Mr. Harvey's APUSH Benedictine 11th grade notes KEY TERMS ONLY
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| 550614769 | "Cotton is King" | Cotton had become such a huge import by the time of the Civil War it was 60% of all American Imports. Southerners believed that it was so essential to Europeans that they would intervene in the Civil War. The term "Cotton is King" comes from Senator J. H. Hammond's fro South Carolina boast "Without firing a gun...should they make war on us, we could bring the whole world to our feet...What would happen if no cotton was furnished for three years?... England would topple headlong and carry the whole civilized world with her save the South. No, you dare not to make war on cotton. No power on the earth dares to make war upon it. Cotton is King." | |
| 550614770 | Sir Walter Scott | Author, wrote of manors and castles, idealizing feudal society even though many economic activities were capitalistic | |
| 550614771 | King Cotton | Expression used by Southern authors and orators before Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry, and that North needed South's cotton. Coined by James Hammond | |
| 550614772 | "Land butchery" | excessive cultivation | |
| 550614773 | "Poor White Trash" | slaves' name for least prosperous nonslave-holding whites | |
| 550614774 | Frederick Douglass | former slave (escaped), abolitionist, self-educated brilliant orator, several times mobbed and beaten by northern rowdies | |
| 550614775 | Harriet Beecher Stowe | Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery. | |
| 550614776 | "Black Belt" | The area of the south where most slaves were held, stretching from South Carolina across to Louisiana | |
| 550614777 | Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner, Gabriel Prosser | Each of these led attempted slave rebellions in South Carolina and Virginia, respectively | |
| 550614778 | American Colonization Society | Abolitionist organization founded in 1817 with the purpose of transporting blacks back to Africa, forming the Republic of Liberia in 1822. | |
| 550614779 | Theodore Dwight Weld | American abolitionist whose pamphlet Slavery As It Is (1839) inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. | |
| 550614780 | William Lloyd Garrison | 1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. | |
| 550614781 | American Antislavery Society | Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves. | |
| 550614782 | Wendell Phillips | An associate of William Lloyd Garrison, this man founded the American Antislavery Society in 1833. "Abolition's golden trumpet" | |
| 550614783 | David Walker | He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt. | |
| 550614784 | Sojourner Truth | United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883) | |
| 550614785 | Frederick Douglass | One of the most prominent African American figures in the abolitionist movement. Escaped from slavery in Maryland at age 21 in 1838. he was a great thinker and speaker. Published his own antislavery newspaper called the North Star and was "discovered" by abolitionists after impromptu speech at antislavery meeting | |
| 550614786 | Mason-Dixon Line | originally the southern boundary of colonial Pennsylvania, antislavery societies more numerous below it in 1820s | |
| 550614787 | Northern Wage Slaves | "Wage Slaves" livelihood depends on wages and dependence is total and immediate. Working with jail-like form of Social Security | |
| 550614788 | Gag Resolution | 1836 required all antislavery appeals to be tabled without debate, direct attack on right of petition | |
| 550614789 | Abolitionism | The militant effort to do away with slavery. It began in the north in the 1700's. Becoming a major issue in the 1830's, it dominated politics by the 1840's. Congress became a battle ground between the pro and anti slavery forces | |
| 550614790 | Elijah P. Lovejoy | Reverend from Illinois, impugned chastity of Catholic Women, killed by mob in 1837 | |
| 550614791 | Oligarchy | a political system governed by a few people | |
| 550614792 | Lewis Cass | General, veteran of War of 1812, senator of wide experience and considerable ability, pompous | |
| 550614793 | Popular Sovereignty | sovereign people of territory under Constitution should themselves determine status of slavery | |
| 550614794 | Free Soil Party | formed from the remnants of the Liberty Party in 1848; adopting a slogan of "free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men," it opposed the spread of slavery into territories and supported homesteads, cheap postage, and internal improvements. It ran Martin Van Buren (1848) and John Hale (1852) for president and was absorbed into the Republican Party by 1856. ***Attracted democrats resentful of polk, "Conscience Whigs", Martin Van Buren, etc | |
| 550614795 | "Conscience Whigs" | Anti-slavery whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds. | |
| 550614796 | Underground Railroad | a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North | |
| 550614797 | Harriet Tubman | United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913) | |
| 550614798 | Fugitive-Slave Law | Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad. | |
| 550614799 | Henry Clay | Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. | |
| 550614800 | Stephen A. Douglass | a Democratic Senator from Illinois who debated Abraham Lincoln during his run for Senator in the Lincoln-Douglass Debates. He was an avid supporter of the Compromise of 1850, supported popular sovereignty, he rescued Clay's faltering compromise, he divided the compromise into 5 parts to he could mobilize a majority for each issue separately. "The Little Giant" | |
| 550614801 | John C. Calhoun | South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification. "The Great Nullifier," died in 1850 | |
| 550614802 | Daniel Webster | United States politician and orator (1782-1817), Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850 and subsequently lost favor from his constituency | |
| 550614803 | Seventh of March | An address given to the US senate by D. webster. It was his last great speech in which he put aside his agreement with slavery in favor of his love for the Union. | |
| 550614804 | William H. Seward | antislaveryite from New York, he stated that on the issue of slavery, there was a higher law than the Constitution | |
| 550614805 | "Higher Law" | Senator William Seward's doctrine that slavery should be excluded from the territories as contrary to a divine moral law standing above even the Constitution | |
| 550614806 | Millard Fillmore | elected Vice President and became the 13th President of the United States when Zachary Taylor died in office (1800-1874) | |
| 550614807 | Compromise of 1850 | Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession | |
| 550614808 | Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 | came from the Compromise of 1850; federal commissioners were appointed and given authority to issue warrants, gather, posses and force citizens to help catch runaway slaves | |
