forces; martial law in effect; required petitioning states to ratify the fourteenth amendment & provide universal manhood suffrage | |
| 64891326 | civil rights bill of 1866 | designed to destroy black codes by giving blacks full citizenship; johnson vetoed it, but congress overturned that | |
| 64891327 | force acts of 1870-1871 | allowed the use of federal troops to end violence & enforce the 14th & 15th amendments; moderately successful in calming the KKK but they survived | |
| 64891328 | clayton antitrust act of 1913 | finally gave power to the weak/ineffective sherman antitrust act of 1890; strengthened provisions from breaking up trusts & protected labor unions from prosecution | |
| 64891329 | interstate commerce act of 1887 | created the interstate commerce commission (ICC) which regulated/investigated railroad companies that participated in interstate rail trafficking | |
| 64891330 | sherman antitrust act of 1890 | an attempt to break up massive monopolies; act forbade the creation of trusts that were designed to restrain trade; it failed to specify the difference between trusts that were beneficial to customers & those that were harmful; failed to include any method of enforcement | |
| 64891331 | pendleton civil service act of 1883 | reformed the corrupt patronage system of obtaining civil service jobs; all potential civil service employees had to take an exam to prove their worthiness | |
| 64891332 | elkins act of 1903 | gave the interstate commerce commission more power to prohibit rail companies from giving rebates to favored customers | |
| 64891333 | hepburn act of 1906 | allowed the ICC to regulate the price of shipping rates railroad lines could charge, ending long-haul/short-haul price gouging | |
| 64891334 | pure food and drug act of 1906 | response to "the jungle"; provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated food products and poisonous medicines | |
| 64891335 | meat inspection act of 1906 | made sure that meat was thoroughly inspected before reaching its consumers | |
| 64891336 | mann-elkins act of 1910 | placed the regulation of communication directly under the ICC | |
| 64891337 | chinese exclusion act of 1882 | restricted asian immigration to the US; reaction to large numbers of chinese/japanese immigrants in california | |
| 64891338 | dawes severalty act of 1887 | stripped indian tribes of their official recognition & land rights; would give individual indian families land/citizenship in 25 years if they behaved | |
| 64891339 | underwood tariff bill of 1913 | imposed the first permanent federal income tax on the well-to-do | |
| 64891340 | federal reserve act of 1913 | created the federal reserve system | |
| 64891341 | federal reserve system | consisted of 12 regional banks that were controlled by the federal reserve board; system would serve as lender of the last resort for all private banks, hold or sell the nation's bonds, & issue federal reserve notes to purchase goods & services | |
| 64891342 | federal trade commission of 1914 | created to control monopolies; would monitor interstate business activities & force companies that broke laws to comply with cease & desist orders | |
| 64891343 | espionage act of 1917 | aimed mostly at germans/antiwar protesters; tried to curb free speech; socialists were targeted/arrested; Supreme Court said that Congress could limit free speech if it represented a clear & present danger | |
| 64891344 | sedition act of 1917 | aimed mostly at germans/antiwar protestors; looked to curb the right to free speech; socialists were targeted/arrested | |
| 64891345 | platt amendment of 1902 | Cuba had to write it into their constitution to gain freedom; Cuba had to have all treaties approved by teh US before signing, the US had the right to interfere in Cuba both politically/militarily, US would be given access to naval bases on the island | |
| 64891346 | selective services act of 1917 | authorized the conscription of US males into military service | |
| 65557526 | dawes plan of 1924 | this loan program was crafted to give money to germany so that they could pay war reparations & lessen the financial crisis in europe; the program ended with the 1929 stock market crash | |
| 65557527 | mcnary-haugen bill | this bill would have assisted farmers who badly needed price supports, but coolidge vetoed it twice | |
| 65557528 | hoover-stimson doctrine of 1932 | this doctrine declared that the US wouldn't recognize territorial gains made by nations who violated the kellogg-briand pact | |
| 65557529 | volstead act of 1919 | this act was the enforcement arm of the 18th amendment (prohibition) | |
| 65557530 | quota act of 1921 | also known as the immigration act, this set a 3% immigration limit on individuals from each nation of origin | |
| 65557531 | national origins act of 1924 | this act set the immigration limit to 2% based on the 1890 census; it was direct at southern/eastern european/asian immigrants | |
