important things for ap test
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| 365105528 | Mayflower Compact | 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. | 1 | |
| 365105529 | Halfway Covenant | in the 1660's, a generation had passed since the founding of the first puritan colonies in New England. The new native-born generation showed signs of beingless commited to religion. in an effort to maintain the church's influence and membership religious men decided that ___ would be offered to those who professed limited religious commitment. people could now take part in religious services without making a formal declaration of their total belief in christ. | 2 | |
| 365105530 | Bacon's Rebellion | 1676 - western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when he died of an illness. | 3 | |
| 365105531 | Mercantilism | an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought | 4 | |
| 365105532 | Dominion of New England | 1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. | 5 | |
| 365105533 | The Great Awakening | religious revival in the 1730-40s, helped by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield; inspired controversy over emotionalism/revivalism versus traditionalist Protestantism, nevertheless united the Americans as a people | 6 | |
| 365105534 | Albany Plan of Union | plan proposed by Benjamin FRANKLIN in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown | 7 | |
| 365105535 | Salutory Neglect | The British policy of the 17th century in which the British were lax in the enforcement of laws in the colonies, allowing the colonies to develop without much interference from the British government. | 8 | |
| 365105536 | Writs of Assistance | legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled | 9 | |
| 365105537 | Virtual Representation | British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members | 10 | |
| 365105538 | Committees of Correspondence | Organization founded by SAMUEL ADAMS consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies | 11 | |
| 365105539 | Quebec Act | Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies. | 12 | |
| 365105540 | Olive Branch Petition | On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies. | 13 | |
| 365105541 | Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | Congress defined the steps for the creation and admission of new states. It forbade slavery while the region remained a territory although citizens could legalize it. First congress would appoint a territorial governor and judges. Second as soon as 5 thousand male adults lived in a territory, the people could write a temporary constitution and elect a legislature that would pass the territories laws. Third, when the total population reached 60,000 the settlres could write a constituion which Congress would have to approve before granting statehood | 14 | |
| 365105542 | Shays Rebellion | this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes | 15 | |
| 365105543 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | WASHINGTON... It was an act past by the first Congress that established the first federal courts and organized the Supreme Court comprised of a chief justice and five associates, as well as federal district and circuit courts. This act completed the three branch government with a judiciary branch which was strong enough to still stand today. | 16 | |
| 365105544 | Whiskey Rebellion | WASHINGTON... In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem | 17 | |
| 365105545 | Impressment | MADISON... British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British... pre 1812 | 18 | |
| 365105546 | Jay's Treaty of 1795 | WASHINGTON... Britain promised to evacuate the chain of posts on U.S soil, and pay damages for the recent seizures on American ships and damage to Indians in the Ohio valley. Britain forced him to give ground by binding the U.S to pay debts. | 19 | |
| 365105547 | Proclamation of Neutrality | A formal announcement issued by President George WASHINGTON on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France that had begun with the French Revolution. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to warring countries. | 20 | |
| 365105548 | Alien and Sedition Acts | JOHN ADAMS... These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts. | 21 | |
| 365105549 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | ADAMS Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. | 22 | |
| 365105550 | Barbary Pirates | JEFFERSON Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations | 23 | |
| 365105551 | Midnight Judges | ADAMS The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration. | 24 | |
| 365105552 | Embargo Act of 1807 | JEFFERSON This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act. | 25 | |
| 365105553 | American System | CLAY ... MADISON Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. | 26 | |
| 365105554 | Hartford Convention | MADISON Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence | 27 | |