| 550614809 | Franklin Pierce | an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States. Pierce's popularity in the North declined sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and reopening the question of the expansion of slavery in the West. | |
| 550614810 | Winfield Scott | military hero of the Mexican War who became the Whigs' last presidential candidate in 1852, "Old Fuss and Feathers" | |
| 550614811 | Clayton-Bulwer Treaty | between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to canal across Isthmus of Panama; Abrogated by U.S. in 1881 | |
| 550614812 | William Walker | a proslavery American adventurer from the South, he led an expedition to seize control on Nicaragua in 1855. He wanted to petition for annexation it as a new slave state but failed when several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before the offer was made. | |
| 550614813 | "Filibustering" | Referring to adventurers who conduct a private war against a foreign country. "During 1850 - 1851 two 'filibustering' expeditions descended upon Cuba." | |
| 550614814 | Ostend Manifesto | A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S. | |
| 550614815 | Caleb Cushing | American diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Wanghia with China in 1844 | |
| 550614816 | Treaty of Wanghia | Signed by China; First formal diplomatic agreement between the United States and China; US got most favored nation status and extraterritoriality (meaning that Americans accused of crimes in China would be tried in America before Americans); allowed American trade with China to flourish and opened opportunity for American missionaries | |
| 550614817 | Tokugawa Shogunate | Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences | |
| 550614818 | Matthew C. Perry | he opened Japan and persuaded it to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa establishing relations with the US | |
| 550614819 | Treaty of Kanagawa | proper treatment of shipwrecked sailors, American coaling rights in Japan, establishment of consular relations | |
| 550614820 | "Meiji Restoration" | The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. | |
| 550614821 | James Gadsden | American diplomat, politician, and railroad promoter who negotiated the Gadsden Purchase. | |
| 550614822 | Kansas-Nebraska Act | This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare. Created by Stephen A. Douglass | |
| 550614823 | Harriet Beecher Stowe | Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery. | |
| 550614824 | Uncle Tom's Cabin | Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict. | |
| 550614825 | Hinton R. Helper | Wrote "The Impending Crisis of the South", a book about slavery. He said the non-slave holding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. He was captured and killed by Southerners | |
| 550614826 | New England Emigrant Aid Company | Antislavery organization in the North that sent out thousands of pioneers to the Kansas-Nebraska territory to thwart the Southerners and abolitionize the West. | |
| 550614827 | John Brown | An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory | |
| 550614828 | Pottawatomie Creek Massacre | In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas | |
| 550614829 | Lecompton Constitution | Proposed constitution for Kansas supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state. | |
| 550614830 | James Buchanan | The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860. | |
| 550614831 | "Bleeding Kansas" | Term referring to bloodshed over popular sovereignty in a particular western territory | |
| 550614832 | Charles Sumner | gave a speech in may 1856 called " the Crime Against Kansas" militant opponent of slavery, beat with a cane by Preston Brooks after the speech, collapsed unconscious and couldn't return to senate for 4 years, symbol throughout the north. | |
| 550614833 | John C. Fremont | an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery. | |
| 550614834 | American (Know-Nothing) Party | Developed from the order of the Star Spangled Banner and was made up of nativists. This party was organized due to its secretiveness and in 1865 nominated the ex-president Fillmore. These super-patriots were antiforeign and anti-Catholic and adopted the slogan "American's must rule America!" Remaining members of the Whig party also backed Fillmore for President. | |
| 550614835 | Dred Scott Decision | A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen. | |
| 550614836 | Dred Scott | United States slave who sued for liberty after living in a non-slave state | |
| 550614837 | Chief Justice Roger B. Taney | As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws. | |
| 550614838 | Panic of 1857 | A notable sudden collapse in the economy caused by over speculation in railroads and lands, false banking practices, and a break in the flow of European capital to American investments as a result of the Crimean War. Since it did not effect the South as bad as the North, they gained a sense of superiority. | |
| 550614839 | Abraham Lincoln | 16th President of the United States | |
| 550614840 | Lincoln-Douglas Debates | 1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate | |
| 550614841 | Freeport Doctrine | Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election. | |
| 550614842 | Harper's Ferry Raid | Occurred in October of 1859. John Brown of Kansas attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. Brown was captured. The effects of Harper's Ferry Raid were as such: the South saw the act as one of treason and were encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr to the northern abolitionist cause. | |
| 550614843 | John C. Breckenridge | buchanan's vice president, nominated for president by breakaway southern democrats in 1860 | |
| 550614844 | John Bell | Presidential candidate of the Constitutional Union Party. He drew votes away from the Democrats, helping Lincoln win. | |
| 550614845 | Jefferson Davis | an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865 | |
| 550614846 | James Henry Crittenden | Kentucky Senator who attempted to make compromises between the North and the South, took mantle of Henry Clay | |
| 550614847 | Crittenden Compromise | A last-ditch effort to resolve the secession crisis by compromise. It proposed to bar the government from intervening in the states' decision of slavery, to restore the Missouri Compromise, and to guarantee protection of slavery below the line. Lincoln rejected the proposal, causing the gateway to bloodshed to be open. | |
| 550614848 | Southern Nationalism | This was the development of a specific southern identity independent of a larger national identity. This subculture was one of the largest justifications for the south to secede and subsequently go to war. | |
| 550614849 | Self-determination | the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will |