| 65557532 | glass-steagall act of 1933 | this at paved the way for the federal deposit insurance corporation that would protect US banking deposits up to $5,000 | |
| 65557533 | emergency banking relief act of 1933 | this act reopened solvent banks while the others were absorbed into the government | |
| 65557534 | hawley-smoot tariff of 1930 | this 50% tariff on imported goods hurt american farmers & resulted in retaliatory tariffs from other nations around the world that hurt manufacturers | |
| 65557535 | agricultural adjustment act of 1933 | this act paid farmers subsidies to destroy or plow under fields to create artificial scarcity & increase the price of good; deemed unconstitutional in 1935 | |
| 65557536 | social security act of 1935 | guaranteed benefits for retirrees, the disabled, & the unemployed; money was collected from a worker's pay on a monthly basis which was paid back to them when they turned 65 | |
| 65557537 | section 7a | this part of the national industrial recovery administration legislation formally guarnateed organized labor the right to collectively bargain & organize; unions could actively recruit & they had gained legal acceptance | |
| 65557538 | national labor relations act of 1935 | this act, also called the wagner act, strengthened section 7a of the NIRA, the right of unions to collectively bargain & recruit | |
| 65557539 | selective training and service act of 1940 | the first peacetime draft that provided for all men 21-35 to register for the military | |
| 65557540 | fair labor standards act of 1938 | this act established a federal minimum wage & maximum hour for interstate businesses & ensured an end to child labor | |
| 65557541 | judicial reorganization bill of 1937 | this failed bill would have allowed FDR to appoint 1 justice for every current justice who was over 70 years old; this would have given FDR the ability to appoint 6 justices; the bill died when FDR's biggest supporters wouldn't support this "court-packing" scheme | |
| 65557542 | indian reorganization act of 1934 | this act repealed the dawes act of 1887 by returning federal reservation lands back to tribes & giving indians support to reestablish/support tribal culture | |
| 65557543 | neutrality act of 1939 | this act proclaimed US neutrality in name only; the US provided weapons to european allies on a cash-and-carry basis | |
| 65557544 | lend-lease act of 1941 | allowed britain to borrow US war materials & lent britain US money | |
| 65557545 | GI bill of 1944 | congress passed this bill (aka the servicemen's readjustment act) to provide funding for college education & gave loans to buy houses/start businesses; helped create a career & provide home for the 15 million soldiers returnin from war | |
| 65557546 | executive order 9066 of 1942 | sent japanese-americans to internment camps, ave them 48 hours to pack & leave; the government paid them $20,00 in 1988 as an apology | |
| 65557547 | employment act of 1946 | congress passed this act in an attempt to keep the US in full employment at all times | |
| 65557548 | taft-hartley act of 1947 | this act was an attempt to support big business; truman vetoed it but congress overturned that; it outlawed "closed shops" by states who wished, boycotts from other unions, & allowed the pres. to demand a cooling-off period of 80 days before a strike began | |
| 66272809 | marshall plan of 1947 | truman's secretary of state created this plan to give west europe financial assistance & political support for rebuilding democratic forms of government; congress approved this plan, which would supply $3 bil in aid over a 4 year period; this plan worked extremely well for west europe & by the end of the era the region was self-sufficient | |
| 66272810 | national security act of 1947 | this act created the department of defense, the national security council, and the central intelligence agency | |
| 66272811 | smith act of 1940 | this act was designed to arrest people who were advocates of overthrowing the government, even if they had no intention of actually ever doing so | |
| 66272812 | national highway act of 1956 | this act created the nation's interstate freeway system; it improved the US's infrastructure, provided for quick evacuation of large urban centers, emergency landing of planes, and the transport of missiles | |
| 66272813 | civil rights bill of 1957 | this bill hoped to ensure that blacks would be able to vote by supporting new division within the federal justice department to monitor civil rights abuses; by the time the bill was enacted, it had been watered down & had barely any impact | |
| 66276183 | patriot act | the bush administration enacted this act, which expanded the government's ability to monitor the activities of americans & conduct investigations of suspected terrorists | |
| 66276184 | war powers act of 1973 | this act repealed the gulf of tonkin resolution & limited the president's ability to wage war without consent of congress |
