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| 868398746 | Mayflower Compact | 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. | |
| 868398747 | William Bradford | A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks. | |
| 868398748 | John Winthrop | 1629 - He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president. | |
| 868398749 | Roger Williams | 1635 - He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom. | |
| 868398750 | Anne Hutchinson | She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639. | |
| 868398751 | Thomas Hooker | Clergyman, one of the founders of Hartford. Called "the father of American democracy" because he said that people have a right to choose their magistrates. | |
| 868398752 | John Smith | Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. | |
| 868398753 | Bacon's Rebellion | 1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. | |
| 868398754 | Jamestown | Site in 1607 of the first permanent English settlement in the New World | |
| 868398755 | Indentured Servant | Settler who signed on for a temporary period of servitude to a master in exchange for passage to the New World; Virginia and Pennsylvania were largely peopled in the 17th and 18th centuries by English ones. | |
| 868398756 | Pequot War | Massacre in 1637 and subsequent dissolution of the Pequot Nation by Puritan settlers, who seized the Indians' lands | |
| 868398757 | Maryland Toleration Act | 1649 - Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians. | |
| 868398758 | Headright Policy | Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists. | |
| 868398759 | Puritans | Non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They received a right to settle in the Massachusetts Bay area from the King of England. | |
| 868398760 | Separatists | (Included the Pilgrims) believed that the Church of England could not be reformed, and so started their own congregations. | |
| 868398761 | Common Law | Established to check the arbitrary power of local nobles. Decisions once made became precedents for subsequent decisions | |
| 868398762 | Law of Primogeniture | Oldest son inherits land | |
| 868398763 | Joint Stock Companies | Stockholders share the risks and profits, sometime for a single venture but more for a permanent basis. Spurred commercial expansion. | |
| 868398764 | Enclosure Movement | Landlords could kick humans out in favor of sheep-gave great rise to number of beggars | |
| 868398765 | Divine Right | Monarchs only answer to God | |
| 868398766 | Oliver Cromwell | Commander of English army- led Parliamentary army during English Civil War | |
| 868398767 | The Restoration | The return of King Charles II. in 1660, and the reestablishment of monarchy. | |
| 868398768 | Glorious Revolution | Parliament finally established freedom from royal control | |
| 868398769 | Toleration Act of 1689 | Extended a degree of freedom of worship to all Christians except Catholics and Unitarians | |
| 868398770 | Powhatan | Powerful, charismatic chief of numerous Algonquian-speaking towns in eastern Virginia; over 10,000 Indians. | |
| 868398771 | Pocahontas | Daughter of Chief Powhatan; saved John Smith's life and married John Rolfe after adapting to British ways | |
| 868398772 | Sir George Calvert | Envisioned a new colony (Maryland) for a great venture in real estate and as a retreat for Catholics, who felt oppressed by the Anglican establishment in England. He died before receiving the charter for his new colony. | |
| 868398773 | Sir William Berkeley | The royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the 'backcountry.' His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion | |
| 868398774 | King Philip's War | Native Americans battle New England colonies; large percentage of native americans died, making it one of the bloodiest wars in US; severely damaged the Native American presence in the new world | |
| 868398775 | Proprietary Colony | A colony owned and ruled by one person who was chosen by a king or queen | |
| 868398776 | Plymouth | A town in Massachusetts founded by Pilgrims in 1620 | |
| 868398777 | Covenant | An agreement between 2 nations, people,etc. | |
| 868398778 | Massachusetts Bay | Colony settled by the Puritans. It was very strict and eventually became the city of Boston. | |
| 868398779 | Tuscarora War | War in the Carolinas from 1711 through 1713 between the Tuscarora Indians and the colonists. | |
| 868398780 | Yemassee War | Caused by the settlers charging Indians high prices and cheating them | |
| 868398781 | Matrilineal Descent | A kinship system in which only the mother's relatives are significant | |
| 868398782 | Patroonship | A vast Dutch feudal estates fronting the Hudson River in early 1600s. They were granted to promoters who agreed to settle 50 people on them. | |
| 868398783 | New Netherland | A Dutch colony in North America along the Hudson and lower Delaware rivers although the colony centered in New Amsterdam (became New York) | |
| 868398784 | Iroquois League | A league of Iroquois tribes including originally the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (the Five Nations) | |
| 868398785 | Articles of Capitulation | Articles written to give New Holland to the British. Becomes New York | |
| 868398786 | Quakers | A Christian sect founded by George Fox about 1660 | |
| 868398787 | Christopher Columbus | Italian seafarer who sailed for Spain; sighted an island in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492 seeking a new water route to the Indies; thought Americas were the Indies | |
