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| 3144707618 | Thomas Jefferson | A prominent statesman, He became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, he took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. As the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809, he organized the national government by his Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality. | 0 | |
| 3144718091 | James Monroe | (1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the ____ Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas | 1 | |
| 3144718092 | William Clark | (1770-1838) American soldier and friend of Meriwether Lewis, he was invited to explore the Louisiana Purchase and joined what became known as the Lewis and Clark expedition. | 2 | |
| 3144719747 | Albert Gallatin | He was the secretary of the treasury under Thomas Jefferson. He was called the "Watchdog of the Treasury," and proved to be as able as Alexander Hamilton. He agreed with Jefferson that a national debt was a bane rather than a blessing. Using strict controls of the economy, he succeeded in reducing the debt, and he balanced the budget. | 3 | |
| 3144719748 | Robert Livingston | Bought New Orleans and all the French territory west of the Mississippi River from Napoleon for 15 million dollars. He was only supposed to negotiate for a small part of New Orleans for 10 million so Jefferson was upset when he heard about his deal. | 4 | |
| 3144723668 | John Marshall | American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review. | 5 | |
| 3144723669 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 6 | |
| 3144723670 | Aaron Burr | He was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New York, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, he tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made him Vice- President. | 7 | |
| 3144726086 | William Marbury | "Midnight Judge" appointed in the Judiciary Act of 1801. Sued government because he was never appointed, which resulted in Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review. | 8 | |
| 3144726087 | James Madison | Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812, author of Bill of Rights | 9 | |
| 3144727653 | Tecumseh | A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. He was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. | 10 | |
| 3144727654 | Tenskwatawa | "The Prophet" He inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe | 11 | |
| 3144727655 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | Was an important leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator. | 12 | |
| 3144730131 | Samuel Chase | A prominent political leader during the American Revolution, he was the only U.S. Supreme Court justice ever impeached. Despite his record of outstanding accomplishment on the Supreme Court, Congress voted to impeach him in 1804. His support of the Federalist-backed Alien and Sedition Acts and his overly zealous handling of treason and sedition trials involving Jeffersonians caused him to anger the president and his backers in Congress. While spared by only a narrow margin, he was acquitted, with the result that his trial discouraged future attempts to impeach justices for purely political reasons. | 13 | |
| 3144730132 | Meriwether Lewis | Army captain appointed by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory and lands west to the Pacific Ocean | 14 | |
| 3144730133 | Henry Clay | Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. | 15 | |
| 3144732272 | John Quincy Adams | (1767-1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress. | 16 | |
| 3144732273 | Sally Hemings | A slave who was owned by Thomas Jefferson. Based on recent evidence from DNA and from the timing of Jefferson's visits to Monticello, most scholars now think it probable that Jefferson, a widower, was the father of one and possibly more of her four surviving children. | 17 | |
| 3144732274 | James Wilkinson | He was one of the Commissioners appointed to receive the Purchase Louisiana from the French, and served as Governor of Louisiana from 1805-1806. He informed Pres. Jefferson of Burr's conspiracy to take over Louisiana, and was the primary witness against Burr at his treason trial, even though he was implicated in the plot. | 18 | |
| 3144734082 | patronage | Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support | 19 | |
| 3144734083 | judicial review | Review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court | 20 | |
| 3144734106 | impeachment | Formal accusation against a president or other public official, the first step in removal from office. | 21 | |
| 3144736337 | impressment | The act of seizing by force; between 1803 and 1812, the British kidnapped about 6,000 American sailors to work on British ships, a factor in the War of 1812 | 22 | |
| 3144736338 | economic coercion | Jefferson came up with the Embargo Act which cut off all trade with all countries. Jefferson hoped this would force the English to come to his terms and stop stealing American sailors. This, however, did not work and greatly hurt American trade. | 23 | |
| 3144736339 | Macon's Bill No. 2 | Reopened trade with Britain and France , America would lend its support to the first nation to drop trade restrictions; France acted first and America halted all British imports. The United States declared war on Britain. | 24 | |
| 3144737658 | war hawks | Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand. | 25 | |
| 3144737659 | three-fifths clause | a compromise in the Constitution that counted each slave as three-fifths of a person as to how many representatives would be in Congress | 26 | |
| 3144737660 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures. | 27 | |
| 3144739405 | Judiciary Act of 1801 | One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government. | 28 | |
| 3144739406 | Orders in Council | British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods. | 29 | |
| 3144739407 | Revolution of 1800 | Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule. | 30 | |
| 3144741399 | midnight judges | The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration. | 31 | |
| 3144741400 | Chesapeake Incident | Commander of the U.S. frigate Chesapeake refused to submit to a search by the British ship Leopard. The Leopard then opened fire on the this ship and killed three american soldiers. In retaliation to this attack on a U.S. ship in American waters, President Thomas Jefferson passed the Embargo Act in 1807. | 32 | |
| 3144741401 | Marbury v. Madison | (1803) He was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional, this case also established judicial review. | 33 | |
| 3144743160 | Embargo Act of 1807 | This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act. | 34 | |
| 3144743161 | Louisiana Purchase Treaty | (1803) The U.S. purchased land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify purchase. | 35 | |
| 3144744726 | Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 | passed in last days of jeffersons presidency; replaced embargo act; allowed US to trade with foreign nations except britain & france | 36 | |
| 3144744727 | mosquito fleet | Name for the navy of Jefferson's presidency. Trying to avoid a overly-strong army, he had the navy dwindled down to a few tiny boats. | 37 | |
| 3144746223 | Tripolitan War | Four-year conflict between the American Navy and the North-African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch noninterventionist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli. | 38 |