| 365105555 | Essex Junto | MADISON New England's merchants opposed the War of 1812 because it cut off trade with Great Britain. Critics of the war were mainly Federalists who represented New England. A group of extreme Federalists led by Aaron Burr who advocated New England's secession from the U.S. | 28 | |
| 365105556 | Adams Onis Treaty | MONROE an 1819 agreement in which Spain gave over control of the territory of Florida to the United States | 29 | |
| 365105557 | Tariff of Abominations | JQ ADAMS Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South | 30 | |
| 365105558 | Spoils System | A. JACKSON the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power | 31 | |
| 365105559 | Worchester vs Georgia | A. JACKSON The name of the court case in which the Indians of Georgia sued; John Marshall ruled for them and said that state law had no authority in Cherokee territory. | 32 | |
| 365105560 | Indian Removal Act of 1832 | A. JACKSON urges congress (ex. expansion of political power) to send Indians to Oklahoma and leave florida lands | 33 | |
| 365105561 | Lowell System | Factory system where many single girls were hired to work in the factories, supervised by matronly figures | 34 | |
| 365105562 | Nullification Crisis | A. JACKSON Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void, Jackson responded with Force bill and suggested compromising over tariff; John C Calhoun was a big advocate | 35 | |
| 365105563 | Pet Banks | A term used by JACKSONs opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836. | 36 | |
| 365105564 | Mayville Road veto | A. JACKSON vetoed this internal improvement because the road was solely in the state of Kentucky. | 37 | |
| 365105565 | Marshal Court | Milestone cases on the movement towards national gov. supremacy in the ongoing struggle between states' rights and federal power, it made key decisions that strengthened the federal government's power | 38 | |
| 365105566 | Hudson River School | Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of nature | 39 | |
| 365105567 | Transendentalism | a movement that sought to explore the relationship between humans and animals through emotions rather then through reason | 40 | |
| 365105568 | Nat Turner Rebellion 1831 | A. JACKSON Rebellion in which he led a group of slaves through virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families | 41 | |
| 365105569 | Nativism | a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones | 42 | |
| 365105570 | Fifty Four Forty or Fight | Political slogan of the Democrats (POLK) in the election of 1844, which claimed the boundary of the Oregon territory claimed by the United States | 43 | |
| 365105571 | Wilmot Proviso | POLK Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico | 44 | |
| 365105572 | Know-Nothing Party | Secret Nativist political party that opposed Immigration during the 1840's and early 1850's. Officially called the American Party | 45 | |
| 365105573 | Lecompton Constitution | supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state. | 46 | |
| 365105574 | Freeport Doctrine | LINCOLN & DOUGLAS Developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election. | 47 | |
| 365105575 | New York City Draft Riots 1863 | LINCOLN drafting extremely hated by Northerners, sparked by Irish-Americans against the black population, 500 lives lost, many buildings burned | 48 | |
| 365105576 | Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 | A. JOHNSON imposed martial law on the south; also called for new state constitutional conventions and forced the states to allow blacks to vote for convention delegates. Also required each state to ratify the 14th amendment | 49 | |
| 365105577 | compromise of 1877 | HAYES Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river | 50 | |
| 365105578 | U.S. Vs. E.C. Knight | CLEVELAND 1895, Congress wanted to bust a trust because it controlled 98% of sugar manufacturing. Supreme court said no because it wasn't interstate commerce which they do have the right to regulate. Severely weakened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act | 51 | |
| 365105579 | Knights of Labor | national labor union that was open to nearly all workers. It was a secret society. They were open to all, therefore more equal than others, but more importantly, it gave them a large population, which led them to gain an 8 hour day after many strikes. | 52 | |
| 365105580 | American Federation of Labor | Federation of craft labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers that arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor | 53 | |
| 365105581 | Haymarket Affair | CLEVELAND a riot during an anarchist protests in Chicago in May 1886, over violence during the McCormick Harvester Company Strike, the deaths of 11, including 7 policemen, helped hasten the demise of the Knights of Labor, even though they were not responsible. It grew out of agitation for an 8-hour work day. The Anarchists had scheduled an open meeting following the death of a striker, as the crowd began to break up violence erupted causing the affair. It caused a widespread revulsion against labor unions | 54 | |