| 868398788 | Hernando Cortes | Spaniard who conquered Aztecs in Mexico 1519-1521; had two interpreters with him | |
| 868398789 | Bartolomeo de Las Casas | Spanish missionary who was appalled by the encomienda system in Hispaniola and called it "a moral pestilence invented by Satan" | |
| 868398790 | Ferdinand Magellan | Spaniard who completed the first circumnavigation around the world from 1519 to 1522 | |
| 868398791 | Renaissance | Movement in Europe in the fourteenth century that nurtured an ambitious spirit of optimism and adventure (factor in age of exploration) | |
| 868398792 | Mestizo | People of mixed Indian and European heritage | |
| 868398793 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Treaty between Spain and Portugal (1494) that divided lands of New World; majority went to Spain, but Portugal received lands in Africa, Asia, and Brazil | |
| 868398794 | Aztecs | Indian peoples in Mexico who shaped stunningly sophisticated civilizations with advanced agricultural practices, elaborate cities, far-flung commerce, and human sacrifices; their population reached up to 20 million | |
| 868398795 | St. Augustine | A Spanish fortress that was erected in 1565; the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the future United States | |
| 868398796 | Encomienda | A Spanish system which allowed the government to "commend" or give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them | |
| 868398797 | Mayas | The Indians of one of the most advanced early civilizations of the Western Hemisphere; made their home in Central America (current day Peru) | |
| 868398798 | Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches | |
| 868398799 | Amerigo Vespucci | Florentine navigator who explored the coast of South America (discovered New World was a new continent and not Asia) | |
| 868398800 | Mesoamerica | A region extending south and east from central Mexico to include parts of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and Nicaragua. In pre-Columbian times it was inhabited by diverse civilizations, including the Mayan and the Olmec. | |
| 868398801 | Adena-Hopewell Culture | Centered in the Ohio River Valley, left behind earthworks and burial grounds- developed an elaborate trade network that spanned the continent | |
| 868398802 | Mississippian culture | Resembled the Mayan and Aztec societies in its intensive agriculture, substantial towns built around central plazas, temple mounds, and death cults- specialized labor force, an effective government, and extensive trading network- worshipped the sun | |
| 868398803 | Anasazi culture | "Enemy's ancestors"; located in arid southwest, adobe pueblos, lacked rigid class structure, and met its emise from drought and rivals | |
| 868398804 | Longitude | Angular distance on the earth's surface, measured east or west from the prime meridian at Greenwich, England, to the meridian passing through a position, expressed in degrees (or hours), minutes, and seconds. | |
| 868398805 | Maize | Indian word for corn | |
| 868398806 | Hacienda | A great farm or ranch | |
| 868398807 | Juan Ponce de Leon | Explored Florida in 1513- governor of Puerto Rico | |
| 868398808 | Presidio | Forts where soldiers who were sent to protect the missions were housed | |
| 868398809 | Juan de Onate | Wealthy son of a Spanish mining family in Mexico who in 1598 received a patent for the territory north of Mexico; took possession of New Mexico and sent out expeditions to search for evidence of gold and silver deposits | |
| 868398810 | Pope (Indian Leader) | 1680- organized massive rebellion that spread across hundreds of miles- Spaniards driven out from New Mexico | |
| 868398811 | Martin Luther | German theologian and monk- 1517, started reformation and started Lutheranism- posted theses | |
| 868398812 | "Ninety-five Theses" | Made in protest against abuses in the Catholic church | |
| 868398813 | Calvinism | The Protestant theological system of John Calvin, which emphasizes the irresistibility of grace and the doctrine of predestination. | |
| 868398814 | Defender of the Faith | A title that Leo X bestowed on Henry VIII for refuting Luther's ideas and later withdrew; parliament restored the title and it has been used by English sovereigns ever since | |
| 868398815 | Church of England | The English branch of the Western Christian Church, which combines Catholic and Protestant traditions, rejects the pope's authority, and has the monarch as its titular head | |
| 868398816 | Francis Drake | 1577- made a trip around South America, raiding Spanish towns along the Pacific and surprising a treasure ship from Peru, eventually found his way westward around the world and in 1580 reached home and was knighted by Queen Elizabeth | |
| 868398817 | Galleon | A sailing ship in use (esp. by Spain) from the 15th through 17th centuries, originally as a warship, later for trade. Galleons were mainly square-rigged and usually had three or more decks and masts | |
| 868398818 | Richard Hakluyt | An English writer known for promoting the settlement of North America by the English through his works, notably Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America (1582) and The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation (1589-1600). | |
| 868398819 | Sir Walter Raleigh | Founded Roanoke colony in Virginia; in 1590 he found it abandoned and pillaged | |
| 868398820 | Spanish Borderlands | Southern United States where there are reminders of Spanish prescence |
