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| 2870314302 | Marco Polo | (1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period. | 0 | |
| 2870314996 | Francisco Pizzaro | Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish | 1 | |
| 2870315342 | Juan Ponce de Leon | Spanish Explorer who discovered and named Florida | 2 | |
| 2870316995 | Hernando de Soto | Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river. | 3 | |
| 2870320541 | Montezuma | Aztec Emperor | 4 | |
| 2870321870 | Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) | 5 | |
| 2870322145 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) | 6 | |
| 2870322971 | Francisco Coronado | A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos. | 7 | |
| 2870324240 | Jacques Cartier | French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557) | 8 | |
| 2870324612 | Giovanni da Verrazano | Italian sea captain in the service of France who searched for a Northwest passage. He explored the Outer Banks of present-day North Carolina in 1524. | 9 | |
| 2870324913 | John Cabot | English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage | 10 | |
| 2870325572 | Vasco Nunez Balboa | Spanish conquistador who discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513 and claimed for his the Spanish king all the lands washed by the sea | 11 | |
| 2870327270 | Ferdinand of Aragon | Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World. | 12 | |
| 2870327943 | Isabella of Castile | (1451-1504)Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World. | 13 | |
| 2870328978 | Quetzalcoatl | Aztec nature god, feathered serpent, his disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes | 14 | |
| 2870329264 | Hiawatha | Indian from the Iroquois tribe who was one of two men who persuaded five nations to unite and work together as a group. | 15 | |
| 2870329910 | Bartolome de Las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor. | 16 | |
| 2870330589 | Ferdinand Magellen | Portuguese navigator. While tying to find a western route to Asia, he was killed in the Philippines. One of his ships returned to Spain, thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. | 17 | |
| 2870331552 | The Renaissance | The cultural movement during the Late Middle Ages, where many educated Europeans, especially in Italy, studied the literature and art of the ancient Greeks and Romans. | 18 | |
| 2870333143 | mesitzos | a person of mixed Spanish and Native American heritage | 19 | |
| 2870333765 | Treaty of Tordesillas | A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. | 20 | |
| 2870334313 | "Three Sister" Farming | Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans and squash were grown together to maximize yields. | 21 | |
| 2870334916 | Great Ice Age | Geological era that occurred between ca. 2 million and 11,000 years ago. As a result of climate shifts, large numbers of new species evolved during this period, also called the Pleistocene epoch. | 22 | |
| 2870335370 | Mound Builders | Native American groups who built earthen mounds | 23 | |
| 2870335851 | Spanish Armada | The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships. | 24 | |
| 2870337408 | Black Legend | False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ. | 25 | |
| 2870338125 | Conquistadores | Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory. | 26 | |
| 2870338172 | Aztecs | A Mesoamerican civilization of Mexico who created a strong empire that flourished between the 14th and 15th century. The arrival of Hernando Cortez and the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire. | 27 | |
| 2870339653 | Pope's Rebellion | An Indian uprising in 1680 where pueblo rebels in an attempt to resist catholicism and Europeans all together destroyed every catholic church in the province and killed scores of priests and hundreds of spanish settlers. | 28 | |
| 2870340212 | Pueblo Indians | The Pueblo Indians lived in the Southwestern United States. They built extensive irrigation systems to water their primary crop, which was corn. Their houses were multi-storied buildings made of adobe. | 29 | |
| 2870341170 | Iroquois Confederacy | An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. | 30 | |
| 2870342236 | Cartography | science or art of making maps | 31 | |
| 2870342334 | Native Americans | Those who lived in America before the Europeans | 32 | |
| 2870343017 | Vinland | Newfoundland in Canada around 1000 (named after the wild grapes) settled by Leif Ericsson | 33 | |
| 2870344642 | St. Augustine, Florida | First colonial city in present day united states located in Florida and founded for Spain in 1565. | 34 | |
| 2870345579 | kiva | a round room used by the Pueblo peoples for religious ceremonies | 35 | |
| 2870345928 | Spice Islands | The nickname given to Indonesia by the Europeans in the 1400's | 36 | |
| 2870347293 | Moors | Spanish Muslims | 37 | |
| 2870347294 | ecosystem | A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. | 38 | |
| 2870347765 | encomienda | A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. | 39 | |
| 2870348932 | malinchista | Word in Mexico meaning "traitor"; based on the name of Cortes's translator | 40 | |
| 2870349646 | Dia de la Raza | Mexicans celebrate Columbus Day as this; the birthday of a wholly new race of people | 41 |