| 365105582 | Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 | ARTHUR United States federal law passed on May 6, 1882, following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years. | 55 | |
| 365105583 | Social Darwinism | The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. | 56 | |
| 365105584 | Social Gospel | the idea that churches should address social issues, predicting that socialism would be the logical outcome of Christianity | 57 | |
| 365105585 | Jane Addams and Hull House | Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English. | 58 | |
| 365105586 | Cult of Domesticity | the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house | 59 | |
| 365105587 | Pendelton Act | ARTHUR A law enacted in 1883 that established a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to government jobs by means of the merit system. | 60 | |
| 365105588 | Farmers Alliance Movement | Southern and Midwestern farmers expressing discontent, supported free silver and subtreasury plan (cash advance on future crop — farmers had little cash flow during the year), criticized national banks | 61 | |
| 365105589 | Grange | Social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century. | 62 | |
| 365105590 | Populist Party | U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies | 63 | |
| 365105591 | Sherman Silver Act | HARRISON In 1890, an act was passed so that the treasury would by 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver. This law doubled the amount of silver that could be purchased under the Bland-Allison Law of 1878. | 64 | |
| 365105592 | Plessy vs. Ferguson | CLEVELAND a case that was brought to supreme court by black lawsuits to challenge the legality of segregation. The court ruled that segregation was legal as long as it was "equal" | 65 | |
| 365105593 | Jim Crow Laws | Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites | 66 | |
| 365105594 | Coxey's Army | CLEVELAND 1893 - Group of unemployed workers marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for government relief. Government arrested the leaders and broke up the march in Washington. | 67 | |
| 365105595 | Atlanta Compromise | argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement. | 68 | |
| 365105596 | Cross of Gold speech | An address given by Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee during the national convention of the Democratic party, it criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver. His beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers. | 69 | |
| 365105597 | John Dewey | The "father" of progressive education, published "The School and Society" (1899) to suggest the need for an education that was practical and useful. He insisted that education should be child centered and that schools should build character, teach good citizenship, and be instruments of social reform. | 70 | |
| 365105598 | Tammany Hall | most notorious political machine; NY city; Marcy Tweed also know as Boss Tweed became head in 1863 | 71 | |
| 365105599 | Pullman Strike | CLEVELAND in Chicago, he cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use the cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing | 72 | |
| 365105600 | Sherman Anti Trust Act | HARRISON it forbade combinations in restraint to trade and unexpectedly curbed labor unions deemed in restraint of trade | 73 | |
| 365105601 | Yellow Journalism | Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers | 74 | |
| 365105603 | Pan-Americanism | the idea that the United States and Latin America should work together to support peace and increase trade | 75 | |
| 365105604 | Open Door Policy | MCKINLEY A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. | 76 | |
| 365105605 | Spanish American War | MCKINLEY War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. | 77 | |
| 365105606 | Platt Amendment | MCKINLEY Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble | 78 | |
| 365105607 | Roosevelt Corollary | T. ROOSEVELT 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force | 79 | |
| 365105608 | Maryland Toleration Act | this act granted religious toleration to all Christians in Maryland and was intended to protect the Catholic minority from the Protestants. | 80 | |
| 365105609 | Pontiac's Rebellion | 1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. | 81 | |
| 365105610 | XYZ Affair | J. ADAMS An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand. | 82 | |
| 365105611 | Treaty of Ghent | MADISON December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. | 83 | |
| 365105612 | Corrupt Bargain | JQ ADAMS & CLAY In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State. | 84 | |
| 365105613 | Kitchen Cabinet | JACKSON's group of unofficial advisors consisting of newspaper editors and Democratic leaders that met to discuss current issues. | 85 | |
| 365105614 | Whig Party | An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements | 86 | |
| 365105615 | American Colonization Society | A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country. | 87 | |
| 365105616 | Black Codes | laws passed in the south just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit african american workers | 88 | |
| 365105617 | scalawags | southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction | 89 | |
| 365105618 | Wounded Knee | HARRISON Located in South Dakota. An Indian tribe - the Hunkpapa Sioux - was attacked by 500 US soldiers during the Ritual Ghost Dance. The Indians were massacred, little boys were shot, women running with children were murdered... | 90 | |
| 365105619 | Helen Hunt Jackson | ARTHUR A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture. | 91 | |
| 365105620 | Gospel of Wealth | This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. | 92 | |
| 365105621 | Henry George | He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism. | 93 | |
| 365105622 | Bloody Kansas | PIERCE-BUCHANAN A series of political confrontations involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements, that took place in the Kansas Territory and the neighboring towns of Missouri between 1854 and 1858. At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free state or slave state. | 94 | |
| 365105623 | Paxton Boys | They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina. | 95 | |
| 365105624 | Regulator Movement | It was a movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists. | 96 | |
| 365105625 | Turner Thesis | The historian argued that the frontier was the key factor in the development of American democracy and institutions; he maintained that the frontier served as a "safety valve" during periods of economic crisis. | 97 | |
| 365105626 | Ostend Manifesto | PIERCE The recommendation that the U.S. offer Spain $20 million for Cuba. It was not carried through in part because the North feared Cuba would become another slave state. | 98 | |
| 365105627 | Webster-Haynes Debate | JACKSON 1830. Debate in the Senate that focused on sectionalism and nullification. Came after the "Tariff of Abominations" incident. At issue was the source of constitutional authority: Was the Union derived from an agreement between states or from the people who had sought a guarantee of freedom? | 99 | |
| 365105628 | Headright System | parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists. | 100 | |
| 365105629 | John Peter Zenger Trial | The trial set a precedent for freedom of the press in the colonies... he published articles critical of British governor William Cosby. He was taken to trial, but found not guilty... | 101 | |
| 365105630 | Deism (Ben Franklin) | The belief that God designed the Universe and set in motion, but does not ever intervene with His Creation. FRANKLIN is famous for his numerous inventions, newspapers, pamphlets, and participation in the Enlightenment, facilitating it through clubs and reading works done by the philosophies. Served as a member of the Pennsylvania assembly for 14 years. | 102 | |
| 365105631 | King Phillips War | War between the Native American tribes of New England and British colonists that took place from 1675-1676. The war was the result of tension caused by encroaching white settlers. The chief of the Wampanoags... lead the natives. The war ended Indian resistance in New England and left a hatred of whites. | 103 | |
| 365105632 | Saratoga/Franco-American Alliance | Gates and Arnold erect defenses at Saratoga and throw off British siege, and respond by staging a siege of their own on Burgoyne's British army, Burgoyne surrendered. Due to this, the French begin to fund the Continentals and supply them, eventually sending troops to fight with them and blockading the British from aiding Yorktown. | 104 | |
| 365105633 | Hamilton's Financial Plan | WASHINGTON Designed to pay off the U.S.'s war debts and stabilize the economy, he believed that the United States should become a leading international commercial power. His programs included the creation of the National Bank, the establishment of the U.S.'s credit rate, increased tariffs, and an excise tax on whiskey. Also, he insisted that the federal government assume debts incurred by the states during the war. | 105 | |
| 365105634 | Citizen Genet | WASHINGTON A French diplomat who came to the U.S. 1793 to ask the American government to send money and troops to aid the revolutionaries in the French Revolution. President Washington asked France to recall him after he began recruiting men and arming ships in U.S. ports. However, Washington later relented and allowed him U.S. citizenship upon learning that the new French government planned to arrest him. | 106 | |
| 365105635 | Quasi War | J. ADAMS Undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. The French began to seize American ships trading with their British enemies and refused to receive a new United States minister when he arrived in Paris in December 1796. | 107 | |
| 365105636 | Utopian Societies | Group of small societies that appeared during the 1800s in an effort to reform American society and create a "perfect" environment (Ex. Shakers, Oneidas, Brook Farm, etc.). | 108 | |
| 365105637 | Common School Movement | a social reform effort, started by Horace Mann in the mid-1800s, that promoted the idea of having all children educated in a common place regardless of social class or background | 109 | |
| 365105638 | Gaspee Incident | A schooner was beached in Providence, RI, This upset Americans because it was one of the last of the customs racketeering ships. It was burned down by local inhabitants. It greatly angered the British and showed how militant the colonials were becoming. | 110 | |
| 365105639 | Galloway Plan | A plan proposed at the First Continental Congress which would have created an American parliament appointed by colonial legislatures. It was defeated by one vote. | 111 | |
| 365105640 | Intolerable Acts | in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses | 112 | |
| 365105641 | Common Sense | a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation | 113 | |
| 365105642 | Newburgh Conspiracy | The officers of the Continental Army had long gone without pay, and they met in New York to address Congress about their pay. Unfortunately, the American government had little money after the Revolutionary War. They also considered staging a coup and seizing control of the new government, but the plotting ceased when George Washington refused to support the plan. | 114 | |
| 365105643 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | It set up how the new land gained after the revolution would be distributed and organized. The ordinance set up townships that were 36 sq miles where each plot of land was 1 sq mile and the 16th plot was sold for public schooling. The action was a huge success for the new government; it prevented a second revolution and was used for the later frontier states. | 115 | |
| 365105644 | Jay - Gardoqui Treaty | WASHINGTON A treaty between Spain and the United States. It guaranteed Spain's exclusive right to navigate Mississippi River for 30 years. It also opened Spain's European and West Indian seaports to American shipping. | 116 | |
| 365105645 | Charles Beard | A historian who believed that the ideology presented in the Constitution was a result of the economic needs of the land-owning Founding Fathers (rather than philosophical principles). His ideas fell out of favor in the 1950's, when other historians pointed out problems with his research. | 117 | |
| 365105646 | Loose vs. Strict Construction | Loose construction: the government can take reasonable actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid; Strict construction: the government should do only what the Constitution specifically says it can do | 118 | |
| 365105647 | Pinckney's Treaty | WASHINGTON agreement between the United States and Spain that changed Florida's border and made it easier for American ships to use the port of New Orleans | 119 | |
| 365105648 | Bank War | JACKSON believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew gov't money from the US Banks and put it into pet banks | 120 | |
| 365105649 | Burr Conspiracy | JEFFERSON scheme by Vice-President to lead the succession of the Louisiana Territory from the US and create his own empire. He was captured in 1807 and charged with treason. Because there was no evidence or two witnesses he was acquitted. Marshall upholds the strict rules for trying someone for treason. | 121 | |
| 365105650 | Lewis and Clark Expedition | 1804-1806 commissioned by JEFFERSON to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast. | 122 | |
| 365105651 | Peggy Eaton Affair | JACKSON Social scandal (1829-1831) - Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, and there were rumors of his affair with her even before her husband died in 1828. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson. | 123 | |
| 365105652 | Species Circular | 1836, Issued by Andrew JACKSON, it required a payment for public land purchases in gold or silver. This was an attempt to deduce the amount of money in circulation and limit land speculation. The results contributed to the Panic of 1837 and had deflationary results. | 124 | |
| 365105653 | Rise of second party system | 1830s-1850s, A historian's term for the national two-party rivalry between Democrats and National Republicans / Whigs... It started in the late 1820s and ended in the 1850s with the death of the Whig Party and rise of the Republican Party. | 125 | |
| 365105654 | Alex de Tocqueville | French Aristocrat came to visit America and wrote a review about what America was like. Wrote Democracy in America (one of the most read books in history) | 126 | |
| 365105655 | Lyceum Movement | Developed in the 1800's in response to growing interest in higher education. Associations were formed in nearly every state to give lectures, concerts, debates, scientific demonstrations, and entertainment. This movement was directly responsible for the increase in the number of institutions of higher learning. | 127 | |
| 365105656 | Dorothea Dix | Tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces. | 128 | |
| 365105657 | Republican Motherhood | The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children | 129 | |
| 365105658 | Battle of San Jacinto | JACKSON (1836) Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas | 130 | |
| 365105659 | Webster- Ashburton Treaty | J. TYLER 1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition | 131 | |
| 365105660 | Gadsen Purchase | FILLMORE strip of land in present day Arizona and New Mexico for which the United States paid Mexico $10 million in 1853. | 132 | |
| 365105661 | Garrison and the Liberator | an abolitionist leader who wrote an abolitionist newspaper... He advocated total equality... He was uncompromising towards American cultures... Churches suck... Anti-slavery | 133 | |
| 365105662 | Gabriel Prosser | in 1800, he gathered 1000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond; but 2 Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin, along with 35 others he was executed. | 134 | |
| 365105663 | Denmark Vesey | A mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started. | 135 | |
| 365105664 | Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 | FILLMORE allowed government officials to arrest any person accused of being a runaway slave; all that was needed to take away someone's freedoms was word of a white person; northerners required to help capture runaways if requested, suspects had no right to trial | 136 | |
| 365105665 | Mathew Perry | A militant leader who commanded a fleet of well-armed American fleets, and brought a letter to Japan demanding them to open its ports to diplomatic & commercial exchange | 137 | |
| 365105666 | Kansas - Nebraska Act | PIERCE This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare. | 138 | |
| 365105667 | Beecher's Bibles | rifles shipped to antislavery settlers in kansas by the congregation Brooklyn, NY minister Henry Ward Beecher | 139 | |
| 365105668 | Caning of Sumner | In May 1856 he gave a speech openly attacking Andrew Butler of South Carolina. Preston Brooks, the nephew of Butler attacked him with a cane two days later while he was working at his desk. Northeners were horrified. Southeners rejoiced. | 140 | |
| 365105669 | Crittenden Compromise | BUCHANAN 1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War... offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans | 141 | |
| 365105670 | Copperheads | Most extreme portion of the Peace Democrats. They openly obstructed the war through attacks against the draft, against Lincoln, and the emancipation. Based in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. There was really no victory for this group. | 142 | |
| 365105671 | Trent Affair | LINCOLN In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release | 143 | |
| 365105672 | Ten Percent Plan | LINCOLN's plan that allowed a Southern state to form its own government after ten percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States | 144 | |
| 365105673 | Wade - Davis Bill | LINCOLN 1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned. | 145 | |
| 365105674 | Carpetbagger | A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states; | 146 | |
| 365105675 | Whiskey Ring | During the GRANT administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars. | 147 | |
| 365105676 | Greenbacks | GRANT Name given to paper money issued by the government during the Civil War, so called because the back side was printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold, but $300 million were issued anyway. Farmers hit by the depression wanted to inflate the notes to cover losses, but GRANT vetoed an inflation bill and greenbacks were added to permanent circulation. In 1879 the federal government finally made greenbacks redeemable for gold. | 148 | |
| 365105677 | Credit Moblier | LINCOLN Construction company formed in 1864 by owners of the Union Pacific RR, used it to dishonestly skim railroad profits for themselves | 149 | |
| 365105678 | Homestead Strike | HARRISON 1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike. | 150 | |
| 365105679 | Ashcan School of Art | part of realist movement focused on everyday life often of rough urban squalor use dark pallet, applied paint thickly, and visible brush strokes | 151 | |
| 365105680 | Chautauqua Movement | One of the first adult education programs. Started in 1874 as a summer training program for Sunday School teachers, it developed into a travelling lecture series and adult summer school which traversed the country providing religious and secular education though lectures and classes. | 152 | |
| 365105681 | Redeemers | Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to redeem the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans. | 153 | |
| 365105682 | Alfred Mahan | Author who argued in 1890 that the economic future of the United States rested on new overseas markets protected by a larger navy. Wrote "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History" | 154 | |
| 365105683 | Josiah Strong | expansionist who blended racist and religious reasons to justify American expansion in the 1880s and 1890s; he saw the Anglo-Saxon race as trained by God to expand throughout the world and spread Christianity along the way. | 155 |
